Modern History Set 25 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 25 Questions & Answers

Who was the founder of the Namdhari Sikh sect and a major leader of the Kuka Movement in western Punjab? – Baba Ram Singh
Which British officer was sent as an envoy to Teheran by Lord Minto to forge an alliance against a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India? – John Malcolm
The Dutch founded their first factory in India at Masulipatnam in which year? – 1605
Which Indian ruler is credited with introducing sericulture to the Mysore State? – Tipu Sultan
During the Anglo-Maratha power struggles in 1802, who defeated the armies of the Peshwa and Scindia and placed Vinayakrao on the Peshwa’s seat? – Jaswantrao Holkar
Which treaty, signed in March 1846, reduced the strength of the Sikh army and established a British resident at Lahore under Henry Lawrence? – Treaty of Lahore
During the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Battle of Chillhanwala was fought in which month and year? – January 1849
In 1891–92, the British occupation of which two regions in the Gilgit Valley alarmed the Amir of Afghanistan? – Hunza and Nagar
In 1838, Lord Auckland sent an expedition into Afghanistan to establish a permanent barrier against possible schemes of aggression from which country? – Russia
The English East India Company obtained the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765 through a farman issued by which Mughal Emperor? – Shah Alam II
Which 19th-century tribal revolt in Chotanagpur (1858–1895) aimed at regaining the tribals’ age-old right over land and was also known as the Mukti Larai Movement? – Bokta Rising (Sardari Larai)
Towards the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese established a wealthy trading settlement in West Bengal at which location? – Hooghly
Which European nation sold its principal settlement at Serampore near Calcutta to the British government in 1845? – The Danes
The ‘Merchant Adventurers’ who formed the English East India Company were influenced by the successful circumnavigation of the globe in 1580 by whom? – Francis Drake
In 1613, the English were permitted to establish a permanent factory at Surat under the leadership of which official? – Thomas Aldworth
What was the annual payment required by the ‘Golden Farman’ issued to the English by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632? – 500 pagodas
In 1668, the island of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by King Charles II for an annual payment of what amount? – 10 pounds
The English extended their trading activities to the east and started a factory at Balasore in Odisha in which year? – 1633
Who was the Mughal governor of Bengal when the English agent William Hedges appealed for the redressal of trade grievances in August 1682? – Shaista Khan
Which English envoy led the successful diplomatic mission to the court of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1715? – John Surman
The Treaty of Ryswick, which mandated the restoration of Pondicherry to the French after its capture by the Dutch, was concluded in which year? – 1697
Who was the Nawab of Carnatic during the First Carnatic War when the English appealed to him for help against the French? – Anwaruddin Khan
During the Second Carnatic War, who was appointed as the governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna? – Joseph Francis Dupleix
During the Second Carnatic War, which English official proposed the successful diversionary attack on Arcot to relieve the pressure on Trichinopoly? – Robert Clive
The decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was fought between the English under General Eyre Coote and the French army under the command of whom? – Count Thomas Arthur de Lally
Which French commander captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758? – Count de Lally
The Battle of Bidara, where the English dealt a crushing blow to Dutch ambitions in India, took place in which year? – 1759
Who succeeded Murshid Kuli Khan as the ruler of Bengal in 1727? – Shuja-ud-din
The Rohillas were inhabitants of Rohilakhand, an area situated between the Ganga in the south and which region in the north? – Kumaon
Which tribal uprising occurred between 1825 and 1835 in the Mymensingh district and was led by Tipu, the son of Karam Shah? – Pagal Panthi Revolt

MROY Class

Modern History Set 25

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📌 Social Movements • Punjab

Q.1) Who was the founder of the Namdhari Sikh sect and a major leader of the Kuka Movement in western Punjab?

Ans > Baba Ram Singh

Origins and Early Leadership: The Namdhari, or Kuka, movement initially emerged as a religious purification campaign within Sikhism. It was originally founded by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also known as Sian Sahib) and his disciple Baba Balak Singh in the North-West Frontier Province. They aimed to rid Sikhism of caste distinctions and idol worship.
Political Transformation under Baba Ram Singh: Under the charismatic leadership of Baba Ram Singh, the movement shifted its headquarters to Bhaini in western Punjab and took on a highly political, anti-colonial character. He structured the sect with military precision, dividing Punjab into districts headed by ‘Subas’.
The First Non-Cooperation Movement: Decades before Mahatma Gandhi, Baba Ram Singh fiercely advocated for a complete boycott of everything British. He instructed his massive following to completely boycott British educational institutions, the British legal system, and foreign-made imported goods. He promoted hand-spun cloth (Khadi) and indigenous education.
The Malerkotla Incident and Exile: The Kukas were also staunch protectors of cattle. In 1872, rising tensions culminated in the Malerkotla incident, where Kuka followers attacked a slaughterhouse. The British brutally retaliated by blowing 65 Kuka rebels from the mouths of cannons without any trial. Baba Ram Singh was subsequently arrested and exiled to Rangoon, where he died.

📌 British Diplomacy • Foreign Policy

Q.2) Which British officer was sent as an envoy to Teheran by Lord Minto to forge an alliance against a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Ans > John Malcolm

The Napoleonic Threat: During the early 19th century, the British were deeply paranoid about a combined Franco-Russian invasion of India through the northwestern passes. This fear peaked after Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I signed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, seemingly uniting Europe’s greatest powers against British interests.
Lord Minto’s Diplomatic Counter-Offensive: To neutralize this severe geopolitical threat, Governor-General Lord Minto aggressively dispatched a series of high-level diplomatic envoys to border nations. Metcalfe was sent to Ranjit Singh in Lahore, Elphinstone to Kabul, and the highly experienced John Malcolm to the court of Fath Ali Shah in Teheran (Persia).
Securing the Persian Alliance: John Malcolm’s mission (1808-1809) was highly successful. He managed to negotiate and sign a definitive treaty with the Shah of Persia. The Shah firmly agreed not to allow any European force to pass through Persian territory toward India and to actively expel any French agents currently residing in his domain.
Legacy as a Scholar-Administrator: Beyond his massive diplomatic success, John Malcolm was a profound scholar of the region. He utilized his time in Persia to compile the monumental “History of Persia,” becoming one of the first British administrators to deeply understand the complex sociopolitical fabric of the Middle East and its direct impact on Indian security.

📌 European Powers • Dutch

Q.3) The Dutch founded their first factory in India at Masulipatnam in which year?

