Modern History Set 18 | MROY Class

Modern History Questions & Answers (Set 18)

Who famously stated, “Our acquisition of India was made blindly…”? – John Seeley
Following the Third Anglo-Mysore War, which British official remarked, “We have crippled our enemy effectively without making our friends too formidable”? – Lord Cornwallis
In 1796, Tipu Sultan recognized the importance of a naval force and set up a Board of Admiralty. How many battleships did he plan for his fleet? – 22 battleships
Tipu Sultan gave his support to French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up which political club in 1797? – Jacobin Club
As a symbol of his alliance with the French and his love for democracy, what did Tipu Sultan plant at Seringapatam? – The Tree of Liberty
Despite colonial historians depicting him as a bigoted monarch, Tipu Sultan sanctioned funds for the repair of the Sringeri Temple and the installation of the idol of which Goddess? – Goddess Sarada
Within the Maratha confederacy established by Bajirao I, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Baroda? – The Gaekwad
Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Nagpur? – The Bhonsle
Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family established its stronghold in Indore? – The Holkars
Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family emerged as the dominant power in Gwalior? – The Sindhias
The control of the Peshwas over the Maratha confederacy significantly weakened after the defeat at Panipat and the death of which young Peshwa in 1772? – Madhavrao I
After the death of Madhavrao I, who succeeded him as the fifth Peshwa before being assassinated by his uncle Raghunathrao? – Narayanrao
During the First Anglo-Maratha War, which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 and Bassein in December 1780? – Colonel Goddard
During the First Anglo-Maratha War, a Bengal detachment led by which British officer captured the fort of Gwalior in August 1780? – Captain Popham
During the turmoil preceding the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the Peshwa’s army in 1802 and placed which individual on the Peshwa’s seat? – Vinayakrao
Under the Treaty of Bassein (1802), Peshwa Bajirao II agreed to cede territories to the Company yielding an annual income of what amount? – Rs 26 lakh
The East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China, with the exception of the tea trade, was ended by which legislative act? – The Charter Act of 1813
The Pindaris were mercenaries attached to Maratha armies. Which of the following was NOT a prominent Pindari leader mentioned in the text? – Zabita Khan
In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh. Who was their leader during this conquest? – Mir Fath Ali Khan
In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit, which featured a condition for a combined invasion of India by land, was formed between Napoleon Bonaparte and the leader of which country? – Russia (Alexander I)
In October 1800, under the influence of Tipu Sultan and anti-British local traders, the Amir of Sindh ordered which British agent to quit Sindh within ten days? – Crow
To counteract the perceived Franco-Russian threat following the Treaty of Tilsit, Lord Minto sent delegations to forge alliances. Who was sent as an envoy to Kabul? – Mountstuart Elphinstone
Which British envoy was sent by William Bentinck in 1832 to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sindh allowing free passage for English traders? – Colonel Pottinger
In February 1839, the Amirs of Sindh were compelled to accept a treaty stationing a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location? – Bukkar
In 1748, the Sikhs were organized into the Dal Khalsa, which included the Budha Dal and the Taruna Dal. Who organized this? – Kapur Singh Faizullapuria
Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 to the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. What was his father’s name? – Mahan Singh
The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the East India Company accepted which river as the boundary line for their respective dominions? – Sutlej
Following the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), Maharaja Ranjit Singh directed his energies westwards. In which year did he capture Peshawar? – 1834
Following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, who was his only legitimate son and successor, whose brief reign was marred by court factions? – Kharak Singh
During the anarchic situation in Punjab after Ranjit Singh’s death, which Wazir, the brother of Rani Jindan, incurred the displeasure of the army and was put to death in 1845? – Jawahar Singh

MROY Class

Modern History Set 18

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📌 British Conquest • History

Q.1) Who famously stated, “Our acquisition of India was made blindly. Nothing great that has ever been done by Englishman was done so unintentionally and so accidentally, as the conquest of India”?

Ans > John Seeley

Historical Perspective: John Seeley’s quote from his famous book “The Expansion of England” (1883) deeply reflects the imperialist historiography that deliberately portrayed the British Empire’s massive expansion across the globe as an unplanned, almost accidental process rather than a calculated, aggressive military conquest.
The ‘Absent-Minded’ Theory: Seeley argued that the English did not possess a grand imperial design or a preconceived master plan to conquer the vast Indian subcontinent. Instead, he suggested that the East India Company, initially focused solely on basic trade and commerce, was reluctantly dragged into complex political administration and widespread territorial acquisition primarily due to local political instability and the rapid decline of the Mughal Empire.
Criticism of the View: This “absent-minded” theory has been widely debated and heavily criticized by modern nationalist and Marxist historians. Critics forcefully point out that the systemic, deliberate military campaigns, aggressive diplomacy (such as Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance and Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse), and highly calculated economic exploitation clearly indicate a highly conscious, prolonged effort to subjugate India entirely for British imperial and commercial gain.

📌 Anglo-Mysore Wars • History

Q.2) Following the Third Anglo-Mysore War, which British official remarked, “We have crippled our enemy effectively without making our friends too formidable”?

Ans > Lord Cornwallis

The Treaty of Seringapatam: Following the successful conclusion of the grueling Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792), the victorious British forces, directly led by Governor-General Lord Cornwallis, forced the defeated Tipu Sultan to sign the incredibly humiliating and punishing Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792.
Harsh Terms Imposed: Under the strict terms of this devastating treaty, Tipu Sultan was forced to permanently cede almost half of his vast territorial possessions, which were then divided strategically among the British, the Marathas, and the Nizam of Hyderabad. He also had to pay a massive war indemnity of over three crore rupees and surrender two of his young sons as royal hostages to the British until the massive amount was fully paid.
Calculated Balance of Power: Cornwallis’s famous remark reveals the highly calculated, Machiavellian British diplomatic strategy of maintaining a strict balance of power in South India. By deliberately giving only limited territories to their wartime allies (the Marathas and the Nizam), Cornwallis cleverly ensured they did not become powerful enough to challenge British supremacy in the near future, while decisively eliminating Mysore as an immediate, existential military threat.

