Modern History Set 67 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 67 Questions & Answers

The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first major attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at which location? – Calcutta
Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a system of double government by creating a new body to guide and control the political affairs of the Company. What was this body called? – Board of Control
The Charter Act of 1833 was a landmark in the centralization of British administration in India. It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal to what new title? – Governor-General of India
Following the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 transferred the ruling power directly to the British Crown. It created a new cabinet position in London to oversee Indian affairs known as the: – Secretary of State for India
The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced a system of ‘Dyarchy’ (dual rule). At which level of government was this system implemented? – Provincial level
The Government of India Act 1935 proposed a comprehensive structural change. It abolished ‘Dyarchy’ in the provinces and replaced it with which new system? – Provincial Autonomy
The spark for the Revolt of 1857 was ignited when Mangal Pandey fired at his European officers on March 29, 1857. To which infantry regiment did he belong? – 34th Native Infantry (Barrackpore)
During the Revolt of 1857, the rebel forces in Kanpur were led by the adopted son of the last Peshwa, Bajirao II. Who was he? – Nana Saheb
The uprising in Lucknow during the 1857 Revolt was led by the wife of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. What was her name? – Begum Hazrat Mahal
Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi fought a heroic battle against the British forces during the 1857 Revolt. Which British General eventually defeated her forces in 1858? – General Hugh Rose
Which British Governor-General introduced the system of “Subsidiary Alliance,” effectively turning Indian states into British protectorates? – Lord Wellesley
The state of Hyderabad was the first to enter into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British. In which year did this occur? – 1798
Under the “Doctrine of Lapse,” implemented by Lord Dalhousie, an Indian state would be annexed if its ruler died without a natural male heir. Which was the first state to be annexed under this doctrine in 1848? – Satara
In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed the prosperous state of Awadh, not under the Doctrine of Lapse, but on what specific pretext based on a report by James Outram? – Misgovernance and administrative collapse
Warren Hastings adopted a strategic policy to defend the Company’s frontiers by creating buffer zones around its territories. What was this policy called? – Policy of Ring-Fence
Following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which British Viceroy initiated the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” towards Afghanistan? – John Lawrence
The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 1, 1920. Coincidentally, this exact date marked the death of which towering nationalist leader? – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
In response to the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, which two leaders formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to contest council elections? – C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919, was universally boycotted by Indians for what primary reason? – It did not include a single Indian member.
The historic Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. As part of the agreement, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in which upcoming event? – The Second Round Table Conference
The Poona Pact of 1932 was an agreement that modified the British government’s Communal Award. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes? – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
In 1940, the British Viceroy made an offer to the Indians promising Dominion Status after the Second World War in exchange for cooperation. Known as the ‘August Offer’, which Viceroy issued it? – Lord Linlithgow
The Cripps Mission arrived in India in 1942 proposing post-war Dominion Status, but the talks failed. Who led this mission? – Sir Stafford Cripps
The historic ‘Quit India’ resolution was passed by the All India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city? – Bombay
Following the end of WWII, the British government put INA (Indian National Army) officers on public trial for treason. These famous trials took place in 1945-46 at which historic monument? – Red Fort
The defence team for the INA officers at the Red Fort trials included prominent lawyers like Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. Who was the chief defence counsel? – Bhulabhai Desai
The Cabinet Mission of 1946 consisted of three British cabinet ministers. Which of the following was NOT a member of the Cabinet Mission? – Lord Mountbatten
In 1946, frustrated by the rejection of its demand for an independent Pakistan, the Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’, leading to massive communal riots. On what date was this observed? – August 16
The plan that formally proposed the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, was announced by the British Government on which date? – June 3, 1947
At midnight on August 14-15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech to which body, effectively ushering in India’s independence? – The Constituent Assembly of India

MROY Class

Modern History Set 67

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📌 British Acts • 1773

Q.1) The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first major attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at which location?

Ans > C) Calcutta

Administrative Overhaul: The Regulating Act of 1773 was introduced by British Prime Minister Lord North to salvage the East India Company from severe financial crisis and rampant internal corruption by its officials in Bengal.
Centralization Begins: It fundamentally altered the administrative structure by elevating the Governor of Bengal to the position of Governor-General of Bengal (Warren Hastings being the first) and subordinating the presidencies of Madras and Bombay to Bengal.
Establishment of the Judiciary: To ensure proper legal administration, it mandated the creation of a Supreme Court at Fort William, Calcutta (established in 1774). Sir Elijah Impey was appointed as the first Chief Justice, along with three other judges.
Historical Significance: This act marks the very first step taken by the British Parliament to control and strictly regulate the affairs of the East India Company, laying the initial foundation of central administration in India.

📌 British Acts • 1784

Q.2) Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a system of double government by creating a new body to guide and control the political affairs of the Company. What was this body called?

Ans > A) Board of Control

Rectifying Past Defects: Named after the young British Prime Minister William Pitt, this act was specifically enacted to thoroughly address the glaring administrative defects and ambiguities left behind by the Regulating Act of 1773.
System of Double Government: It ingeniously split the Company’s functions into two distinct branches. The existing Court of Directors was allowed to continue managing commercial trade, while a newly created Board of Control was tasked exclusively with managing political and military affairs.
Composition of the Board: The Board of Control consisted of six members, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, a Secretary of State, and four Privy Councillors appointed by the British Crown, ensuring direct governmental oversight.
British Possessions in India: Crucially, for the very first time in history, the vast Company territories in India were officially referred to as the “British possessions in India,” signaling the Crown’s ultimate sovereignty.

📌 British Acts • 1833

Q.3) The Charter Act of 1833 was a landmark in the centralization of British administration in India. It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal to what new title?