Ans > 1605

Formation of the VOC: The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) was established in 1602. While their primary, highly lucrative objective was to totally monopolize the brutal spice trade in the Indonesian archipelago (the Spice Islands), they quickly realized a critical economic reality regarding Asian trade networks.
The Need for Indian Textiles: The inhabitants of the Spice Islands had very little interest in European goods or gold. Instead, they demanded high-quality cotton textiles from India in exchange for their spices. This economic necessity directly forced the Dutch to establish a massive commercial presence on the Indian subcontinent, specifically targeting the eastern coast.
Securing Masulipatnam: In 1605, the Dutch successfully negotiated with the powerful ruler of Golconda to obtain a formal farman (royal decree). This allowed them to officially establish their very first Indian factory at Masulipatnam on the Coromandel coast, which served as the perfect geographical gateway to export massive quantities of indigo, saltpetre, and raw silk.
Shift in Headquarters: While Masulipatnam was their first foothold, the Dutch rapidly expanded their military and commercial operations. By 1610, they had established another major fort at Pulicat (north of Madras), which subsequently became the primary headquarters of all Dutch operations on the Coromandel coast before eventually moving to Nagapatnam in 1690 to counter expanding British influence.

📌 Mysore State • Economy

Q.4) Which Indian ruler is credited with introducing sericulture to the Mysore State?

Ans > Tipu Sultan

A Visionary Modernizer: Tipu Sultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore, was not merely a military commander who fought the British; he was a highly progressive economic visionary. He thoroughly recognized that to build a powerful modern state capable of resisting European imperialism, Mysore absolutely needed a robust, self-sustaining, and highly profitable industrial economy.
The Birth of Mysore Silk: Identifying the massive global demand and high profit margins associated with the silk trade, Tipu Sultan actively decided to introduce sericulture (the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk) to his kingdom. This massive initiative laid the exact foundational groundwork for what would eventually become the world-famous Karnataka silk industry.
Global Technological Exchange: To ensure the success of this massive agricultural project, Tipu Sultan did not rely on local, inferior methods. He aggressively dispatched official state embassies to highly developed foreign nations, including Muscat, Pegu (Myanmar), and even Qing Dynasty China, specifically to bring back superior silkworm eggs and study state-of-the-art weaving technologies.
State Monopoly and Infrastructure: He aggressively established massive mulberry plantations across the Mysore territory to feed the silkworms. Furthermore, he created a strict state monopoly on the trade, built large-scale factories at Srirangapatna and Bangalore, and actively imported expert silk weavers from Bengal, deeply embedding the industry into the socioeconomic fabric of the region.

📌 Maratha Empire • Anglo-Maratha Wars

Q.5) During the Anglo-Maratha power struggles in 1802, who defeated the armies of the Peshwa and Scindia and placed Vinayakrao on the Peshwa’s seat?

Ans > Jaswantrao Holkar

Internal Maratha Civil War: Following the tragic death of the brilliant statesman Nana Phadnavis in 1800, the Maratha Empire descended into absolute chaos. Fierce, bloody internal rivalries erupted, primarily between the powerful Scindia faction and the Holkar faction, with the weak, treacherous Peshwa Baji Rao II constantly attempting to play them against each other.
The Vengeance of Jaswantrao: Peshwa Baji Rao II made a fatal miscalculation by aligning strongly with Daulatrao Scindia and brutally executing the brother of Jaswantrao Holkar (also known as Yashwantrao Holkar). Enraged by this treacherous murder, Jaswantrao marched a massive, highly disciplined army directly towards the Maratha capital of Poona to exact revenge.
The Battle of Poona (Hadapsar): In October 1802, Jaswantrao Holkar’s forces clashed with the combined, massive armies of the Peshwa and Scindia at the Battle of Poona (Hadapsar). Holkar exhibited brilliant military tactics and decisively crushed their combined forces. Following his massive victory, he boldly placed Amrutrao’s son, Vinayakrao, on the Peshwa’s throne.
The Disastrous Treaty of Bassein: Terrified for his life, the defeated Peshwa Baji Rao II fled the capital and sought refuge with the British at Bassein. In sheer desperation to regain his throne, he signed the infamous Treaty of Bassein (1802), effectively accepting the British Subsidiary Alliance and surrendering the hard-won independence of the mighty Maratha Empire.

📌 Sikh Empire • Treaties

Q.6) Which treaty, signed in March 1846, reduced the strength of the Sikh army and established a British resident at Lahore under Henry Lawrence?

Ans > Treaty of Lahore

Aftermath of the First Anglo-Sikh War: Following the tragic death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Khalsa army became highly powerful and unruly. This eventually led to the disastrous First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846). After suffering a series of crushing defeats largely due to the treachery of their own commanders (Lal Singh and Tej Singh), the Sikhs sued for peace.
Humiliating Territorial Losses: Governor-General Lord Hardinge dictated the highly punitive terms of the Treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846). The proud Sikh Empire was forced to totally cede the incredibly fertile Jalandhar Doab (the territory situated between the Beas and Sutlej rivers) directly to the expanding British East India Company.
Financial Ruin and the Sale of Kashmir: The British imposed a massive, crippling war indemnity of 1.5 crore rupees on the Lahore Durbar. Unable to pay this astronomical sum in cash, the Sikhs were forced to cede Kashmir. The British immediately sold Kashmir to the Dogra noble Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees under the subsequent Treaty of Amritsar.
Loss of Sovereignty: The treaty fundamentally destroyed Sikh military independence. The once-mighty Khalsa army was strictly capped at just 12,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. More importantly, Sir Henry Lawrence was stationed in Lahore as the powerful British Resident, effectively reducing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh (with Rani Jindan as regent) to a mere British puppet.

📌 Sikh Empire • Anglo-Sikh Wars

Q.7) During the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Battle of Chillhanwala was fought in which month and year?

Ans > January 1849

The Spark of the Second War: The oppressive terms of the Treaty of Lahore and the arrogant behavior of British officials heavily alienated the proud Sikh nobility and army. The massive revolt led by Mulraj in Multan quickly escalated, triggering the ferocious Second Anglo-Sikh War as the entire Khalsa army rose in rebellion to expel the British.
A Ferocious Encounter: Fought on January 13, 1849, the Battle of Chillianwala was commanded by the British Commander-in-Chief Lord Hugh Gough against the brilliant Sikh general Sher Singh Attariwalla. The battlefield was characterized by incredibly dense, highly confusing jungle terrain near the Jhelum River, which heavily neutralized traditional British infantry formations.
Sikh Artillery Superiority: The battle is historically famous for the devastating effectiveness of the Sikh artillery and the sheer, desperate bravery of their infantry. The British forces suffered catastrophic, shocking casualties, with nearly 2,400 soldiers killed or severely wounded, making it one of the toughest, most brutal battles the British ever fought on the Indian subcontinent.
Strategic Consequences: Although technically considered a stalemate as the Sikhs ultimately withdrew, it was heavily viewed as a massive tactical victory for the Khalsa. The shocking news of the slaughter caused an absolute uproar in London, leading to immediate orders to replace Lord Gough with Charles Napier, although Gough managed to redeem himself shortly after at the decisive Battle of Gujrat.