📌 Tipu Sultan • History

Q.3) In 1796, Tipu Sultan recognized the importance of a naval force and set up a Board of Admiralty. How many battleships did he plan for his fleet?

Ans > 22 battleships

Recognizing Maritime Power: Tipu Sultan of Mysore was exceptionally visionary and was one of the very few Indian native rulers who fully grasped the strategic, absolute necessity of building a modern naval fleet to effectively counter the overwhelming maritime superiority of the British East India Company and other European colonial powers.
The Grand Naval Vision: In 1796, to operationalize this vision, he formally established a specialized Board of Admiralty and embarked on an incredibly ambitious naval shipbuilding program. His grand administrative vision included the rapid construction of a formidable, modern fleet consisting of 22 massive battleships (ships of the line) and 20 large frigates, which were deemed absolutely essential to protect Mysore’s extensive western coastline and secure its vital overseas trade routes.
Naval Infrastructure: To support this massive naval expansion, Tipu established major, bustling naval dockyards at strategic locations like Mangalore, Wajidabad, and Molidabad. He also actively sought modern shipbuilding technology, superior timber-treatment methods, and specialized engineering expertise directly from his French allies. Although this grand fleet was never fully realized due to his untimely death in 1799, it strongly highlights his highly forward-thinking approach.

📌 Tipu Sultan • History

Q.4) Tipu Sultan gave his support to French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up which political club in 1797?

Ans > Jacobin Club

Global Ideological Awareness: Tipu Sultan was highly receptive to international political developments, particularly the massive ideological shifts caused by the French Revolution, which deeply and fundamentally influenced his diplomatic maneuvers and grand administrative strategies aimed against unchecked British colonial expansion in the subcontinent.
Embracing the Revolution: In 1797, in a highly unprecedented move for an Indian monarch, he permitted the French mercenary soldiers stationed at his heavily fortified capital, Seringapatam, to establish a formal branch of the radical Jacobin Club, a famous political group from the French Revolution known entirely for its fierce anti-monarchist and highly democratic ideals. Tipu himself enthusiastically joined the club, allowing himself to be publicly addressed as “Citizen Tipu.”
Strategic Diplomatic Alliance: This highly unusual move was a carefully calculated diplomatic maneuver designed explicitly to cement his crucial military and political alliance with the newly formed French Republic. By aligning himself with French revolutionary ideals, he desperately hoped to secure substantial military assistance, including veteran troops and heavy naval support, from Napoleon Bonaparte to violently expel the British from India.

📌 Tipu Sultan • History

Q.5) As a symbol of his alliance with the French and his love for democracy, what did Tipu Sultan plant at Seringapatam?

Ans > The Tree of Liberty

A Symbol of Defiance: In a highly powerful and deliberate symbolic gesture demonstrating his strong ideological alignment with the French Republic and his absolute defiance against creeping British imperialism, Tipu Sultan ceremoniously planted the “Tree of Liberty” at his capital city, Seringapatam, in the year 1797.
Revolutionary Ideals: The Tree of Liberty was a prominent, highly recognizable symbol of the French Revolution, deeply representing the core values of freedom, universal equality, and the violent overthrow of tyrannical, absolute rule. By adopting this revolutionary European symbol, Tipu Sultan publicly and loudly declared his support for the republican ideals emanating from France and actively sought to cultivate a strong, unified anti-British narrative.
Ceremonial Grandeur: This extraordinary event was accompanied by massive, grand state ceremonies where the new French republican flag was proudly hoisted, and a deafening salute of 2,300 cannons was fired in celebration. Tipu’s eager embrace of international democratic symbolism was entirely unique among contemporary Indian rulers and demonstrated his highly sophisticated grasp of global geopolitics.

📌 Tipu Sultan • History

Q.6) Despite colonial historians depicting him as a bigoted monarch, Tipu Sultan sanctioned funds for the repair of the Sringeri Temple and the installation of the idol of which Goddess?

Ans > Goddess Sarada

Countering the Colonial Narrative: Despite the frequent and deliberate characterization of Tipu Sultan as a religious zealot or bigoted Islamic monarch by colonial British historians seeking strictly to justify his violent overthrow, surviving historical records and his own administrative correspondences reveal a much more complex, highly tolerant, and pragmatic ruler.
The Maratha Plunder: In 1791, Maratha cavalry forces under the command of Raghunath Rao Patwardhan brutally raided and heavily plundered the highly sacred Hindu Sringeri Math, heavily damaging the ancient temple structure and forcing the ruling Shankaracharya to flee for his life. Upon hearing of this terrible desecration by his political enemies, Tipu Sultan expressed deep, genuine sorrow and outrage at the violation of a holy site.
State Patronage and Restoration: He actively and immediately provided substantial state funds, massive quantities of grains, and essential resources for the rapid reconstruction of the damaged temple and the holy reconsecration of the idol of Goddess Sarada. His highly respectful letters to the Shankaracharya, referring to him reverently as “Jagadguru” (Teacher of the World), heavily highlight his active patronage of Hindu institutions.

📌 Maratha Confederacy • History

Q.7) Within the Maratha confederacy established by Bajirao I, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Baroda?

Ans > The Gaekwad

Decentralization of Power: The Maratha Empire, under the incredibly dynamic leadership of Peshwa Bajirao I in the early 18th century, rapidly evolved into a sprawling, highly complex confederacy. This was done primarily to manage and effectively administer its incredibly rapid territorial expansion across the vast Indian subcontinent.
Rise of the Gaekwads: Within this decentralized confederacy structure, specific prominent Maratha military commanders were granted significant operational autonomy and assigned exclusive, highly lucrative spheres of influence to collect Chauth (a quarter of revenue) and assert absolute Maratha dominance. The Gaekwad family, emerging rapidly from humble origins, distinguished themselves through exceptional, continuous military service and were assigned the wealthy, highly strategic western region of Gujarat.
Establishing Baroda: Establishing their powerful capital at Baroda (Vadodara), the Gaekwads rapidly consolidated their regional power and became the absolute hereditary rulers of the state. While they maintained a complex, often strained relationship with the central Peshwa authority in Pune, they astutely navigated later conflicts by signing early, highly protective treaties with the British East India Company, preserving their princely state status.