Ans > B) Governor-General of India

Peak of Centralization: The Charter Act of 1833 represented the final, most decisive step towards the absolute centralization of power in British India, heavily influenced by Utilitarian political philosophy prevalent in Britain at the time.
The First Governor-General of India: Lord William Bentinck was elevated from Governor-General of Bengal to the newly created, all-powerful title of Governor-General of India, granted exclusive legislative powers over entire British India (stripping Madras and Bombay of their legislative independence).
End of Commercial Monopoly: The Act permanently ended the East India Company’s activities as a commercial body. It became a purely administrative agency acting entirely in trust for the British Crown.
Legal Codification: It established India’s first Law Commission under the chairmanship of Lord Macaulay to thoroughly codify the scattered Indian laws, and notably contained a clear directive mandating the eventual abolition of slavery across the subcontinent.

📌 British Acts • 1858

Q.4) Following the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 transferred the ruling power directly to the British Crown. It created a new cabinet position in London to oversee Indian affairs known as the:

Ans > C) Secretary of State for India

The Aftermath of Mutiny: Enacted immediately after the devastating Revolt of 1857, this act is historically known as the “Act for the Good Government of India.” It decisively abolished the East India Company, the Board of Control, and the Court of Directors.
Direct Crown Administration: Power was fully transferred to the British Crown. A new cabinet-level position in London, the Secretary of State for India (Lord Stanley being the first), was created and vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration.
The Advisory Council: The Secretary of State was heavily assisted by a newly established 15-member advisory body known as the Council of India, ensuring policy decisions were vetted by experienced colonial administrators.
Birth of the Viceroy: The Governor-General of India was granted the additional, prestigious title of ‘Viceroy’ (Lord Canning was the first). As Viceroy, he acted as the direct personal representative of the British Crown in India, effectively ending aggressive annexation policies like the Doctrine of Lapse.

📌 British Acts • 1919

Q.5) The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced a system of ‘Dyarchy’ (dual rule). At which level of government was this system implemented?

Ans > B) Provincial level

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: Based heavily on the Montagu-Chelmsford report, this Act declared that the gradual introduction of responsible government in India was the stated objective of the British Empire.
Understanding Provincial Dyarchy: The Act introduced Dyarchy (dual rule) specifically at the provincial level. Provincial subjects were sharply divided into two categories: ‘Reserved’ and ‘Transferred’ subjects.
Reserved vs. Transferred: ‘Reserved’ subjects (like police, justice, and land revenue) were administered directly by the Governor and his executive council without any accountability. ‘Transferred’ subjects (like education, health, and local self-government) were administered by the Governor with the aid of Indian ministers who were accountable to the legislative council.
Central Innovations: At the central level, the Act introduced a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly), heavily expanding the use of direct elections while extending separate electorates to Sikhs, Indian Christians, and Anglo-Indians.

📌 British Acts • 1935

Q.6) The Government of India Act 1935 proposed a comprehensive structural change. It abolished ‘Dyarchy’ in the provinces and replaced it with which new system?

Ans > B) Provincial Autonomy

A Monumental Legislation: The Government of India Act 1935 was the longest and most complex act passed by the British Parliament regarding India, serving as the massive structural blueprint for the future independent Constitution of India.
Provincial Autonomy Granted: It entirely abolished the highly unpopular and flawed system of provincial dyarchy introduced in 1919. In its place, it established ‘Provincial Autonomy’, granting the provinces independent authority over their defined administrative spheres and making provincial governments fully accountable to elected Indian ministers.
Federal Structure Proposal: The act ambitiously proposed an ‘All India Federation’ consisting of British Indian provinces and princely states. However, this federation never materialized because the princely states largely refused to join.
Institution Building: It mandated the creation of vital modern institutions, successfully establishing the Reserve Bank of India to control currency, a Federal Court (set up in 1937), and comprehensive Federal and Provincial Public Service Commissions.

📌 Revolt of 1857 • Causes

Q.7) The spark for the Revolt of 1857 was ignited when Mangal Pandey fired at his European officers on March 29, 1857. To which infantry regiment did he belong?

Ans > B) 34th Native Infantry (Barrackpore)

The Flashpoint of Rebellion: On the fateful afternoon of March 29, 1857, sepoy Mangal Pandey, stationed at the Barrackpore cantonment in Bengal, openly mutinied against his British commanders, effectively striking the first violent blow of the 1857 Revolt.
Regimental Identity: He belonged to the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry (BNI), a regiment already seething with deep-seated religious anxiety and anger over British military reforms.
The Greased Cartridge Controversy: The immediate trigger for Pandey’s violent outburst was the introduction of the new Enfield Pattern 1853 rifled musket. Strong rumors circulated that the paper cartridges were heavily greased with cow and pig fat, deeply offending both Hindu and Muslim sepoys who had to bite them open.
The Aftermath & Execution: During his rebellion, Pandey attacked and severely injured Adjutant Lieutenant Baugh and Sergeant-Major Hewson. After attempting suicide to avoid capture, he was arrested, court-martialed, and hanged on April 8, 1857, while his entire regiment was dishonorably disbanded as a harsh collective punishment.

📌 Revolt of 1857 • Leaders

Q.8) During the Revolt of 1857, the rebel forces in Kanpur were led by the adopted son of the last Peshwa, Bajirao II. Who was he?

Ans > C) Nana Saheb

Identity and Grievance: Born as Dhondu Pant, Nana Saheb was the formally adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II. He harbored deep resentment because Lord Dalhousie, applying the principles of the Doctrine of Lapse to royal titles, outright refused to grant him his father’s massive annual pension.
Leadership in Kanpur: When the mutiny erupted in June 1857, Nana Saheb rapidly emerged as the central figure of the massive rebellion in Kanpur, mobilizing a huge force and forcing the British garrison under General Hugh Wheeler to surrender.
The Bibighar Tragedy: His leadership in Kanpur is historically marred by the horrific Bibighar massacre, where over a hundred captive British women and children were brutally murdered, although his direct, personal involvement in ordering the slaughter remains a subject of intense historical debate.
Escape and Disappearance: Aided by his brilliant military commander Tantia Tope and political advisor Azimullah Khan, he fought fiercely but was eventually defeated by British forces under Sir Colin Campbell. Nana Saheb fled into the dense jungles of Nepal in 1859, and his ultimate fate remains an unsolved historical mystery.