📌 British Expansion • Frontier Policy

Q.8) In 1891–92, the British occupation of which two regions in the Gilgit Valley alarmed the Amir of Afghanistan?

Ans > Hunza and Nagar

The Dynamics of the Great Game: During the late 19th century, the geopolitical “Great Game” between the British and Russian empires was at its absolute peak. The British were intensely paranoid that Russian agents were actively exploring the high-altitude Pamir mountains, seeking a secret southern invasion route directly into the vulnerable underbelly of British India.
The Strategic Importance of Gilgit: To counter this perceived massive threat, the British established the Gilgit Agency in 1889 under the aggressive leadership of Colonel Algernon Durand. The fiercely independent princely states of Hunza and Nagar were located in this highly strategic valley, controlling the critical mountain passes that directly connected Kashmir to the Pamirs and Xinjiang.
The Anglo-Brusho War (1891): Accusing the rulers of Hunza and Nagar of dealing with Russian officers and continuously raiding caravans on the ancient Silk Road, the British launched a massive military expedition in 1891. After a brief but incredibly fierce mountain campaign, the British forces decisively defeated the locals and formally occupied both remote territories.
Diplomatic Fallout with Kabul: This aggressive, sudden forward push deep into the high Himalayas caused intense diplomatic alarm in Kabul. Amir Abdur Rahman of Afghanistan heavily feared that this was a precursor to a British invasion of his own territory. This rising tension eventually forced the British to dispatch the Mortimer Durand mission in 1893 to formally demarcate the controversial Durand Line.

📌 British Diplomacy • Afghan Policy

Q.9) In 1838, Lord Auckland sent an expedition into Afghanistan to establish a permanent barrier against possible schemes of aggression from which country?

Ans > Russia

The Rise of Russophobia: During the 1830s, the aggressive, rapid expansion of the Russian Empire into Central Asia triggered massive panic among British policymakers in Calcutta and London. They deeply feared that Russia would eventually use Afghanistan as a staging ground to launch a massive, devastating invasion to conquer the wealthy plains of British India.
The Siege of Herat (1837): This intense paranoia reached a fever pitch when Persian forces, heavily backed and advised by Russian military officers, laid a massive siege to the highly strategic western Afghan city of Herat. Governor-General Lord Auckland decided that the British absolutely needed a totally compliant, friendly ruler sitting on the throne in Kabul to act as a buffer.
The Tripartite Treaty of 1838: Dissatisfied with the independent-minded Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad Khan, Lord Auckland orchestrated a massive regime change. He signed the Tripartite Treaty (1838) with Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab and Shah Shuja (an unpopular, exiled former Afghan king), officially agreeing to use massive military force to violently depose Dost Mohammad.
A Catastrophic Blunder: This aggressive “Forward Policy” directly triggered the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War. The British “Army of the Indus” successfully marched into Kabul and installed their puppet, Shah Shuja. However, the fiercely independent Afghans launched a massive uprising in 1841. The subsequent British retreat in early 1842 resulted in the total, catastrophic annihilation of an entire army of 16,000 men.

📌 British Conquest • Bengal

Q.10) The English East India Company obtained the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765 through a farman issued by which Mughal Emperor?

Ans > Shah Alam II

The Defining Victory at Buxar: The monumental Battle of Buxar (October 1764) firmly established absolute British supremacy in India. Major Hector Munro decisively defeated the massive, combined native forces of the deposed Nawab of Bengal (Mir Qasim), the powerful Nawab of Awadh (Shuja-ud-Daula), and the titular Mughal Emperor himself, Shah Alam II.
The Treaty of Allahabad (August 1765): Following this total, crushing victory, Robert Clive was rapidly sent back to India to politically consolidate these massive gains. He personally negotiated the highly historic Treaty of Allahabad with the defeated Emperor Shah Alam II, fundamentally altering the entire political landscape of the Indian subcontinent forever.
Granting the Diwani: Under the strict terms of this treaty, the Emperor was forced to issue a formal farman officially granting the Diwani—the absolute legal right to collect vast land revenues—of the extremely wealthy provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa directly to the English East India Company in perpetuity.
The Dual System of Government: In return, the Company agreed to pay the Emperor a fixed, relatively minor annual tribute of 26 lakh rupees and effectively confined him as a highly paid pensioner in Allahabad. This initiated Clive’s infamous “Dual Government” system, where the British enjoyed massive financial power without any administrative responsibility for the starving local population.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Chotanagpur

Q.11) Which 19th-century tribal revolt in Chotanagpur (1858–1895) aimed at regaining the tribals’ age-old right over land and was also known as the Mukti Larai Movement?

Ans > Bokta Rising (Sardari Larai)

The Loss of Ancestral Lands: For centuries, the indigenous Munda tribes of the Chotanagpur plateau operated under the traditional ‘Khuntkatti’ system, involving collective, communal ownership of vast forest lands. However, the introduction of the harsh British legal system allowed massive influxes of ‘Dikus’ (outsider landlords, jagirdars, and thikadars) to systematically confiscate these lands.
The Sardari Agitation (Mukti Larai): Beginning around 1858 and peaking towards 1895, the Munda chiefs (Sardars) initiated a massive, largely non-violent agrarian resistance movement known as the Sardari Larai, or the ‘Mukti Larai’ (struggle for freedom). Their primary, desperate objective was to legally regain their lost ancestral land rights and expel the oppressive outsider landlords.
Failure of Legal Redress: The Sardars spent decades traversing the complex colonial legal system, filing countless petitions, hiring expensive lawyers in Calcutta, and appealing directly to British officials. However, the deeply biased, highly corrupt colonial judicial system continually ruled in favor of the wealthy landlords, totally frustrating the tribal leadership.
Prelude to the Ulgulan: The absolute, massive failure of the peaceful Sardari agitation to secure justice deeply radicalized the Munda population. This widespread anger and total disillusionment with British justice directly set the fertile stage for the emergence of Birsa Munda, who transformed the movement into a fierce, violent armed rebellion (the Ulgulan) in 1899.

📌 European Powers • Portuguese

Q.12) Towards the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese established a wealthy trading settlement in West Bengal at which location?