📌 Maratha Confederacy • History

Q.8) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Nagpur?

Ans > The Bhonsle

The Eastern Maratha Pillar: The Bhonsle dynasty of Nagpur constituted one of the absolute most powerful, fiercely independent, and militarily capable pillars of the Maratha Confederacy. They played a critically crucial role in aggressively expanding Maratha influence and territorial control deep into the eastern and central regions of the Indian subcontinent.
The Bargi Incursions: Operating largely autonomously from their heavily fortified stronghold in Nagpur, the Bhonsles, particularly under the aggressive leadership of Raghuji Bhonsle, launched massive and highly devastating cavalry expeditions into the rich provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha during the 1740s and 1750s. Their relentless, terrifying cavalry raids, known locally as the ‘Bargi incursions’, severely weakened the Nawab of Bengal and ultimately forced the permanent cession of Odisha to Maratha control.
Loss of Independence: Although nominally and theoretically subordinate to the central Peshwa in Pune, the Bhonsles frequently acted as fully independent sovereigns, formulating their own complex foreign policies. However, their immense power was completely shattered following the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803), where they were heavily defeated by Arthur Wellesley, forcing them to cede vast territories, including Cuttack, to the British.

📌 Maratha Confederacy • History

Q.9) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family established its stronghold in Indore?

Ans > The Holkars

Domination of Malwa: The highly influential Holkar dynasty, founded by the brilliant, battle-hardened cavalry commander Malhar Rao Holkar, successfully established its formidable military stronghold in the highly fertile and strategically vital central region of Malwa, with their bustling capital centered entirely around Indore.
The Golden Age of Ahilyabai: The Holkars were globally renowned not just for their formidable military cavalry but for their exceptional administrative acumen. Under the legendary, highly enlightened rule of Ahilyabai Holkar, the state witnessed an unprecedented era of peace, vast economic prosperity, and massive philanthropic building projects, including the large-scale restoration of major Hindu temples across all of India, such as the famous Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi.
Fierce Resistance to the British: Later, under the fiercely independent and highly unpredictable military genius Yashwantrao Holkar, they became the absolute most resilient obstacle to British expansion in central India. Yashwantrao famously and brutally defeated the combined armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia at the massive Battle of Poona in 1802, and subsequently fought a gruelling, protracted guerrilla war against the British during the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

📌 Maratha Confederacy • History

Q.10) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family emerged as the dominant power in Gwalior?

Ans > The Sindhias

Rise to Supreme Power: The powerful Sindhia (or Scindia) dynasty emerged rapidly as the absolute most militarily powerful, well-equipped, and politically dominant faction within the entire Maratha Confederacy during the late 18th century. They established their formidable, heavily defended capital at the massive, virtually impregnable hill fort of Gwalior.
Military Modernization: Under the brilliant, highly visionary leadership of Mahadji Sindhia, the family completely and radically modernized their armed forces. Mahadji specifically employed highly trained European mercenaries, most notably the brilliant French general Benoît de Boigne, to systematically train and equip his infantry and heavy artillery along strict, modern European disciplinary lines, abandoning traditional light cavalry tactics.
Control of the Mughal Emperor: This highly modernized, lethal army allowed Mahadji to exert absolute, unchecked control over all of North India, including the imperial city of Delhi itself. For years, he acted as the de facto protector, regent, and absolute master of the blind, puppet Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, making the Sindhias the most feared military force in the subcontinent until their eventual crushing defeat by the British.

📌 Peshwa Succession • History

Q.11) The control of the Peshwas over the Maratha confederacy significantly weakened after the defeat at Panipat and the death of which young Peshwa in 1772?

Ans > Madhavrao I

The Aftermath of Panipat: The highly devastating Maratha defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 severely shattered the empire’s aura of military invincibility, utterly drained its financial resources, and resulted in the tragic loss of tens of thousands of veteran soldiers and highly capable prominent commanders.
The Maratha Resurrection: However, under the brilliant, energetic, and highly capable leadership of the young Peshwa Madhavrao I, the Maratha Empire experienced a miraculous and incredibly rapid resurgence. Madhavrao successfully disciplined the increasingly rebellious Maratha chiefs, fiercely defeated the rapidly expanding power of Hyder Ali of Mysore in the south, and aggressively reasserted Maratha authority over North India, effectively erasing the immediate geopolitical damages of Panipat.
A Fatal Blow to the Empire: Tragically, Madhavrao I died of tuberculosis in 1772 at the extremely young age of 27. His premature death is widely considered by prominent historians, including Grant Duff, as a much more fatal, permanent blow to the Maratha Empire than the military defeat at Panipat itself. His untimely demise created a massive, unfillable power vacuum in Pune, leading to endless civil wars.

📌 Peshwa Succession • History

Q.12) After the death of Madhavrao I, who succeeded him as the fifth Peshwa before being assassinated by his uncle Raghunathrao?

Ans > Narayanrao

A Volatile Succession: Following the tragic and highly premature death of the brilliant Madhavrao I, his younger, less experienced brother, Narayanrao, was officially elevated to the position of the fifth Peshwa in 1772, inheriting a highly volatile, financially strained, and increasingly factionalized political environment in the capital city of Pune.
The Ambition of Raghoba: Narayanrao’s incredibly brief reign was entirely overshadowed by the intense, highly cutthroat, and ruthless political ambitions of his uncle, Raghunathrao (also commonly known as Raghoba), who desperately and illegally coveted the supreme title of Peshwa for himself, leading to massive internal instability and betrayal.
Assassination and Civil War: In August 1773, a bloody conspiracy directly orchestrated by Raghunathrao and his highly ambitious wife resulted in the brutal assassination of the young Peshwa Narayanrao by disgruntled, unpaid Gardi palace guards inside the Shaniwar Wada palace. This shocking murder triggered a massive political crisis, leading a powerful council of ministers (the Barbhai Council) led by Nana Phadnavis to oppose Raghunathrao. Raghunathrao then desperately sought British military assistance, triggering the First Anglo-Maratha War.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars • History

Q.13) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 and Bassein in December 1780?