📌 Revolt of 1857 • Leaders

Q.9) The uprising in Lucknow during the 1857 Revolt was led by the wife of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. What was her name?

Ans > B) Begum Hazrat Mahal

Revenge for Annexation: Begum Hazrat Mahal was the resilient second wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Following the deeply unjust annexation of Awadh by the British in 1856 and her husband’s exile to Calcutta, she remained in Lucknow to plot massive resistance.
Declaring a New Nawab: When the sepoys mutinied in Lucknow, she boldly seized control of the volatile situation, crowning her 11-year-old son, Birjis Qadir, as the new Nawab of Awadh under her own regency.
The Siege of the Residency: Backed by rebel sepoys and influential local landlords (Talukdars), she mounted a terrifying, prolonged siege against the British Residency in Lucknow, during which the British Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence, was killed by artillery fire.
Defeat and Exile: Despite fighting with incredible bravery alongside leaders like Maulvi Ahmadullah, the rebel forces were eventually overpowered when Sir Colin Campbell recaptured Lucknow in March 1858. Refusing all offers of a British pension, she sought permanent political asylum in Nepal, where she died in 1879.

📌 Revolt of 1857 • Resistance

Q.10) Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi fought a heroic battle against the British forces during the 1857 Revolt. Which British General eventually defeated her forces in 1858?

Ans > C) General Hugh Rose

The Catalyst for War: Born Manikarnika, Rani Lakshmibai was pushed into the rebellion because Lord Dalhousie aggressively applied the Doctrine of Lapse in 1853, refusing to recognize her adopted son, Damodar Rao, as the legitimate legal heir to the Jhansi throne.
The Siege of Jhansi: She assumed control of Jhansi during the mutiny and mounted a spectacular, fiercely determined defense of the massive Jhansi Fort against the advancing British Central India Field Force commanded by Major General Sir Hugh Rose.
Tactical Retreat and Final Stand: When the fort’s defenses were breached in April 1858, she made a daring midnight escape on horseback with her son tied to her back. She joined forces with Tantia Tope, successfully capturing the massive fort of Gwalior from the pro-British Scindia rulers.
A General’s Ultimate Tribute: She died a martyr’s death on June 18, 1858, fighting in heavy cavalry combat near Gwalior. Her adversary, General Hugh Rose, famously paid her the ultimate military compliment, describing her in his reports as “the most dangerous of all Indian leaders” and “the only man among the mutineers.”

📌 British Policies • Subsidiary Alliance

Q.11) Which British Governor-General introduced the system of “Subsidiary Alliance,” effectively turning Indian states into British protectorates?

Ans > C) Lord Wellesley

An Imperial Masterstroke: Lord Wellesley (Governor-General from 1798 to 1805) was a highly aggressive imperialist who formalized the “Subsidiary Alliance” as a masterstroke of political subjugation, designed to expand British paramountcy without the heavy financial cost of direct, prolonged warfare.
The Traumatic Terms: Under this deeply coercive treaty, an Indian ruler had to dissolve their own armed forces and accept the permanent stationing of British troops within their territory, paying heavily for their maintenance (or ceding rich territory in lieu of payment).
Loss of Sovereignty: The most crippling condition required the native ruler to completely surrender their foreign policy to the British. They could not negotiate with any other Indian state or employ any Europeans (specifically targeting the French) without explicit British consent.
Strategic Benefits for the EIC: This highly exploitative system allowed the East India Company to maintain a massive standing army entirely at the expense of Indian princes, effectively neutralizing local powers and securing India against any potential invasion threats from Napoleon.

📌 British Policies • Hyderabad

Q.12) The state of Hyderabad was the first to enter into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British. In which year did this occur?

Ans > B) 1798

The First Signatory: The Nizam of Hyderabad, Nizam Ali Khan, holds the distinct historical position of being the very first major Indian ruler to succumb to Lord Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance system in the year 1798.
Strategic Vulnerability: The Nizam was driven to sign this treaty out of sheer desperation. His forces had recently been brutally humiliated by the Marathas at the Battle of Kharda (1795), and he faced a massive, looming existential threat from the aggressive expansion of Tipu Sultan in the south.
Expulsion of the French: As a primary condition of the alliance, the Nizam was immediately forced to dismiss his highly capable French military commanders (like Michel Raymond) and disband his French-trained battalions, replacing them entirely with a British garrison.
The Price of Protection: To pay for the expensive British troops protecting him, the Nizam eventually had to cede massive, fertile territories (known as the Ceded Districts—Bellary, Anantapur, Cuddapah) to the EIC, reducing Hyderabad to a dependent protectorate but ensuring the dynasty’s survival until 1948.

📌 British Policies • Doctrine of Lapse

Q.13) Under the “Doctrine of Lapse,” implemented by Lord Dalhousie, an Indian state would be annexed if its ruler died without a natural male heir. Which was the first state to be annexed under this doctrine in 1848?

Ans > D) Satara

Dalhousie’s Imperial Tool: While Lord Dalhousie did not invent the Doctrine of Lapse, he applied it with unprecedented aggression during his tenure (1848-1856) to systematically annex semi-independent Hindu princely states that lacked biological male heirs.
Denial of Adoption Rights: According to ancient Hindu law, a king had the absolute right to adopt a son to succeed him. The British arbitrarily ruled that in “dependent” states (created or heavily supported by the EIC), such adoptions required prior British approval, which they conveniently refused to grant.
Satara as the First Victim: The Maratha state of Satara was the very first casualty of this policy in 1848. When Raja Appa Sahib died, the British bluntly refused to recognize his legally adopted son and abruptly annexed the territory into the Bombay Presidency.
A Trail of Annexations: Following Satara, Dalhousie ruthlessly annexed Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854). This blatant disregard for traditional royal rights caused massive resentment that exploded during the 1857 mutiny.