Ans > Hooghly

Eastern Expansion: While the Portuguese originally focused their massive maritime empire on the western coast of India (Goa, Daman, Diu), they quickly realized the incredible agricultural and industrial wealth of the Bengal region. In 1579, they successfully secured a farman from Emperor Akbar permitting them to settle permanently on the banks of the Hooghly River.
A Hub of Wealth and Monopoly: Hooghly rapidly grew into a massive, incredibly wealthy commercial hub. The Portuguese heavily monopolized the highly lucrative regional trade in salt, tobacco, and fine cotton textiles, effectively bypassing traditional local merchants and massively enriching their own colonial coffers at the expense of the Mughal treasury.
Piracy and Provocation: Driven by greed and religious zeal, the Portuguese at Hooghly increasingly resorted to highly illegal activities. They openly engaged in brutal river piracy, actively operated a massive, cruel slave trade involving capturing local children, and aggressively attempted forced religious conversions of the local Bengali population, heavily angering the Mughal authorities.
The Siege and Destruction (1632): Their arrogance finally pushed Emperor Shah Jahan over the edge. He explicitly ordered Qasim Khan, the powerful Mughal governor of Bengal, to utterly destroy the settlement. In 1632, after a massive, brutal siege lasting three months, Hooghly was completely captured. Thousands of Portuguese were killed or taken as prisoners, permanently ending their dominance in Bengal.

📌 European Powers • Danes

Q.13) Which European nation sold its principal settlement at Serampore near Calcutta to the British government in 1845?

Ans > The Danes

The Danish East India Company: Denmark was a minor player in the massive European scramble for India. The Danish East India Company was established in 1616, and unlike the aggressive British or French, they primarily focused entirely on peaceful commerce (especially the highly profitable tea trade with China) rather than massive territorial conquest.
Key Settlements in India: They managed to establish two highly significant, albeit small, enclaves on the Indian subcontinent: Tranquebar on the southern Coromandel coast (Tamil Nadu) in 1620, and the beautifully planned town of Serampore on the Hooghly River near Calcutta (Bengal) in 1755, which they named Frederiksnagore.
A Center for Printing and Missions: Serampore became historically famous not for military power, but for profound cultural impact. Because it was outside British jurisdiction, it provided safe haven for the famous Baptist missionaries William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward (the Serampore Trio), who established the first modern printing press and translated the Bible into numerous Indian languages.
Financial Collapse and Sale: Despite their cultural contributions, the Danish Company simply could not compete financially against the overwhelming, massive monopolistic power of the British East India Company. Facing heavy debts and a totally unviable commercial position, the Danish government formally sold all their remaining Indian settlements to the British in 1845.

📌 European Powers • English

Q.14) The ‘Merchant Adventurers’ who formed the English East India Company were influenced by the successful circumnavigation of the globe in 1580 by whom?

Ans > Francis Drake

Breaking the Iberian Monopoly: Throughout the 16th century, Spain and Portugal maintained an absolute, massive, state-sponsored monopoly over the incredibly lucrative global maritime trade routes to the Americas and Asia, fiercely restricting any rival European access to the highly prized spices of the East.
Drake’s Audacious Voyage: Sir Francis Drake, an incredibly bold English privateer, shattered this perceived invincibility during his famous circumnavigation of the globe (1577-1580) aboard his ship, the *Golden Hind*. He brazenly plundered massive amounts of Spanish treasure and successfully reached the fabled Spice Islands (Moluccas) in the Pacific.
Igniting English Ambitions: Drake’s highly publicized, immensely profitable return to England proved definitively that the Iberian naval dominance was highly vulnerable. The massive wealth he brought back directly ignited intense commercial fever among wealthy London merchants, proving that direct trade with the East was highly possible and incredibly lucrative.
Formation of the Company: Highly inspired by Drake’s success and further motivated by the subsequent overland reports of travelers like Ralph Fitch, a group of powerful London merchants known as the ‘Merchant Adventurers’ pooled their vast capital. On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted them a Royal Charter, officially incorporating the English East India Company.

📌 European Powers • English East India Company

Q.15) In 1613, the English were permitted to establish a permanent factory at Surat under the leadership of which official?

Ans > Thomas Aldworth

Early Failures and Portuguese Hostility: The English East India Company initially struggled to gain a firm foothold in India due to the fierce, deeply entrenched opposition of the Portuguese, who wielded massive influence at the Mughal court and actively prevented the English from securing trading rights.
The Battle of Swally Hole (1612): The turning point occurred when English Captain Thomas Best dramatically defeated a vastly superior Portuguese naval squadron off the coast of Surat at Swally Hole. This stunning display of modern English naval artillery deeply impressed Emperor Jahangir, significantly lowering Portuguese prestige in his eyes.
The Imperial Farman: Capitalizing on this massive military success, the English successfully petitioned the Mughal court. In early 1613, Emperor Jahangir issued a formal farman (imperial decree) officially permitting the English to establish their very first permanent, heavily fortified trading factory in the bustling port city of Surat.
Leadership of Thomas Aldworth: The massive responsibility of establishing and managing this crucial first factory was entrusted to Thomas Aldworth. Under his capable leadership, Surat rapidly developed into the absolute primary commercial headquarters for all English operations on the western coast of India, a position it held firmly until the headquarters shifted to Bombay in 1687.

📌 European Powers • English in Golconda

Q.16) What was the annual payment required by the ‘Golden Farman’ issued to the English by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632?

Ans > 500 pagodas

Strategic Importance of the Coromandel Coast: While Surat was thriving in the west, the English desperately needed to drastically expand their operations on the eastern Coromandel coast to procure the massive quantities of cheap cotton textiles required to trade for highly lucrative spices in the Indonesian archipelago.
The Harassment by Local Officials: English merchants trying to operate in the region faced severe, continuous harassment. Local governors and corrupt port officials constantly demanded arbitrary, exorbitant transit duties and bribes, severely crippling the profitability of the East India Company’s eastern operations.
Issuance of the Golden Farman: To bypass these incredibly frustrating local obstacles, the English successfully negotiated directly with the central authority. In 1632, Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah of the powerful, wealthy Kingdom of Golconda issued the highly historic document famously known as the “Golden Farman.”
Massive Commercial Advantage: Under the exact terms of this decree, the English were required to pay a mere, fixed annual tribute of just 500 pagodas. In exchange, they were granted the absolute, incredible privilege of completely duty-free trade across all ports within the Golconda kingdom, massively boosting their commercial dominance over the Dutch and Portuguese.

📌 British Expansion • Bombay

Q.17) In 1668, the island of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by King Charles II for an annual payment of what amount?

Ans > 10 pounds

A Royal Marriage Dowry: The strategic cluster of seven islands that made up Bombay was originally under strict Portuguese control since 1534. However, in 1661, these islands were formally transferred directly to the British Crown as part of the massive royal dowry when King Charles II of England married the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza.
An Expensive Burden for the Crown: King Charles II quickly realized that maintaining, defending, and administering these distant islands from London was an incredibly expensive, logistical nightmare for the Royal Navy. The islands yielded very little revenue at the time and were highly vulnerable to Maratha and Mughal naval attacks.
The Corporate Lease: Seeking to completely offload this massive financial burden, the Crown formally leased the entire territory of Bombay to the East India Company in 1668. The rent was set at an almost symbolic, laughably low rate of merely 10 pounds of gold per year, granting the Company total administrative control.
Transformation under the Company: Under the brilliant, highly capable leadership of Governor Gerald Aungier, the EIC heavily fortified the islands, established a strong modern judicial system, and offered total religious freedom. This rapidly attracted massive numbers of wealthy Parsi, Gujarati, and Armenian merchants, transforming Bombay into a booming metropolis that eventually replaced Surat as their western headquarters in 1687.