Ans > Colonel Goddard

Reversing British Defeats: During the highly protracted and difficult First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782), the British forces initially faced severe military setbacks and deeply humiliating defeats at the hands of the Marathas, most notably being forced to sign the disastrous and heavily criticized Convention of Wadgaon in 1779.
The Historic Cross-Country March: To urgently reverse these devastating military losses and rapidly restore British military prestige in India, the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, dispatched a massive, heavily armed reinforcement detachment from Bengal under the highly capable command of Colonel Thomas Goddard. Goddard executed an incredible, historic cross-country march straight across the hostile heart of India to reach the western theater.
Strategic Victories: Goddard’s subsequent military campaign was highly successful and entirely revitalized the failing British war effort. He successfully captured the incredibly wealthy commercial city of Ahmedabad in February 1779, heavily undermining the Gaekwad’s regional power, and later achieved a massive strategic victory by conquering the heavily fortified Maratha coastal stronghold of Bassein in December 1780.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars • History

Q.14) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, a Bengal detachment led by which British officer captured the fort of Gwalior in August 1780?

Ans > Captain Popham

Opening a Second Front: The complex First Anglo-Maratha War saw multiple, simultaneous theaters of conflict as the British urgently attempted to stretch Maratha military resources thin and force a highly favorable peace settlement. While Goddard fought intensely in Gujarat, another crucial campaign was launched directly into Central India.
Targeting Sindhia’s Power: In a highly bold, strategic military move designed specifically to draw the powerful Maratha chief Mahadji Sindhia away from the primary war theater in Pune, Governor-General Warren Hastings dispatched a specialized, highly mobile Bengal detachment led by Captain William Popham deep into the heart of Sindhia’s northern territory.
The Fall of an ‘Impregnable’ Fortress: In August 1780, Captain Popham executed a brilliant, highly daring nighttime escalade (using specialized scaling ladders) to completely surprise the garrison and capture the massive hill fort of Gwalior. This fortress was widely considered absolutely impregnable by contemporary military standards. The massive shock of losing his primary northern stronghold forced Mahadji Sindhia to reconsider the war and heavily push for peace.

📌 Maratha Politics • History

Q.15) During the turmoil preceding the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the Peshwa’s army in 1802 and placed which individual on the Peshwa’s seat?

Ans > Vinayakrao

Descent into Civil War: The tragic period immediately preceding the Second Anglo-Maratha War was heavily characterized by extreme internal chaos, brutal civil wars, and a complete, absolute breakdown of central authority within the Maratha Confederacy, primarily driven by bitter, blood-feud rivalries between the powerful Holkar and Sindhia families.
The Battle of Poona (1802): Peshwa Bajirao II, widely known for his immense treachery, cowardice, and utter incompetence, heavily aligned himself with Daulatrao Sindhia and brutally executed the brother of Yashwantrao Holkar. Seeking immediate, violent revenge and total political dominance, the fiercely capable Yashwantrao Holkar marched a massive army toward Pune, completely crushing the combined, modernized armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia at the decisive Battle of Poona in October 1802.
Flight of the Peshwa: Following this massive, overwhelming victory, Holkar occupied Pune and quickly installed a puppet Peshwa, Vinayakrao (the young son of Amritrao), on the historic throne. Terrified for his life and utterly desperate to regain his lost power at any cost, the defeated Bajirao II fled to the coastal town of Bassein and sought British protection.

📌 Treaties • History

Q.16) Under the Treaty of Bassein (1802), Peshwa Bajirao II agreed to cede territories to the Company yielding an annual income of what amount?

Ans > Rs 26 lakh

Surrendering Maratha Independence: Fleeing in absolute terror from the victorious army of Yashwantrao Holkar, the desperate and displaced Peshwa Bajirao II sought the military protection of the British East India Company, a cowardly decision that permanently and fatally altered the geopolitical landscape of India.
The Subsidiary Alliance Terms: On December 31, 1802, he signed the highly infamous, deeply humiliating Treaty of Bassein with Governor-General Lord Wellesley. This treaty firmly brought the recognized head of the Maratha Empire into the restrictive British Subsidiary Alliance system. Under its strict terms, the Peshwa agreed to maintain a permanent British subsidiary force of no less than 6,000 regular infantry stationed permanently within his own territories.
The Financial Burden: To fund this massive, permanent occupying army, Bajirao II agreed to permanently cede highly fertile and incredibly lucrative territories (mostly in Gujarat and the Deccan) to the Company that yielded an estimated, massive annual revenue of Rs 26 lakh. Furthermore, he surrendered his sovereign rights to conduct independent foreign policy, effectively reducing the mighty Maratha Peshwa to a dependent British vassal.

📌 British Legislation • History

Q.17) The East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China, with the exception of the tea trade, was ended by which legislative act?

Ans > The Charter Act of 1813

Economic Shifts and Laissez-Faire: The Charter Act of 1813 was a major, highly consequential legislative milestone passed by the British Parliament, fundamentally altering the long-standing economic relationship between Britain, the East India Company, and the Indian subcontinent in direct response to rapidly shifting global economics and the rise of industrial capitalism.
Breaking the Monopoly: Driven heavily by the powerful, relentless lobbying of newly rich British industrialists and fierce advocates of free trade who were suffering massive financial losses from Napoleon’s Continental System (which blocked European markets), the Act officially ended the East India Company’s absolute, centuries-old commercial monopoly over all general trade with India, opening it to private merchants.
Retaining the Tea and China Trade: However, the East India Company fiercely and successfully defended its absolutely most profitable commercial ventures. Consequently, the Act allowed the Company to temporarily retain its strict, highly guarded monopoly over the lucrative tea trade in India and its exclusive, highly profitable rights to all trade with China for another twenty years, until 1833.