📌 British Policies • Awadh

Q.14) In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed the prosperous state of Awadh, not under the Doctrine of Lapse, but on what specific pretext based on a report by James Outram?

Ans > C) Misgovernance and administrative collapse

A Loyal Buffer Betrayed: Awadh had been a highly loyal buffer state for the British since the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. However, Lord Dalhousie coveted its incredibly fertile agricultural lands and its immense potential for growing raw cotton for British mills.
The Misgovernance Pretext: Dalhousie could not use the Doctrine of Lapse because the Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah, had plenty of natural heirs. Instead, the British commissioned reports by Colonel Sleeman and James Outram that heavily emphasized extreme misrule, corruption, and complete administrative collapse under the Nawab.
Exile of the Nawab: Using these highly prejudiced reports as justification, Dalhousie officially annexed Awadh in 1856, abruptly deposing Wajid Ali Shah and sending him into permanent, humiliating exile in Matiaburj, Calcutta.
Triggering the Rebellion: This annexation was a catastrophic miscalculation. A massive percentage of the EIC’s powerful Bengal Army consisted of high-caste sepoys from Awadh. Seeing their homeland annexed and their king humiliated deeply alienated the troops, acting as a massive catalyst for the Great Mutiny just one year later.

📌 British Policies • Buffer Zone

Q.15) Warren Hastings adopted a strategic policy to defend the Company’s frontiers by creating buffer zones around its territories. What was this policy called?

Ans > B) Policy of Ring-Fence

Early Frontier Defense: Implemented largely by Governor-General Warren Hastings (1773-1785), the Policy of Ring-Fence was a highly strategic military concept aimed directly at creating protective buffer zones to shield the East India Company’s core territories (Bengal) from major invasions.
The Strategy of Proxy Defense: The core logic was to proactively defend the frontiers of the Company’s immediate neighbors, rather than fighting a war directly on EIC soil. If a neighbor fell, the British border would be directly exposed to powerful enemies like the Marathas or Afghan invaders.
Awadh as the Prime Example: The classic application of this policy was utilizing the state of Awadh as a massive buffer against the Marathas. The British sent troops to help the Nawab of Awadh fight the Rohillas (the Rohilla War of 1774), thereby keeping the conflict far away from Bengal’s borders.
Financial Prudence: A brilliant aspect of this policy was that the neighboring state being defended had to bear the massive financial cost of the British troops deployed there. This policy served as the crucial conceptual precursor to Wellesley’s later Subsidiary Alliance system.

📌 British Policies • Afghanistan

Q.16) Following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which British Viceroy initiated the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” towards Afghanistan?

Ans > B) John Lawrence

Reaction to Disaster: The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842) was a catastrophic military humiliation for the British, resulting in the annihilation of an entire army retreating from Kabul. Realizing the intense folly of direct intervention, Viceroy Sir John Lawrence (1864-1869) initiated a complete reversal of strategy.
Defining Masterly Inactivity: His policy of “Masterly Inactivity” was characterized by a strict, deliberate refusal to interfere in Afghanistan’s violent internal politics or bloody succession struggles, allowing the Afghans to sort out their own leadership without British troops on the ground.
Conditional Non-Interference: However, this inactivity was strictly conditional. The British would recognize whoever emerged victorious (such as Emir Sher Ali) as the de facto ruler, provided that the ruler absolutely refused to allow any foreign influence—specifically the rapidly advancing Russian Empire—to establish a foothold in Kabul.
Conserving Resources: This highly pragmatic policy saved immense amounts of British financial and military resources. It was successfully maintained until Lord Lytton arrived in 1876, discarded Lawrence’s caution for an aggressive “Forward Policy,” and disastrously triggered the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1920

Q.17) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 1, 1920. Coincidentally, this exact date marked the death of which towering nationalist leader?

Ans > C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

The Passing of a Giant: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, universally revered as “Lokmanya” (accepted by the people as their leader), tragically passed away in Bombay on August 1, 1920. He was the foremost leader of the Extremist faction of the Congress and part of the famous Lal-Bal-Pal trio.
Coincidence with Mass Struggle: His sudden death perfectly coincided with the exact day Mahatma Gandhi formally launched the nationwide Non-Cooperation Movement, marking a massive generational and strategic shift in Indian political leadership from Tilak’s extremism to Gandhi’s mass satyagraha.
The Tilak Swaraj Fund: To profoundly honor his monumental legacy and finance the newly launched movement, Gandhi immediately established the “Tilak Swaraj Fund.” The emotional appeal was so immense that it collected an astonishing sum of over one crore rupees in a very short period.
Tilak’s Contributions: Tilak left an indelible mark on nationalism by popularizing the famous slogan “Swaraj is my birthright,” founding the Deccan Education Society, running radical newspapers like Kesari (Marathi) and Mahratta (English), and transforming traditional Ganesh and Shivaji festivals into massive anti-British political gatherings.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1923

Q.18) In response to the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, which two leaders formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to contest council elections?

Ans > B) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

Ideological Split in Congress: When Gandhi abruptly called off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 following the violent Chauri Chaura incident, deep frustration split the Congress into two camps: the “Pro-Changers” and the “No-Changers.”
Formation of the Party: Leading the Pro-Changers, C.R. Das (acting as President) and Motilal Nehru (acting as Secretary) officially formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party (commonly known as the Swaraj Party) on January 1, 1923, to pursue a different anti-British strategy.
Wrecking from Within: While No-Changers (like Rajagopalachari and Vallabhbhai Patel) wanted to stick to Gandhi’s program of constructive rural work and spinning khadi, the Swarajists believed in aggressively contesting the elections for the provincial legislative councils (established by the 1919 Act) to systematically block and wreck the government machinery from within.
Electoral Success: Operating nominally within the Congress framework to avoid a total split, the Swaraj Party won significant seats in the 1923 elections. They successfully managed to outvote the government on crucial budgets, repeatedly exposing the severe limitations and undemocratic nature of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1927

Q.19) The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919, was universally boycotted by Indians for what primary reason?