📌 British Expansion • Odisha

Q.18) The English extended their trading activities to the east and started a factory at Balasore in Odisha in which year?

Ans > 1633

Pushing Northward: Having successfully secured a solid trading foothold in Masulipatnam through the Golden Farman, the English East India Company aggressively sought to heavily expand their highly profitable operations further north up the eastern coast to directly tap into the incredibly wealthy markets of Bengal and the Mahanadi delta.
The Quest for Cheap Textiles and Saltpetre: Their primary commercial motivation was to secure a massive, steady supply of high-quality, deeply discounted cotton textiles and raw silk. Furthermore, they desperately needed access to massive quantities of high-grade saltpetre (a critical ingredient required for manufacturing gunpowder), which was heavily produced in the eastern regions.
Establishing the First Eastern Outposts: Under the bold leadership of merchant Ralph Cartwright, a small, highly determined English expedition sailed north. In 1633, overcoming fierce, deeply entrenched Portuguese hostility and navigating highly complex local politics, they successfully established their very first eastern factories at Hariharpur and the major port town of Balasore in modern-day Odisha.
Stepping Stone to Bengal: Balasore rapidly developed into a massively important regional hub for English shipbuilding and large-scale maritime trade. More importantly, these early, hard-won settlements in Odisha served as the absolutely crucial, strategic stepping stones that eventually allowed the British to deeply penetrate the incredibly wealthy province of Bengal in the subsequent decades.

📌 Mughal Empire • Bengal

Q.19) Who was the Mughal governor of Bengal when the English agent William Hedges appealed for the redressal of trade grievances in August 1682?

Ans > Shaista Khan

Trade Frictions in Bengal: By the late 17th century, the English East India Company had established highly profitable factories across Bengal (Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna). However, they were constantly harassed by corrupt local Mughal officials who aggressively demanded arbitrary, massive transit duties, completely ignoring the imperial farmans that granted the Company duty-free trade.
The Mission of William Hedges: Seeking to permanently resolve this massive commercial crisis, the Company appointed William Hedges as the very first formal Agent and Governor of their affairs in the Bay of Bengal. In August 1682, Hedges traveled to Dhaka to appeal directly to the powerful Mughal Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal, Shaista Khan (the maternal uncle of Emperor Aurangzeb).
Failure and Escalation: Shaista Khan, a highly capable but strict administrator, refused to grant the massive, permanent blanket exemptions the English desperately wanted. The diplomatic mission was a total failure. The local Mughal officials continued their severe exactions, fundamentally convinced that the foreign merchants were hiding their true, massive profits.
The First Anglo-Mughal War: This total failure of diplomacy directly led to rising, fierce tensions. Led by the aggressive Sir Josiah Child in London, the Company foolishly decided to use military force against the mighty Mughal Empire, sparking the disastrous First Anglo-Mughal War (1686-1690). The English were utterly defeated, temporarily expelled from Bengal, and forced to beg Aurangzeb for a humiliating pardon.

📌 British Diplomacy • Mughal Court

Q.20) Which English envoy led the successful diplomatic mission to the court of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1715?

Ans > John Surman

The Need for Imperial Protection: By the early 18th century, the Mughal Empire was steadily declining, but regional Nawabs (like Murshid Kuli Khan in Bengal) were becoming incredibly powerful and highly restrictive towards European trade. To bypass these strong regional rulers, the EIC decided they absolutely needed a fresh, massive, binding imperial decree directly from the Emperor in Delhi.
The Surman Embassy (1715): The Company dispatched a massive, highly lavish diplomatic mission from Calcutta to the imperial court of Emperor Farrukhsiyar, led by the capable envoy John Surman. Crucially, the mission included a highly skilled Scottish surgeon named Dr. William Hamilton, whose presence would dramatically alter the course of Indian history.
A Medical Miracle: Emperor Farrukhsiyar was suffering from a severe, highly painful, and embarrassing medical condition that native physicians could not cure. Dr. Hamilton successfully treated and completely cured the Emperor. In sheer, immense gratitude, the delighted Emperor agreed to grant the massive commercial requests presented by John Surman.
The Magna Carta of the Company (1717): The result was the issuance of three incredibly historic farmans in 1717. These decrees granted the EIC the right to totally duty-free trade in Bengal for a mere 3,000 rupees a year, the power to issue dastaks (free passes) for goods, the right to rent more villages around Calcutta, and the massive authority to mint their own coins in Bombay. This directly paved the way for their absolute commercial dominance.

📌 European Powers • French & Dutch

Q.21) The Treaty of Ryswick, which mandated the restoration of Pondicherry to the French after its capture by the Dutch, was concluded in which year?

Ans > 1697

European Wars Dictating Asian Conflicts: During the 17th and 18th centuries, the massive geopolitical conflicts fought on the battlefields of Europe deeply and directly impacted the survival of trading settlements on the Indian subcontinent. The Nine Years’ War in Europe pitted France directly against the massive Grand Alliance, which prominently included the heavily armed Dutch Republic.
The Dutch Capture of Pondicherry: Capitalizing on this European state of war and leveraging their massive, dominant naval superiority in the Indian Ocean, the Dutch East India Company aggressively attacked the struggling French settlement of Pondicherry in 1693. Outgunned and cut off from supplies, the French were utterly defeated, and the Dutch seized control of the strategic port.
The Treaty of Ryswick (1697): The exhausting, bloody war in Europe finally ground to a halt, resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697. A highly specific clause within this massive European peace treaty explicitly mandated that the Dutch must immediately return the captured territory of Pondicherry back to French control.
Resurgence under François Martin: Although the treaty was signed in 1697, actual administrative control was only returned in 1699. The brilliant French governor François Martin immediately returned, heavily fortified the city walls, rapidly expanded trade, and transformed Pondicherry into the absolute premier, most beautiful European settlement on the Coromandel coast, boasting a thriving population of 40,000 by 1706.

📌 Carnatic Wars • First War

Q.22) Who was the Nawab of Carnatic during the First Carnatic War when the English appealed to him for help against the French?