📌 Pindaris • History

Q.18) The Pindaris were mercenaries attached to Maratha armies. Which of the following was NOT a prominent Pindari leader mentioned in the text?

Ans > Zabita Khan

The Rise of the Freebooters: The Pindaris were large, highly mobile bands of irregular light cavalry and fierce, ruthless freebooters who were traditionally attached to Maratha armies as unpaid mercenaries. They sustained themselves entirely through brutal plunder, mass extortion, and massive looting of enemy territories during major military campaigns.
Anarchy in Central India: Following the severe weakening of the Maratha Confederacy after the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Pindaris lost their traditional employment. Under prominent and highly ruthless leaders like Amir Khan, Karim Khan, Wasil Muhammad, and Chitu Khan, they began operating completely independently, launching devastating, terrifying raids across Central India, causing widespread, unimaginable economic ruin.
A Distinct Figure: Zabita Khan, in stark contrast, was not a Pindari leader at all. He was a highly prominent Rohilla Afghan chief and a powerful, scheming noble operating within the highly factionalized Mughal court in Delhi during the late 18th century. The brutal menace of the Pindaris ultimately gave the British the perfect political justification to launch the massive Third Anglo-Maratha War to destroy them.

📌 Sindh Region • History

Q.19) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh. Who was their leader during this conquest?

Ans > Mir Fath Ali Khan

Dynastic Shift in Sindh: The complex geopolitical history of the Sindh region (located in modern-day Pakistan) underwent a major, violent dynastic shift in the late 18th century, transitioning bloodily from the traditional rule of the Kalhora dynasty to the highly resilient and militarily aggressive Talpur Amirs.
The Baloch Rise to Power: The Talpuras were a fiercely independent, highly martial Baloch tribe who had migrated to Sindh over generations and gradually accumulated immense military and political power under the slowly declining Kalhoras. Following a prolonged series of brutal regional rebellions and internal conflicts, the Talpuras successfully executed a massive coup.
Establishing Talpur Rule: Under the highly decisive and capable military leadership of Mir Fath Ali Khan, the Talpuras successfully and completely overthrew the last Kalhora ruler in the pivotal year of 1783, establishing complete and absolute control over the entire region. Mir Fath Ali Khan established the Talpur dynasty and created a unique, decentralized system of government divided among his brothers (the ‘Char Yar’).

📌 Diplomatic History • History

Q.20) In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit, which featured a condition for a combined invasion of India by land, was formed between Napoleon Bonaparte and the leader of which country?

Ans > Russia (Alexander I)

A Monumental European Alliance: The Treaties of Tilsit, signed in June 1807, represented a massive, paradigm-shifting turning point in global geopolitics during the incredibly destructive Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon Bonaparte of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia formed a powerful, shocking alliance that ended their hostilities and effectively divided continental Europe into their respective spheres of influence.
The Threat to British India: This formidable Franco-Russian alliance sent absolute shockwaves of sheer panic through the British government in London and the East India Company’s administration in Calcutta. A heavily rumored, highly secret condition of this alliance was a joint, massive overland military invasion of British India, intending to combine French military genius with vast Russian manpower.
The Diplomatic Response: Although this combined European invasion of India never actually materialized, the intense, overwhelming paranoia it generated completely dictated British foreign policy in India for decades. Driven solely by this fear, Governor-General Lord Minto aggressively dispatched high-level diplomatic missions to Persia, Afghanistan, and Punjab to create a massive ring of protective buffer states.

📌 Sindh Diplomacy • History

Q.21) In October 1800, under the influence of Tipu Sultan and anti-British local traders, the Amir of Sindh ordered which British agent to quit Sindh within ten days?

Ans > Crow

Early Suspicion and Paranoia: Early diplomatic and commercial relations between the British East India Company and the highly independent Amirs of Sindh were characterized from the very beginning by deep mutual suspicion, fierce commercial rivalries, and highly complex regional geopolitical maneuvering.
The Commercial Factory: In 1799, actively seeking to expand their commercial footprint and secretly gather political intelligence on the region, the British successfully established a small commercial factory in Sindh, managed entirely by their resident agent, Mr. Crow. However, the ruling Talpur Amirs grew increasingly paranoid about ultimate British imperial intentions.
The Expulsion Order: In October 1800, heavily influenced by the aggressive anti-British diplomatic pressure emanating from Tipu Sultan of Mysore (who actively sought a global Islamic alliance against the British) and the intense, continuous lobbying of powerful local traders who feared British economic domination, the Amirs took drastic action. They ordered Mr. Crow to shut down the factory completely and unceremoniously quit Sindh within ten days, severely damaging early relations.

📌 Afghan Diplomacy • History

Q.22) To counteract the perceived Franco-Russian threat following the Treaty of Tilsit, Lord Minto sent delegations to forge alliances. Who was sent as an envoy to Kabul?

Ans > Mountstuart Elphinstone

The ‘Forward Policy’ Initiated: Following the highly alarming Treaty of Tilsit (1807) between France and Russia, the British administration in India became deeply obsessed with the supposedly imminent threat of a massive overland European invasion striking directly through the highly vulnerable northwestern mountain passes of the subcontinent.
Securing the Afghan Buffer: To proactively and aggressively counter this existential threat, Governor-General Lord Minto initiated a highly proactive “forward policy” of diplomacy, aiming to rapidly convert the fiercely independent kingdoms of the northwest into friendly, heavily subsidized buffer states. As a critical, central part of this strategy, he dispatched the brilliant diplomat Mountstuart Elphinstone to Kabul in 1808.
The Treaty of Peshawar: Elphinstone successfully met with the ruling Afghan monarch, Shah Shuja, at Peshawar. He successfully negotiated a highly detailed treaty of mutual defense, heavily stipulating that the Afghans would fiercely resist any Franco-Russian army attempting to march through their territory toward India, while the British would provide substantial financial and military assistance in return.