Ans > B) It did not include a single Indian member.

An All-White Commission: Officially known as the Indian Statutory Commission, it was chaired by Sir John Simon. Appointed by the British Conservative government in 1927, its fatal flaw was that all seven of its appointed members were white British Members of Parliament.
A National Insult: The total exclusion of Indians from a commission tasked with deciding the constitutional future and fitness of India was deeply perceived as a massive insult to Indian self-respect, uniting a deeply fractured political landscape against a common enemy.
Universal Boycott: The Indian National Congress, at its 1927 Madras session presided over by Dr. M.A. Ansari, officially resolved to boycott the commission at every stage and in every form. The Muslim League under Jinnah and the Hindu Mahasabha also actively joined the boycott.
Tragic Consequences: Wherever the commission went, it was fiercely greeted with black flags, massive strikes (hartals), and the iconic slogan “Simon Go Back.” During one such peaceful anti-Simon protest in Lahore in 1928, veteran leader Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured in a brutal police lathi-charge (ordered by James A. Scott), leading to his tragic death a few weeks later.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1931

Q.20) The historic Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. As part of the agreement, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in which upcoming event?

Ans > B) The Second Round Table Conference

Context of the Delhi Pact: Also known as the Delhi Pact, it was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and the British Viceroy Lord Irwin on March 5, 1931. The British desperately needed a political settlement because the ongoing Civil Disobedience Movement (sparked by the Salt March) was severely crippling their administration and revenue.
Congress Concessions: Under the terms of the pact, the Indian National Congress agreed to immediately suspend the massive Civil Disobedience Movement. Crucially, Congress also agreed to end its boycott and participate in the upcoming Second Round Table Conference in London to discuss constitutional reforms (having totally boycotted the first one).
British Concessions: In return, Lord Irwin agreed to release all political prisoners who had not been convicted of violent crimes, permit peaceful picketing of foreign cloth and liquor shops, and grant permission to coastal villages to manufacture salt for their personal consumption.
The Bhagat Singh Controversy: A highly controversial aspect of the pact was Gandhi’s inability to secure a commutation of the death sentences handed down to Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. Their execution just weeks later deeply angered the youth and radical factions within the national movement.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1932

Q.21) The Poona Pact of 1932 was an agreement that modified the British government’s Communal Award. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Ans > B) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

The Communal Award Threat: In August 1932, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the ‘Communal Award,’ which dangerously extended the divisive system of separate electorates to the ‘Depressed Classes’ (untouchables), effectively splitting them politically from the broader Hindu community.
Gandhi’s Fast Unto Death: Viewing this as a sinister imperial plot to permanently divide Hindu society, Mahatma Gandhi, who was imprisoned in Yerwada Central Jail in Pune, commenced an intense fast-unto-death in protest against the separate electorates.
Negotiation Under Pressure: Facing massive public pressure and fearing for Gandhi’s rapidly failing health, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the foremost champion of Dalit rights, engaged in intense negotiations with caste Hindu leaders like Madan Mohan Malaviya.
The Historic Compromise: Signed on September 24, 1932, the Poona Pact formally abandoned the concept of separate electorates. In exchange, the number of seats explicitly reserved for the Depressed Classes within the general Hindu electorate was massively increased from the 71 offered by the British to 147 in provincial legislatures, and 18% in the central legislature.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1940

Q.22) In 1940, the British Viceroy made an offer to the Indians promising Dominion Status after the Second World War in exchange for cooperation. Known as the ‘August Offer’, which Viceroy issued it?

Ans > C) Lord Linlithgow

Wartime Desperation: Following the outbreak of WWII, Congress provincial ministries resigned en masse to protest India being dragged into the war without consultation. Faced with the terrifying prospect of Nazi victory in Europe (the fall of France), Viceroy Lord Linlithgow desperately issued the ‘August Offer’ on August 8, 1940, to secure Indian war support.
Promises Made: The offer proposed expanding the Viceroy’s Executive Council to include a majority of Indians, setting up a War Advisory Council, and for the first time explicitly recognizing the right of Indians to frame their own constitution through a post-war representative body. It also reaffirmed Dominion Status as the ultimate objective for India.
The Minority Veto: Critically, the offer stated that no future constitutional framework would be adopted if it was strongly opposed by substantial minority elements in Indian life, effectively handing a massive political veto to Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League.
Universal Rejection: The Indian National Congress swiftly rejected it because it only offered Dominion Status instead of Complete Independence (Purna Swaraj). The Muslim League also rejected it because it did not offer a clear, unambiguous commitment to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.

📌 Freedom Struggle • 1942

Q.23) The Cripps Mission arrived in India in 1942 proposing post-war Dominion Status, but the talks failed. Who led this mission?

Ans > B) Sir Stafford Cripps

The Japanese Threat: By early 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun Southeast Asia and was knocking on the doors of India (having captured Rangoon in Burma). Under intense pressure from US President Roosevelt and Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek, British PM Winston Churchill reluctantly dispatched Sir Stafford Cripps, a left-wing Labour minister known for his pro-Indian sympathies, to secure Indian cooperation.
The Proposed Blueprint: Cripps offered full Dominion Status immediately after the war ended, and the creation of an elected constituent assembly to draft a new constitution solely by Indians.
The Seed of Partition: A highly controversial clause in the proposal stated that any British Indian province unwilling to accept the new constitution would have the absolute right to secede and form its own separate union. This was viewed as a direct blueprint for the eventual creation of Pakistan.
A Post-Dated Cheque: The mission ended in total failure. Congress rejected it because all real promises were relegated to the future, with Gandhi famously dismissing the offer as a “post-dated cheque on a crashing bank.” The frustration over this failure directly triggered the launch of the Quit India Movement.