Ans > Anwaruddin Khan

Spillover of the War of Austrian Succession: The First Carnatic War (1746-1748) was basically a direct, violent extension of the War of the Austrian Succession being fought in Europe between Britain and France. When hostilities broke out, the brilliant French Governor-General Joseph François Dupleix aggressively moved against the British in southern India.
The Capture of Madras: Aided by a massive French fleet commanded by Admiral La Bourdonnais from Mauritius, Dupleix launched a sudden, overwhelming siege on the British headquarters at Madras in 1746. Completely outgunned and totally desperate, the British surrendered the city, dealing a massive blow to British imperial prestige.
The Appeal to the Nawab: Terrified of total annihilation, the British merchants frantically appealed for protection to the regional Mughal authority, Nawab Anwaruddin Khan of the Carnatic. As the sovereign ruler of the territory, the Nawab firmly ordered the French to immediately cease hostilities and return Madras to the British, viewing the European conflict as a violation of his peace.
The Historic Battle of St. Thome (1746): When Dupleix arrogantly refused the Nawab’s direct orders, Anwaruddin dispatched a massive, traditional Indian army of 10,000 cavalry to crush the French. At the Battle of St. Thome (on the Adyar River), a tiny French force of just under 1,000 highly disciplined infantrymen utilizing rapid-fire artillery totally routed the Nawab’s massive army. This shocking battle fundamentally proved the absolute superiority of modern European military tactics over vast traditional Asian armies.

📌 Carnatic Wars • Second War

Q.23) During the Second Carnatic War, who was appointed as the governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna?

Ans > Joseph Francis Dupleix

Master of Kingmaking: During the highly complex Second Carnatic War (1749-1754), the French Governor Joseph Francis Dupleix executed a brilliant, incredibly audacious strategy. Rather than fighting direct wars, he actively intervened in local Indian succession disputes, offering highly disciplined French military support in exchange for massive territorial and financial concessions.
Installing Puppets: Dupleix highly successfully backed the claims of Chanda Sahib for the Nawabship of the Carnatic and Muzaffar Jung for the incredibly wealthy throne of the Nizam of Hyderabad. With French military backing (notably under the brilliant commander Marquis de Bussy), both candidates successfully defeated their rivals and claimed their respective thrones.
The Zenith of French Power: In deep, immense gratitude for this massive military intervention, the newly installed Nizam of Hyderabad, Muzaffar Jung, showered Dupleix with unprecedented honors. He officially appointed the French Governor as the honorary Mughal commander (Nawab) of all vast territories stretching entirely from the River Krishna down to Cape Comorin.
Unparalleled Influence: This appointment marked the absolute zenith of French political power in India. Dupleix was granted a massive personal jagir (estate), French coins became legal tender, and Bussy was permanently stationed in Hyderabad with a massive French army, effectively making the French the absolute true masters of the entire Deccan plateau.

📌 Carnatic Wars • Second War

Q.24) During the Second Carnatic War, which English official proposed the successful diversionary attack on Arcot to relieve the pressure on Trichinopoly?

Ans > Robert Clive

A Desperate Strategic Situation: By 1751, the British position in southern India was incredibly grim. Their only remaining ally, Muhammad Ali (the rival claimant to the Carnatic throne), was trapped and facing certain starvation under a massive, crushing siege at the fort of Trichinopoly by the combined massive forces of Chanda Sahib and the French.
Clive’s Audacious Plan: Robert Clive, who had only recently transitioned from being a lowly company clerk to a military captain, proposed a highly risky, brilliant diversionary strategy to Governor Saunders at Madras. He suggested launching a sudden, massive surprise attack directly on Arcot, the undefended capital city of Chanda Sahib, to force the enemy to split their massive army.
The Capture and Siege of Arcot (1751): With a tiny, poorly equipped force of just 200 European and 300 Indian soldiers, Clive marched through a massive thunderstorm and captured the heavily fortified citadel of Arcot without firing a shot, as the garrison fled in absolute terror. He then miraculously defended the crumbling fort during a brutal, grueling 50-day siege against a massively superior army sent by Chanda Sahib.
The Turning of the Tide: Clive’s incredible, heroic defense completely destroyed the myth of French invincibility. It forced Chanda Sahib to drastically weaken his massive siege at Trichinopoly, fundamentally turning the entire tide of the Second Carnatic War. It saved the British East India Company from total ruin and marked the dramatic rise of Robert Clive as a premier military genius.

📌 Carnatic Wars • Battle of Wandiwash

Q.25) The decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was fought between the English under General Eyre Coote and the French army under the command of whom?

Ans > Count Thomas Arthur de Lally

The Climax of the Carnatic Wars: The Third Carnatic War (1758-1763) was a direct extension of the massive global Seven Years’ War. The French government, deeply alarmed by British successes in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey, dispatched a massive, heavily armed expeditionary force under the highly aggressive General Count Thomas Arthur de Lally to totally expel the British from India.
The Strategic Blunders of Lally: Despite initial victories, Lally proved to be a highly arrogant, tactless commander. He deeply alienated his own men, fundamentally insulted his crucial Indian allies, and made the catastrophic strategic error of recalling the brilliant French commander Bussy from Hyderabad, instantly collapsing the massive French influence in the Deccan.
The Decisive Encounter (Jan 1760): The massive, final showdown occurred on January 22, 1760, at the fort of Wandiwash (Vandavasi) in Tamil Nadu. The highly disciplined British forces, brilliantly commanded by the veteran General Sir Eyre Coote, engaged Lally’s massive French army in a brutal, highly disciplined European-style infantry battle.
The End of French Imperial Dreams: General Eyre Coote inflicted a total, incredibly crushing defeat upon the French forces. The brilliant Marquis de Bussy was taken prisoner, and Lally was forced into a desperate retreat. This massive victory permanently shattered French political and military ambitions on the Indian subcontinent, leaving the British East India Company as the absolute, undisputed European master of India.

📌 Carnatic Wars • French Campaigns

Q.26) Which French commander captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758?

Ans > Count de Lally

The Arrival of a New General: Determined to permanently break British power during the Third Carnatic War, the French government dispatched Count Thomas Arthur de Lally, a highly aggressive, battle-hardened veteran of European wars, granting him absolute, massive dictatorial powers over all French possessions in India.
A String of Early Victories: Arriving with a massive fleet in 1758, Lally immediately launched a highly energetic, brutal campaign. He rapidly besieged and successfully captured the highly strategic British stronghold of Fort St. David (located just south of Pondicherry), dealing a massive psychological blow to the British and significantly raising French morale.
Pushing into the Northern Circars: Continuing his aggressive momentum, he pushed his massive forces north into the highly wealthy territory of the Northern Circars and successfully captured Vizianagaram. However, his incredibly harsh, arrogant behavior towards his own Indian sepoys and local princes fundamentally undermined any possibility of building lasting, necessary alliances.
The Lack of Naval Support: Lally’s massive land victories were totally unsustainable because the French Navy, under the highly cautious Admiral D’Ache, suffered massive defeats at the hands of the British fleet and ultimately abandoned the Indian coast. Completely cut off from supplies and facing massive financial bankruptcy, Lally’s early successes rapidly deteriorated into total disaster.