📌 Sindh Diplomacy • History

Q.23) Which British envoy was sent by William Bentinck in 1832 to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sindh allowing free passage for English traders?

Ans > Colonel Pottinger

Eyes on the Indus: By the early 1830s, British strategic interest in the Sindh region escalated dramatically, driven primarily by the massive perceived commercial potential of navigating the huge Indus River for trade, and the ongoing, underlying strategic fear of gradual Russian imperial expansion pushing relentlessly toward Central Asia.
Bentinck’s Commercial Push: Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, urgently seeking to strictly contain the expanding military power of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab and simultaneously open new, highly lucrative trade routes directly to Central Asia markets, dispatched Colonel Henry Pottinger on a highly crucial, aggressive diplomatic mission to Sindh in 1832.
A Restrictive Commercial Treaty: Pottinger successfully coerced the highly reluctant Talpur Amirs into signing a new, significant commercial treaty. This treaty officially and permanently opened the Indus River and the roads of Sindh to all English merchants and travelers. However, the deeply suspicious Amirs insisted on incredibly strict clauses: absolutely no armed British vessels or military stores could be transported on the river.

📌 British Expansion • History

Q.24) In February 1839, the Amirs of Sindh were compelled to accept a treaty stationing a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Ans > Bukkar

From Commerce to Coercion: The British approach toward the independent state of Sindh rapidly transitioned from seeking simple commercial treaties to enacting outright military coercion and blatant imperialism during the massive buildup to the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842).
Violating Previous Treaties: To launch a massive invasion of Afghanistan and artificially restore their chosen puppet ruler, Shah Shuja, to the throne in Kabul, the British completely and deliberately ignored the strict terms of their previous 1832 treaties with the Amirs of Sindh, which explicitly forbade the transport of military forces. The British brutally forced their way through Sindh anyway.
The Loss of Sovereignty: In February 1839, under the extreme, undeniable threat of total military annihilation by the massive “Army of the Indus,” the Amirs were bullied into signing a new, humiliating treaty. They were compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British subsidiary military force, strategically positioned at Shikarpur and the highly defensible island fortress of Bukkar, effectively stripping Sindh of its sovereignty.

📌 Sikh History • History

Q.25) In 1748, the Sikhs were organized into the Dal Khalsa, which included the Budha Dal and the Taruna Dal. Who organized this?

Ans > Kapur Singh Faizullapuria

Surviving the Onslaught: The mid-18th century was a period of extreme, unprecedented turmoil and bloodshed in Punjab, heavily characterized by brutal, repeated Afghan invasions under Ahmad Shah Abdali and severe, systemic persecution of the Sikh community by local Mughal governors. To merely survive, the Sikhs required intense, immediate military consolidation.
The Creation of the Dal Khalsa: In 1748, during the highly sacred gathering of the Sarbat Khalsa at Amritsar on the day of Baisakhi, the highly respected Sikh military and spiritual leader, Nawab Kapur Singh Faizullapuria, took a monumental step. He permanently unified the dozens of scattered, independent Sikh warrior bands (Jathas) into a single, cohesive, and formidable military organization known globally as the Dal Khalsa.
Strategic Division of Forces: To ensure maximum operational efficiency and tactical flexibility, Kapur Singh brilliantly divided the Dal Khalsa into two primary operational wings: the ‘Budha Dal’ (the army of the veterans), tasked with guarding holy shrines, and the ‘Taruna Dal’ (the army of the youth), which functioned as the highly mobile, aggressive combat force.

📌 Sikh Empire • History

Q.26) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 to the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. What was his father’s name?

Ans > Mahan Singh

The Era of the Misls: Before the highly celebrated rise of the unified Sikh Empire, the Punjab region was deeply fragmented and ruled independently by twelve fiercely autonomous and often fiercely rival Sikh confederacies, commonly known in history as the ‘Misls’.
Origins of the Lion of Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who would later successfully forge these disparate, warring groups into a massive, powerful empire, was born in November 1780 in Gujranwala. He belonged directly to the Sukarchakiya Misl, one of the smaller but highly aggressive and militarily capable confederacies. His father was Mahan Singh, a bold and highly ambitious chieftain.
Inheriting the Mantle: Mahan Singh had significantly expanded the territory, military power, and vast wealth of the Sukarchakiya Misl through relentless, highly successful warfare against neighboring chiefs. Upon his early death in 1792, the young Ranjit Singh inherited the leadership at the tender age of twelve, soon embarking on an unprecedented campaign to conquer and completely absorb all the other eleven Misls, creating a unified state.

📌 Treaties • History

Q.27) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the East India Company accepted which river as the boundary line for their respective dominions?

Ans > Sutlej

Clash of Expansions: As the brilliant Maharaja Ranjit Singh aggressively consolidated his immense power in Punjab and actively sought to massively expand his empire southwards into the Malwa region (the Cis-Sutlej states), he inevitably collided heavily with the rapidly expanding northern frontier of the British East India Company.
British Strategic Demands: The British, deeply terrified of a potential Franco-Russian overland invasion, desperately wanted a strong, unified buffer state in Punjab but absolutely refused to allow Ranjit Singh to absorb the independent Sikh states south of the Sutlej River, placing them firmly under their own British “protection” instead.
A Pragmatic Compromise: Facing the severe threat of a full-scale British military intervention, a highly pragmatic Ranjit Singh realized he was not yet militarily prepared to defeat the Company. Consequently, in April 1809, he signed the crucial Treaty of Amritsar with envoy Charles Metcalfe. This landmark treaty permanently fixed the Sutlej River as the absolute boundary, permanently halting his eastern expansion but securing his flank to conquer the west.

📌 Sikh Expansion • History

Q.28) Following the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), Maharaja Ranjit Singh directed his energies westwards. In which year did he capture Peshawar?