📌 Freedom Struggle • Quit India

Q.24) The historic ‘Quit India’ resolution was passed by the All India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Ans > D) Bombay

The Final Mass Struggle: Fueled by the utter failure of the Cripps Mission, severe wartime inflation, and the looming fear of a brutal Japanese invasion, the Congress met at Gowalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan) in Bombay on August 8, 1942, and officially passed the historic ‘Quit India’ resolution demanding an immediate end to British rule.
Do or Die Mantra: Addressing the massive crowd, Mahatma Gandhi delivered one of his most passionate speeches, giving the nation the ultimate mantra: “Do or Die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt.”
Operation Zero Hour: The British government reacted with lightning speed. In a coordinated sweep dubbed ‘Operation Zero Hour’ on the early morning of August 9, they ruthlessly arrested the entire top tier of the Congress leadership, including Gandhi, Nehru, and Sardar Patel, jailing them for the remainder of the war.
A Leaderless Uprising: With the leadership jailed, the movement rapidly evolved into a violent, leaderless mass uprising. Students, workers, and peasants aggressively sabotaged railway lines, burned police stations, and established independent parallel governments in regions like Ballia (Chittu Pandey), Tamluk (Jatiya Sarkar), and Satara (Prati Sarkar).

📌 INA Trials • Red Fort

Q.25) Following the end of WWII, the British government put INA (Indian National Army) officers on public trial for treason. These famous trials took place in 1945-46 at which historic monument?

Ans > B) Red Fort

A Stage for Treason: In late 1945, the British foolishly decided to hold highly public courts-martial for the captured officers of Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army (INA), charging them with treason, murder, and waging war against the King. They chose the highly symbolic Red Fort in Delhi as the venue.
The Symbol of Unity: The very first joint trial featured three prominent officers: Prem Kumar Sahgal (Hindu), Shah Nawaz Khan (Muslim), and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon (Sikh). Instead of intimidating the public, this inadvertently created a massive symbol of secular national unity, triggering unprecedented nationwide outrage and protests.
Military Repercussions: The intense public sympathy for the INA heroes severely eroded the loyalty of Indian soldiers serving in the British Indian armed forces, directly culminating in the massive Royal Indian Navy (RIN) mutiny of 1946.
Bowing to Pressure: Although the military court eventually found the officers guilty and sentenced them to deportation, the massive scale of public unrest forced the British Commander-in-Chief, Sir Claude Auchinleck, to entirely remit their sentences and release them, exposing the fatal weakness of the colonial grip on India.

📌 INA Trials • Defence

Q.26) The defence team for the INA officers at the Red Fort trials included prominent lawyers like Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. Who was the chief defence counsel?

Ans > A) Bhulabhai Desai

The INA Defence Committee: Recognizing the explosive national sentiment, the Indian National Congress quickly formed the INA Defence Committee in 1945 to legally defend the accused officers. It assembled a star-studded team of India’s most brilliant legal minds.
The Chief Counsel: The legendary lawyer Bhulabhai Desai stepped forward to act as the primary, chief defence counsel for the Red Fort trials. His team included heavyweights like Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Asaf Ali, and famously, Jawaharlal Nehru, who donned his barrister’s gown after nearly thirty years just for this trial.
Brilliant Legal Strategy: Desai did not merely plead for mercy; he boldly argued the case based entirely on international law. He asserted that the INA was the legitimate, organized army of a fully sovereign state—the Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind), which had been formally recognized by the Axis powers.
Lawful Combatants: Therefore, he argued brilliantly, the INA officers were not traitors or mutineers under British domestic law, but were lawful combatants exercising the universally recognized right of a subjugated people to wage a legitimate war of national liberation.

📌 Cabinet Mission • 1946

Q.27) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 consisted of three British cabinet ministers. Which of the following was NOT a member of the Cabinet Mission?

Ans > D) Lord Mountbatten

The Final British Attempt: Despatched by the newly elected British Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee in 1946, the Cabinet Mission was the absolute final serious attempt by the British to transfer power to an undivided, united India.
The High-Level Trio: The mission consisted strictly of three very senior British cabinet ministers: Lord Pethick-Lawrence (the Secretary of State for India), Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade), and A.V. Alexander (First Lord of the Admiralty). Lord Mountbatten was not a member; he arrived later in 1947 as the last Viceroy.
Rejecting Pakistan: The mission carefully examined and explicitly rejected the Muslim League’s core demand for a fully sovereign, separate Pakistan, citing insurmountable administrative, economic, and military difficulties.
The Complex Alternative: Instead, they proposed a highly complex three-tier federal structure. It envisioned a weak central government (handling only foreign affairs, defense, and communications) and grouped the provinces into three distinct sections (A, B, and C) representing Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority areas. Disagreements over the exact nature of this grouping ultimately caused the plan’s catastrophic failure.

📌 Partition • Direct Action Day

Q.28) In 1946, frustrated by the rejection of its demand for an independent Pakistan, the Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’, leading to massive communal riots. On what date was this observed?

Ans > B) August 16

The Boiling Point: When negotiations over the Cabinet Mission Plan entirely broke down, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League formally withdrew their previous acceptance of the plan. Declaring “We shall have India divided or we shall have India destroyed,” Jinnah called for ‘Direct Action Day’ on August 16, 1946, to forcefully prove the massive Muslim demand for Pakistan.
The Great Calcutta Killings: The day rapidly spiraled out of control, resulting in the infamous “Great Calcutta Killings.” The city witnessed unprecedented, horrific communal slaughter over 72 hours, leaving an estimated 4,000 to 10,000 Hindus and Muslims dead and over 100,000 homeless.
A Chain Reaction of Violence: The terrifying violence in Calcutta was not isolated; it triggered a horrific chain reaction of massive retaliatory communal riots that rapidly spread to Noakhali (Bengal), Bihar, Garhmukteshwar (UP), and eventually engulfed the Punjab.
The Inevitability of Partition: The sheer scale, brutality, and uncontrollable nature of this bloodshed effectively convinced reluctant Congress leaders, particularly Sardar Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru, that accepting the partition of the country was the only terrible, yet necessary, alternative to descending into a full-scale, unending civil war.