📌 European Powers • Dutch Defeat

Q.27) The Battle of Bidara, where the English dealt a crushing blow to Dutch ambitions in India, took place in which year?

Ans > 1759

Mir Jafar’s Treachery: Following his installation as the Nawab of Bengal after the incredibly famous Battle of Plassey (1757), Mir Jafar quickly grew deeply resentful of the absolute, suffocating political and financial dominance of the British East India Company. Desperate to counter British power, he engaged in a highly secret, massive conspiracy.
Inviting the Dutch Threat: Mir Jafar secretly invited the Dutch East India Company (VOC), who maintained a massive, wealthy settlement nearby at Chinsurah, to bring a powerful military fleet from Batavia (Indonesia) to Bengal, hoping to use them to violently expel the British and regain his lost independence.
Clive’s Decisive Action: A massive Dutch fleet of seven heavily armed ships carrying troops arrived in the Hooghly River. Despite the fact that Britain and the Netherlands were officially at peace in Europe at the time, Robert Clive recognized the massive existential threat and aggressively ordered his forces to intercept them immediately.
Total Dutch Annihilation: In November 1759, British forces commanded by the brilliant Colonel Forde engaged the Dutch at the Battle of Bidara (also known as the Battle of Chinsurah). The Dutch were totally, comprehensively crushed on both land and water. This massive defeat permanently eliminated the Dutch as a political or military threat on the Indian subcontinent forever.

📌 Nawabs of Bengal • Succession

Q.28) Who succeeded Murshid Kuli Khan as the ruler of Bengal in 1727?

Ans > Shuja-ud-din

The Legacy of Murshid Kuli Khan: Murshid Kuli Khan was the brilliant, highly effective architect of a virtually independent Bengal. As the Mughal Empire slowly crumbled in Delhi, he restructured the entire revenue system, relocated the capital to Murshidabad, and established a highly prosperous, peaceful, and fiercely independent dynastic rule over the province.
A Smooth Dynastic Transition: Upon his death in 1727, he was not succeeded by his son, but rather peacefully succeeded by his highly capable son-in-law, Shuja-ud-din Muhammad Khan. The weakened Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah formally recognized this succession, effectively confirming the hereditary nature of the Bengal Nawabship.
Era of Prosperity and Expansion: Shuja-ud-din proved to be a highly effective, just, and universally respected ruler. During his reign (1727-1739), Bengal experienced a period of immense peace and a massive boom in international trade. He actively encouraged European merchants while strictly maintaining firm political control over their fortifications.
Annexation of Bihar: He significantly expanded the borders of his domain by formally annexing the province of Bihar in 1733, making it a massive sub-province of Bengal. He appointed his highly trusted, brilliant commander Alivardi Khan as the Deputy Governor of Bihar, a decision that would eventually alter the dynasty’s future when Alivardi seized power in 1740.

📌 Regional Powers • Rohilakhand

Q.29) The Rohillas were inhabitants of Rohilakhand, an area situated between the Ganga in the south and which region in the north?

Ans > Kumaon

The Rise of the Rohillas: The Rohillas were incredibly tough, fiercely independent Pashtun (Afghan) highlanders who massively migrated into northern India during the chaotic decline of the mighty Mughal Empire in the early 18th century. They were highly prized as mercenary cavalrymen by various crumbling Indian states.
Establishing an Independent State: Under the aggressive, highly capable leadership of Ali Muhammad Khan in 1721, they took total advantage of the collapsing Mughal central authority. They successfully carved out a massively wealthy, independent state for themselves in the highly fertile plains of modern-day Uttar Pradesh, naming it Rohilakhand.
Strategic Geographical Location: The territory of Rohilakhand was geographically nested in an incredibly strategic and fertile region. It was bounded by the massive River Ganga to the south and the heavily forested Kumaon foothills of the Himalayas to the north, providing them with immense agricultural wealth and natural defensive barriers.
A History of Continuous Conflict: Because of their massive wealth and strategic location, the Rohillas were in a state of continuous, brutal warfare. They constantly fought fiercely against the expanding Awadh Nawabs to the east and the massive Maratha Empire expanding from the south, until they were finally, totally crushed by the British-backed Awadh forces in the First Rohilla War (1773-1774).

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Bengal

Q.30) Which tribal uprising occurred between 1825 and 1835 in the Mymensingh district and was led by Tipu, the son of Karam Shah?

Ans > Pagal Panthi Revolt

Socio-Religious Origins: The Pagal Panthis were originally a highly syncretic, peaceful, semi-religious sect founded by the mystic Karam Shah in the remote Mymensingh district of eastern Bengal (now in Bangladesh). The sect heavily incorporated elements of Sufism and Hinduism, primarily preaching radical doctrines of truth, brotherhood, and absolute equality among all men.
Transformation into Agrarian Rebellion: Under the highly aggressive leadership of Karam Shah’s son, Tipu (also known as Tipu Shah), the peaceful religious movement rapidly transformed into a massive, highly violent armed agrarian rebellion. This was a direct, desperate response to the incredibly oppressive, illegal taxes (abwabs) and high rents levied by the brutal Zamindars under the Permanent Settlement.
Establishing a Parallel Government: In 1825, Tipu led massive mobs of armed peasants (primarily from the Hajong and Garo tribes) to violently attack the estates of the wealthy Zamindars. He shockingly captured the local British judge, boldly declared himself the absolute king of the region, built a massive fort, and appointed his own magistrates to collect taxes.
Suppression and Legacy: The uprising caused massive panic in Calcutta. The British government deployed heavy military forces to brutally suppress the rebellion, which dragged on fiercely until 1833. Although the Pagal Panthis were ultimately defeated, the sheer scale of the violence forced the British to eventually enact laws lowering the massive rent burdens on the local peasantry to restore peace.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 25

Sikh & Frontier Politics: Baba Ram Singh led the Kuka Movement. Treaties of Lahore and battles like Chillhanwala weakened the Sikh Empire. British occupied Gilgit regions causing Afghan alarm.
European Trading Outposts: Dutch set their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1605. Portuguese built a base at Hooghly. English established early presence at Surat (1613), Balasore (1633) and secured Bombay from Charles II.
Diplomatic Triumphs: John Malcolm checked French influence in Persia. John Surman’s embassy won the 1717 Golden Farman. Diwani rights gained post-Buxar.
The Carnatic Wars: Saw the rise of Robert Clive via the siege of Arcot and the zenith of French power under Dupleix, ending decisively with Count de Lally’s defeat at Wandiwash (1760).
Internal Resistance: Prominent tribal and peasant uprisings like the Pagal Panthi revolt in Mymensingh and the Bokta Rising (Sardari Larai) challenged colonial land policies.
Economic Policies: Tipu Sultan pioneered sericulture in Mysore. Dutch trade power in India effectively collapsed after the Battle of Bidara (1759).