Ans > 1834

Pivoting to the West: Permanently blocked from expanding his massive empire to the east and south by the strict, undeniable terms of the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), Maharaja Ranjit Singh completely reoriented his grand military strategy, directing the immense, modernized power of his Khalsa army entirely towards the north and west.
Dismantling Afghan Power: Throughout the 1810s and 1820s, he launched highly successful, relentless campaigns, conquering the massive fortresses of Multan, the lush, wealthy valley of Kashmir, and the highly strategic region of Attock, heavily driving back the rapidly fading power of the Afghan Durrani Empire from the Indian subcontinent.
Securing the Khyber Pass: His ultimate western objective was the highly strategic and heavily contested city of Peshawar, the absolute gateway to the Khyber Pass. After years of imposing heavy tribute and fighting intense, bloody battles (notably the Battle of Nowshera), the Sikh army, commanded by legendary generals like Hari Singh Nalwa, finally and decisively captured and annexed Peshawar in 1834, reversing centuries of Afghan incursions.

📌 Sikh Succession • History

Q.29) Following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, who was his only legitimate son and successor, whose brief reign was marred by court factions?

Ans > Kharak Singh

The Linchpin Removed: The sheer geopolitical stability and formidable, terrifying military power of the massive Sikh Empire rested almost entirely on the extraordinary personal charisma, political genius, and absolute iron will of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. His tragic death in June 1839 immediately plunged the massive empire into an irrecoverable, systemic crisis.
An Inadequate Successor: He was immediately succeeded by his eldest and only legitimate son, Kharak Singh. Unfortunately for the empire, Kharak Singh completely lacked his father’s exceptional leadership qualities, formidable military acumen, and the ruthless political astuteness required to effectively manage the incredibly complex, highly factionalized, and ambitious Lahore Durbar (court).
Descent into Chaos: Kharak Singh’s incredibly brief reign was deeply marred by intense, bloody conspiracies orchestrated by powerful, scheming court factions, particularly the Dogra brothers and the Sandhawalia Sardars. Kharak Singh was essentially sidelined, imprisoned in his own palace, and allegedly slowly poisoned to death in 1840. This rapid, total collapse of central authority triggered a catastrophic series of assassinations that destroyed the state.

📌 Punjab Politics • History

Q.30) During the anarchic situation in Punjab after Ranjit Singh’s death, which Wazir, the brother of Rani Jindan, incurred the displeasure of the army and was put to death in 1845?

Ans > Jawahar Singh

The Rise of the Army Panchayats: In the highly violent, totally anarchic years following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the mighty Khalsa Army, originally a strictly disciplined military force, transformed into a massive, highly politicized, and totally autonomous entity through its powerful ‘Panchayats’ (councils), effectively becoming the supreme, unquestioned power in the state.
A Corrupt Administration: By 1845, the infant Duleep Singh was officially on the throne, with his mother, Rani Jindan, acting as the Regent. She appointed her own brother, Jawahar Singh, as the Wazir (Prime Minister). Jawahar Singh’s administration was highly corrupt, intensely unpopular, and characterized by disastrous political blunders and widespread nepotism.
Execution by the Army: Jawahar Singh’s most fatal mistake was his perceived, heavy involvement in the brutal assassination of a highly popular royal rival, Prince Peshaura Singh. This political murder absolutely enraged the Khalsa Army. Acting as the ultimate, violent arbiter of justice, the army summoned Wazir Jawahar Singh and brutally executed him in September 1845, directly leading the terrified Lahore court to instigate a war with the British simply to destroy their own uncontrollable army.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 18

British Conquest Views: John Seeley famously stated India was acquired blindly and unintentionally.
Anglo-Mysore Wars: Lord Cornwallis weakened Tipu Sultan strategically. Tipu aimed for a 22-battleship navy, joined the Jacobin Club, and planted the Tree of Liberty. He also aided the Sringeri Temple (Goddess Sarada).
Maratha Confederacy: Divided spheres among Gaekwad (Baroda), Bhonsle (Nagpur), Holkars (Indore), and Sindhias (Gwalior). Weakened after Madhavrao I’s death (1772).
Anglo-Maratha Wars: Col. Goddard captured Ahmedabad/Bassein; Capt. Popham captured Gwalior. Treaty of Bassein (1802) ceded territories yielding Rs 26 lakh.
British Legislation: The Charter Act of 1813 ended the EIC’s trade monopoly in China (except tea).
Sindh Expansion & Diplomacy: Talpuras (Mir Fath Ali Khan) ruled Sindh. Amir of Sindh expelled agent Crow (1800). Treaty accepted a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and Bukkar.
Global Threats: Treaties of Tilsit (Napoleon & Alexander I) prompted Mountstuart Elphinstone’s mission to Kabul.
Sikh Empire: Dal Khalsa organized by Kapur Singh Faizullapuria. Maharaja Ranjit Singh (son of Mahan Singh) expanded after the Treaty of Amritsar (Sutlej boundary), capturing Peshawar (1834). Succession chaos followed under Kharak Singh and Jawahar Singh.

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Modern History Set 18

Q.1) Who famously stated, “Our acquisition of India was made blindly. Nothing great that has ever been done by Englishman was done so unintentionally and so accidentally, as the conquest of India”?

Q.2) Following the Third Anglo-Mysore War, which British official remarked, “We have crippled our enemy effectively without making our friends too formidable”?

Q.3) In 1796, Tipu Sultan recognized the importance of a naval force and set up a Board of Admiralty. How many battleships did he plan for his fleet?

Q.4) Tipu Sultan gave his support to French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up which political club in 1797?

Q.5) As a symbol of his alliance with the French and his love for democracy, what did Tipu Sultan plant at Seringapatam?

Q.6) Despite colonial historians depicting him as a bigoted monarch, Tipu Sultan sanctioned funds for the repair of the Sringeri Temple and the installation of the idol of which Goddess?

Q.7) Within the Maratha confederacy established by Bajirao I, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Baroda?

Q.8) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Nagpur?