📌 Partition • Mountbatten Plan

Q.29) The plan that formally proposed the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, was announced by the British Government on which date?

Ans > B) June 3, 1947

The Final Viceroy’s Mandate: Lord Mountbatten arrived in India in March 1947, replacing Lord Wavell, with a strict mandate to execute the transfer of power by June 1948. Realizing the rapidly deteriorating law and order situation, he concluded that preserving a united India was impossible and dangerously advanced the timeline.
The June 3 Plan: After intense, closed-door negotiations with Congress and League leaders, the official blueprint for partition, widely known as the Mountbatten Plan or the “June 3 Plan,” was publicly broadcasted on June 3, 1947.
Key Mechanics of Partition: The plan explicitly laid out the division of British India into two fully independent dominions: India and Pakistan. Crucially, it mandated the painful partition of the massive provinces of Bengal and Punjab (based on the findings of the Radcliffe Boundary Commission).
Democratic Choices: It provided for referendums in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and the Sylhet district of Assam to determine their fate. Additionally, it declared that British paramountcy over the 565 princely states would lapse, giving them the technical (but practically impossible) option to join either dominion or remain independent. The plan was rapidly enacted into law as the Indian Independence Act of 1947.

📌 Independence • 1947

Q.30) At midnight on August 14-15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech to which body, effectively ushering in India’s independence?

Ans > B) The Constituent Assembly of India

A Historic Setting: Exactly at the stroke of midnight spanning August 14 and 15, 1947, India officially broke free from nearly two centuries of British colonial rule. The setting for this monumental occasion was the grand Central Hall of Parliament in New Delhi.
Addressing the Nation’s Builders: Jawaharlal Nehru, poised to become the first Prime Minister of an independent India, delivered his deeply emotional “Tryst with Destiny” speech directly to the Constituent Assembly of India—the body tasked with drafting the new nation’s constitution.
An Unforgettable Oration: The speech is widely considered one of the greatest political orations of the 20th century. It famously began: “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge… At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom.”
A Heavy Burden: Beyond celebration, Nehru’s speech perfectly captured the immense weight of the moment. It was a solemn acknowledgment of the tragic bloodshed of partition, a tribute to the sacrifices of freedom fighters, and a profound pledge of dedication to the service of India, its impoverished millions, and the larger cause of global humanity.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 67

1773 Act: The Regulating Act established a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
1784 Act: Pitt’s India Act created the Board of Control for double government.
1833 Act: Redesignated Governor-General of Bengal to Governor-General of India.
1858 Act: Transferred power to the Crown and created the Secretary of State for India.
1919 Act: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms introduced Dyarchy at the Provincial level.
1935 Act: Replaced provincial dyarchy with Provincial Autonomy.
Mangal Pandey: Sparked the 1857 mutiny; belonged to the 34th Native Infantry (Barrackpore).
Kanpur Revolt: Led by Nana Saheb, adopted son of Peshwa Bajirao II.
Lucknow Revolt: Led by Begum Hazrat Mahal, wife of deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
Rani Lakshmibai: Fought heroically but was eventually defeated by General Hugh Rose.
Subsidiary Alliance: Introduced by Lord Wellesley to make states British protectorates.
Hyderabad: The first state to enter the Subsidiary Alliance in 1798.
Doctrine of Lapse: Satara was the very first state annexed under this policy in 1848.
Awadh Annexation: Annexed in 1856 by Dalhousie on the pretext of misgovernance.
Buffer Zones: Warren Hastings adopted the “Policy of Ring-Fence” for frontier defense.
Afghan Policy: John Lawrence initiated the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” post the First Afghan War.
August 1, 1920: Non-Cooperation Movement launched on the day Bal Gangadhar Tilak died.
Swaraj Party: Formed in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru to contest elections.
Simon Commission: Boycotted universally because it lacked any Indian members.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: Signed in 1931, led to Congress attending the Second Round Table Conference.
Poona Pact: Signed in 1932 by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes.
August Offer (1940): Issued by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow promising Dominion Status post-war.
Cripps Mission (1942): Led by Sir Stafford Cripps, failed due to rejection by major Indian parties.
Quit India (1942): Resolution passed at Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay.
INA Trials: Famous public treason trials held at the Red Fort in Delhi.
Chief Defence Counsel: Bhulabhai Desai led the defence for INA officers.
Cabinet Mission: Included Pethick-Lawrence, Cripps, Alexander (Mountbatten was not a member).
Direct Action Day: Observed on August 16, 1946, leading to massive communal riots.
Partition Plan: The Mountbatten plan to partition India was announced on June 3, 1947.
Tryst with Destiny: Nehru delivered this iconic speech to the Constituent Assembly of India.

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Modern History Set 67

Q.1) The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first major attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at which location?

Q.2) Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a system of double government by creating a new body to guide and control the political affairs of the Company. What was this body called?

Q.3) The Charter Act of 1833 was a landmark in the centralization of British administration in India. It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal to what new title?

Q.4) Following the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 transferred the ruling power directly to the British Crown. It created a new cabinet position in London to oversee Indian affairs known as the:

Q.5) The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced a system of ‘Dyarchy’ (dual rule). At which level of government was this system implemented?

Q.6) The Government of India Act 1935 proposed a comprehensive structural change. It abolished ‘Dyarchy’ in the provinces and replaced it with which new system?

Q.7) The spark for the Revolt of 1857 was ignited when Mangal Pandey fired at his European officers on March 29, 1857. To which infantry regiment did he belong?

Q.8) During the Revolt of 1857, the rebel forces in Kanpur were led by the adopted son of the last Peshwa, Bajirao II. Who was he?

Q.9) The uprising in Lucknow during the 1857 Revolt was led by the wife of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. What was her name?