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Modern History Set 25

Q.1) Who was the founder of the Namdhari Sikh sect and a major leader of the Kuka Movement in western Punjab?

Q.2) Which British officer was sent as an envoy to Teheran by Lord Minto to forge an alliance against a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Q.3) The Dutch founded their first factory in India at Masulipatnam in which year?

Q.4) Which Indian ruler is credited with introducing sericulture to the Mysore State?

Q.5) During the Anglo-Maratha power struggles in 1802, who defeated the armies of the Peshwa and Scindia and placed Vinayakrao on the Peshwa’s seat?

Q.6) Which treaty, signed in March 1846, reduced the strength of the Sikh army and established a British resident at Lahore under Henry Lawrence?

Q.7) During the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Battle of Chillhanwala was fought in which month and year?

Q.8) In 1891–92, the British occupation of which two regions in the Gilgit Valley alarmed the Amir of Afghanistan?

Q.9) In 1838, Lord Auckland sent an expedition into Afghanistan to establish a permanent barrier against possible schemes of aggression from which country?

Q.10) The English East India Company obtained the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765 through a farman issued by which Mughal Emperor?

Q.11) Which 19th-century tribal revolt in Chotanagpur (1858–1895) aimed at regaining the tribals’ age-old right over land and was also known as the Mukti Larai Movement?

Q.12) Towards the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese established a wealthy trading settlement in West Bengal at which location?

Q.13) Which European nation sold its principal settlement at Serampore near Calcutta to the British government in 1845?

Q.14) The ‘Merchant Adventurers’ who formed the English East India Company were influenced by the successful circumnavigation of the globe in 1580 by whom?

Q.15) In 1613, the English were permitted to establish a permanent factory at Surat under the leadership of which official?

Q.16) What was the annual payment required by the ‘Golden Farman’ issued to the English by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632?

Q.17) In 1668, the island of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by King Charles II for an annual payment of what amount?

Q.18) The English extended their trading activities to the east and started a factory at Balasore in Odisha in which year?

Q.19) Who was the Mughal governor of Bengal when the English agent William Hedges appealed for the redressal of trade grievances in August 1682?

Q.20) Which English envoy led the successful diplomatic mission to the court of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1715?

Q.21) The Treaty of Ryswick, which mandated the restoration of Pondicherry to the French after its capture by the Dutch, was concluded in which year?

Q.22) Who was the Nawab of Carnatic during the First Carnatic War when the English appealed to him for help against the French?

Q.23) During the Second Carnatic War, who was appointed as the governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna?

Q.24) During the Second Carnatic War, which English official proposed the successful diversionary attack on Arcot to relieve the pressure on Trichinopoly?

Q.25) The decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was fought between the English under General Eyre Coote and the French army under the command of whom?

Q.26) Which French commander captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758?

Q.27) The Battle of Bidara, where the English dealt a crushing blow to Dutch ambitions in India, took place in which year?

Q.28) Who succeeded Murshid Kuli Khan as the ruler of Bengal in 1727?

Q.29) The Rohillas were inhabitants of Rohilakhand, an area situated between the Ganga in the south and which region in the north?

Q.30) Which tribal uprising occurred between 1825 and 1835 in the Mymensingh district and was led by Tipu, the son of Karam Shah?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 25

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Q.1) Who was the founder of the Namdhari Sikh sect and a major leader of the Kuka Movement in western Punjab?

Q.2) Which British officer was sent as an envoy to Teheran by Lord Minto to forge an alliance against a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Q.3) The Dutch founded their first factory in India at Masulipatnam in which year?

Q.4) Which Indian ruler is credited with introducing sericulture to the Mysore State?

Q.5) During the Anglo-Maratha power struggles in 1802, who defeated the armies of the Peshwa and Scindia and placed Vinayakrao on the Peshwa’s seat?

Q.6) Which treaty, signed in March 1846, reduced the strength of the Sikh army and established a British resident at Lahore under Henry Lawrence?

Q.7) During the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the Battle of Chillhanwala was fought in which month and year?

Q.8) In 1891–92, the British occupation of which two regions in the Gilgit Valley alarmed the Amir of Afghanistan?

Q.9) In 1838, Lord Auckland sent an expedition into Afghanistan to establish a permanent barrier against possible schemes of aggression from which country?

Q.10) The English East India Company obtained the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765 through a farman issued by which Mughal Emperor?

Q.11) Which 19th-century tribal revolt in Chotanagpur (1858–1895) aimed at regaining the tribals’ age-old right over land and was also known as the Mukti Larai Movement?

Q.12) Towards the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese established a wealthy trading settlement in West Bengal at which location?

Q.13) Which European nation sold its principal settlement at Serampore near Calcutta to the British government in 1845?

Q.14) The ‘Merchant Adventurers’ who formed the English East India Company were influenced by the successful circumnavigation of the globe in 1580 by whom?

Q.15) In 1613, the English were permitted to establish a permanent factory at Surat under the leadership of which official?

Q.16) What was the annual payment required by the ‘Golden Farman’ issued to the English by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632?

Q.17) In 1668, the island of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by King Charles II for an annual payment of what amount?

Q.18) The English extended their trading activities to the east and started a factory at Balasore in Odisha in which year?

Q.19) Who was the Mughal governor of Bengal when the English agent William Hedges appealed for the redressal of trade grievances in August 1682?

Q.20) Which English envoy led the successful diplomatic mission to the court of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1715?

Q.21) The Treaty of Ryswick, which mandated the restoration of Pondicherry to the French after its capture by the Dutch, was concluded in which year?

Q.22) Who was the Nawab of Carnatic during the First Carnatic War when the English appealed to him for help against the French?

Q.23) During the Second Carnatic War, who was appointed as the governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna?

Q.24) During the Second Carnatic War, which English official proposed the successful diversionary attack on Arcot to relieve the pressure on Trichinopoly?

Q.25) The decisive Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 was fought between the English under General Eyre Coote and the French army under the command of whom?

Q.26) Which French commander captured the English forts of St. David and Vizianagaram in 1758?

Q.27) The Battle of Bidara, where the English dealt a crushing blow to Dutch ambitions in India, took place in which year?

Q.28) Who succeeded Murshid Kuli Khan as the ruler of Bengal in 1727?

Q.29) The Rohillas were inhabitants of Rohilakhand, an area situated between the Ganga in the south and which region in the north?

Q.30) Which tribal uprising occurred between 1825 and 1835 in the Mymensingh district and was led by Tipu, the son of Karam Shah?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 25

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