Q.9) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family established its stronghold in Indore?

Q.10) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family emerged as the dominant power in Gwalior?

Q.11) The control of the Peshwas over the Maratha confederacy significantly weakened after the defeat at Panipat and the death of which young Peshwa in 1772?

Q.12) After the death of Madhavrao I, who succeeded him as the fifth Peshwa before being assassinated by his uncle Raghunathrao?

Q.13) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 and Bassein in December 1780?

Q.14) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, a Bengal detachment led by which British officer captured the fort of Gwalior in August 1780?

Q.15) During the turmoil preceding the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the Peshwa’s army in 1802 and placed which individual on the Peshwa’s seat?

Q.16) Under the Treaty of Bassein (1802), Peshwa Bajirao II agreed to cede territories to the Company yielding an annual income of what amount?

Q.17) The East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China, with the exception of the tea trade, was ended by which legislative act?

Q.18) The Pindaris were mercenaries attached to Maratha armies. Which of the following was NOT a prominent Pindari leader mentioned in the text?

Q.19) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh. Who was their leader during this conquest?

Q.20) In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit, which featured a condition for a combined invasion of India by land, was formed between Napoleon Bonaparte and the leader of which country?

Q.21) In October 1800, under the influence of Tipu Sultan and anti-British local traders, the Amir of Sindh ordered which British agent to quit Sindh within ten days?

Q.22) To counteract the perceived Franco-Russian threat following the Treaty of Tilsit, Lord Minto sent delegations to forge alliances. Who was sent as an envoy to Kabul?

Q.23) Which British envoy was sent by William Bentinck in 1832 to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sindh allowing free passage for English traders?

Q.24) In February 1839, the Amirs of Sindh were compelled to accept a treaty stationing a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Q.25) In 1748, the Sikhs were organized into the Dal Khalsa, which included the Budha Dal and the Taruna Dal. Who organized this?

Q.26) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 to the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. What was his father’s name?

Q.27) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the East India Company accepted which river as the boundary line for their respective dominions?

Q.28) Following the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), Maharaja Ranjit Singh directed his energies westwards. In which year did he capture Peshawar?

Q.29) Following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, who was his only legitimate son and successor, whose brief reign was marred by court factions?

Q.30) During the anarchic situation in Punjab after Ranjit Singh’s death, which Wazir, the brother of Rani Jindan, incurred the displeasure of the army and was put to death in 1845?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 18

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Q.1) Who famously stated, “Our acquisition of India was made blindly. Nothing great that has ever been done by Englishman was done so unintentionally and so accidentally, as the conquest of India”?

Q.2) Following the Third Anglo-Mysore War, which British official remarked, “We have crippled our enemy effectively without making our friends too formidable”?

Q.3) In 1796, Tipu Sultan recognized the importance of a naval force and set up a Board of Admiralty. How many battleships did he plan for his fleet?

Q.4) Tipu Sultan gave his support to French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up which political club in 1797?

Q.5) As a symbol of his alliance with the French and his love for democracy, what did Tipu Sultan plant at Seringapatam?

Q.6) Despite colonial historians depicting him as a bigoted monarch, Tipu Sultan sanctioned funds for the repair of the Sringeri Temple and the installation of the idol of which Goddess?

Q.7) Within the Maratha confederacy established by Bajirao I, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Baroda?

Q.8) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family was assigned the sphere of influence over Nagpur?

Q.9) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family established its stronghold in Indore?

Q.10) Within the Maratha confederacy, which prominent family emerged as the dominant power in Gwalior?

Q.11) The control of the Peshwas over the Maratha confederacy significantly weakened after the defeat at Panipat and the death of which young Peshwa in 1772?

Q.12) After the death of Madhavrao I, who succeeded him as the fifth Peshwa before being assassinated by his uncle Raghunathrao?

Q.13) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 and Bassein in December 1780?

Q.14) During the First Anglo-Maratha War, a Bengal detachment led by which British officer captured the fort of Gwalior in August 1780?

Q.15) During the turmoil preceding the Second Anglo-Maratha War, Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the Peshwa’s army in 1802 and placed which individual on the Peshwa’s seat?

Q.16) Under the Treaty of Bassein (1802), Peshwa Bajirao II agreed to cede territories to the Company yielding an annual income of what amount?

Q.17) The East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China, with the exception of the tea trade, was ended by which legislative act?

Q.18) The Pindaris were mercenaries attached to Maratha armies. Which of the following was NOT a prominent Pindari leader mentioned in the text?

Q.19) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh. Who was their leader during this conquest?

Q.20) In June 1807, the alliance of Tilsit, which featured a condition for a combined invasion of India by land, was formed between Napoleon Bonaparte and the leader of which country?

Q.21) In October 1800, under the influence of Tipu Sultan and anti-British local traders, the Amir of Sindh ordered which British agent to quit Sindh within ten days?

Q.22) To counteract the perceived Franco-Russian threat following the Treaty of Tilsit, Lord Minto sent delegations to forge alliances. Who was sent as an envoy to Kabul?

Q.23) Which British envoy was sent by William Bentinck in 1832 to sign a treaty with the Amirs of Sindh allowing free passage for English traders?

Q.24) In February 1839, the Amirs of Sindh were compelled to accept a treaty stationing a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Q.25) In 1748, the Sikhs were organized into the Dal Khalsa, which included the Budha Dal and the Taruna Dal. Who organized this?

Q.26) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 to the leader of the Sukarchakiya misl. What was his father’s name?

Q.27) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the East India Company accepted which river as the boundary line for their respective dominions?

Q.28) Following the Treaty of Amritsar (1809), Maharaja Ranjit Singh directed his energies westwards. In which year did he capture Peshawar?

Q.29) Following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, who was his only legitimate son and successor, whose brief reign was marred by court factions?

Q.30) During the anarchic situation in Punjab after Ranjit Singh’s death, which Wazir, the brother of Rani Jindan, incurred the displeasure of the army and was put to death in 1845?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 18

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