Q.10) Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi fought a heroic battle against the British forces during the 1857 Revolt. Which British General eventually defeated her forces in 1858?

Q.11) Which British Governor-General introduced the system of “Subsidiary Alliance,” effectively turning Indian states into British protectorates?

Q.12) The state of Hyderabad was the first to enter into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British. In which year did this occur?

Q.13) Under the “Doctrine of Lapse,” implemented by Lord Dalhousie, an Indian state would be annexed if its ruler died without a natural male heir. Which was the first state to be annexed under this doctrine in 1848?

Q.14) In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed the prosperous state of Awadh, not under the Doctrine of Lapse, but on what specific pretext based on a report by James Outram?

Q.15) Warren Hastings adopted a strategic policy to defend the Company’s frontiers by creating buffer zones around its territories. What was this policy called?

Q.16) Following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which British Viceroy initiated the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” towards Afghanistan?

Q.17) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 1, 1920. Coincidentally, this exact date marked the death of which towering nationalist leader?

Q.18) In response to the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, which two leaders formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to contest council elections?

Q.19) The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919, was universally boycotted by Indians for what primary reason?

Q.20) The historic Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. As part of the agreement, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in which upcoming event?

Q.21) The Poona Pact of 1932 was an agreement that modified the British government’s Communal Award. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Q.22) In 1940, the British Viceroy made an offer to the Indians promising Dominion Status after the Second World War in exchange for cooperation. Known as the ‘August Offer’, which Viceroy issued it?

Q.23) The Cripps Mission arrived in India in 1942 proposing post-war Dominion Status, but the talks failed. Who led this mission?

Q.24) The historic ‘Quit India’ resolution was passed by the All India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Q.25) Following the end of WWII, the British government put INA (Indian National Army) officers on public trial for treason. These famous trials took place in 1945-46 at which historic monument?

Q.26) The defence team for the INA officers at the Red Fort trials included prominent lawyers like Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. Who was the chief defence counsel?

Q.27) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 consisted of three British cabinet ministers. Which of the following was NOT a member of the Cabinet Mission?

Q.28) In 1946, frustrated by the rejection of its demand for an independent Pakistan, the Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’, leading to massive communal riots. On what date was this observed?

Q.29) The plan that formally proposed the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, was announced by the British Government on which date?

Q.30) At midnight on August 14-15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech to which body, effectively ushering in India’s independence?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 67

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Q.1) The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first major attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the East India Company. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at which location?

Q.2) Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a system of double government by creating a new body to guide and control the political affairs of the Company. What was this body called?

Q.3) The Charter Act of 1833 was a landmark in the centralization of British administration in India. It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal to what new title?

Q.4) Following the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 transferred the ruling power directly to the British Crown. It created a new cabinet position in London to oversee Indian affairs known as the:

Q.5) The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced a system of ‘Dyarchy’ (dual rule). At which level of government was this system implemented?

Q.6) The Government of India Act 1935 proposed a comprehensive structural change. It abolished ‘Dyarchy’ in the provinces and replaced it with which new system?

Q.7) The spark for the Revolt of 1857 was ignited when Mangal Pandey fired at his European officers on March 29, 1857. To which infantry regiment did he belong?

Q.8) During the Revolt of 1857, the rebel forces in Kanpur were led by the adopted son of the last Peshwa, Bajirao II. Who was he?

Q.9) The uprising in Lucknow during the 1857 Revolt was led by the wife of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. What was her name?

Q.10) Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi fought a heroic battle against the British forces during the 1857 Revolt. Which British General eventually defeated her forces in 1858?

Q.11) Which British Governor-General introduced the system of “Subsidiary Alliance,” effectively turning Indian states into British protectorates?

Q.12) The state of Hyderabad was the first to enter into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British. In which year did this occur?

Q.13) Under the “Doctrine of Lapse,” implemented by Lord Dalhousie, an Indian state would be annexed if its ruler died without a natural male heir. Which was the first state to be annexed under this doctrine in 1848?

Q.14) In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed the prosperous state of Awadh, not under the Doctrine of Lapse, but on what specific pretext based on a report by James Outram?

Q.15) Warren Hastings adopted a strategic policy to defend the Company’s frontiers by creating buffer zones around its territories. What was this policy called?

Q.16) Following the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which British Viceroy initiated the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” towards Afghanistan?

Q.17) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 1, 1920. Coincidentally, this exact date marked the death of which towering nationalist leader?

Q.18) In response to the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, which two leaders formed the Swaraj Party in 1923 to contest council elections?

Q.19) The Simon Commission, appointed in 1927 to review the Government of India Act 1919, was universally boycotted by Indians for what primary reason?

Q.20) The historic Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. As part of the agreement, the Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in which upcoming event?

Q.21) The Poona Pact of 1932 was an agreement that modified the British government’s Communal Award. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Q.22) In 1940, the British Viceroy made an offer to the Indians promising Dominion Status after the Second World War in exchange for cooperation. Known as the ‘August Offer’, which Viceroy issued it?

Q.23) The Cripps Mission arrived in India in 1942 proposing post-war Dominion Status, but the talks failed. Who led this mission?

Q.24) The historic ‘Quit India’ resolution was passed by the All India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Q.25) Following the end of WWII, the British government put INA (Indian National Army) officers on public trial for treason. These famous trials took place in 1945-46 at which historic monument?

Q.26) The defence team for the INA officers at the Red Fort trials included prominent lawyers like Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. Who was the chief defence counsel?

Q.27) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 consisted of three British cabinet ministers. Which of the following was NOT a member of the Cabinet Mission?

Q.28) In 1946, frustrated by the rejection of its demand for an independent Pakistan, the Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’, leading to massive communal riots. On what date was this observed?

Q.29) The plan that formally proposed the partition of India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, was announced by the British Government on which date?

Q.30) At midnight on August 14-15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous “Tryst with Destiny” speech to which body, effectively ushering in India’s independence?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 67

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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