Modern History Set 12 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 12 Questions & Answers

During the Kuka Movement, prominent leader Baba Ram Singh was deported to which city in 1872? – Rangoon
Which tribal group did the British attempt to pacify in the 1780s by giving their chiefs an annual allowance? – The Pahariyas
During the Chuar Rebellion of 1771, which sardar of Kaliapal rose in rebellion? – Subla Singh
The 1859-60 peasant uprising in Bengal against European planters was called what? – Indigo Revolt
Which 19th-century British Governor General advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars? – Lord Minto
In 1848, the Surat population successfully resorted to passive resistance against what? – Bengal Standard Weights and Measures
The British established a permanent garrison at which pass to guard against tribal uprisings? – Malakand Pass
According to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), Burma agreed to accept a British resident at which city? – Ava
In 1838, the British persuaded Ranjit Singh to sign a Tripartite Treaty to mediate disputes with the Amirs of which region? – Sindh
Which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779? – Colonel Goddard
In 1804, which Maratha leader made an unsuccessful attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers? – Yashwantrao Holkar
The Treaty of Poona was signed in June 1817 with which Maratha leader? – The Peshwa
Which British official was reportedly shot by Tilka Manjhi in 1784? – Augustus Cleveland
The ‘Black Hole Tragedy’ resulted in the deaths of how many English persons out of 146? – 123
In 1682, which English agent appealed to Shaista Khan for redressal of grievances? – William Hedges
Which French explorer successfully set up a factory in Surat in 1667? – Francois Caron
In 1673, the French obtained permission to establish a township at Chandernagore from whom? – Shaista Khan
During the First Carnatic War, the Battle of St. Thome was fought on the banks of which river? – Adyar
Who authored the 1927 book ‘Mother India’? – Katherine Mayo
Which important class of the Mughal empire was composed of people assigned large jagirs and mansabs? – The Nobility
In 1727, Murshid Kuli Khan was succeeded as Nawab of Bengal by whom? – Shuja-ud-din
Who was the last Raja of Khurda, who actively supported Bakshi Jagabandhu? – Mukunda Deva
In pre-colonial South Indian society, what was the hereditary village police office called? – Kaval
During the Poligar Rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was betrayed by the Raja of which region? – Pudukottai
The 1840s Surat Salt Agitations were a reaction to raising the salt duty from 50 paise to what? – One rupee
The Gadkaris were garrisoned in the Maratha forts of Samangarh and which other fort? – Bhudargarh
The founder of the Pagal Panthis was whom? – Karam Shah
The rival company formed by Sir William Courteen in 1657 was later called what? – Assada company
Which missionary bishop’s journal provided useful socio-economic information on India? – Bishop Heber
What was the preceding treaty that facilitated the sale of Kashmir to Gulab Singh? – Treaty of Lahore

MROY Class

Modern History Set 12

Q: During the Kuka Movement, prominent leader Baba Ram Singh was deported to which city in 1872?

Baba Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon in 1872 after the British suppressed the Kuka movement.

Q: Which tribal group did the British attempt to pacify in the 1780s by giving their chiefs an annual allowance to ensure good conduct?

The British introduced a policy of pacification in the 1780s by paying Pahariya chiefs to ensure good conduct.

Q: During the Chuar Rebellion of 1771, which sardar of Kaliapal rose in rebellion alongside Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj?

Subla Singh of Kaliapal rose in rebellion alongside Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj during the Chuar Rebellion of 1771.

Q: The 1859-60 peasant uprising in Bengal against European planters forcing the cultivation of a specific dye crop was called what?

The Indigo Revolt (1859-60) was a major uprising in Bengal against European planters forcing indigo cultivation.

Q: Which 19th-century British Governor General advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars in the Haryana region, leading to the capture of Bhiwani?

Lord Minto advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars in Haryana, leading to Bhiwani's capture.

Q: In 1848, the Surat population successfully resorted to passive resistance to force the government to withdraw the introduction of what?

The 1848 Surat population used passive resistance to successfully oppose the introduction of Bengal Standard Weights and Measures.

Q: The British established a permanent garrison at which pass to guard against tribal uprisings following the Durand Agreement?

Following the Durand Agreement, the British established a garrison at Malakand Pass to guard against tribal uprisings.

Q: According to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the Government of Burma agreed to accept a British resident at which capital city?

The Treaty of Yandabo (1826) mandated the Government of Burma to accept a British resident at Ava.

Q: In 1838, under Lord Auckland's Forward Policy, the British persuaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh to sign a Tripartite Treaty to mediate his disputes with the Amirs of which region?

Lord Auckland's Tripartite Treaty in 1838 aimed to mediate Ranjit Singh's disputes with the Amirs of Sindh.

Q: Which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 during the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Colonel Goddard captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 during the First Anglo-Maratha War.

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📌 Freedom Struggle • Movements

Q.1) During the Kuka Movement, prominent leader Baba Ram Singh was deported to which city in 1872?

Ans > Rangoon

Origins of the Movement: The Kuka (or Namdhari) Movement was originally founded by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also known as Sian Saheb) and Balak Singh in the 1840s as a puritanical religious sect aimed at eliminating caste distinctions and reforming Sikhism.
Political Transformation: Under the leadership of Baba Ram Singh, the movement rapidly transformed into a fierce, anti-British political campaign. Ram Singh advocated for the absolute boycott of British goods, colonial education, and laws, effectively predating the Swadeshi movement.
The Malerkotla Incident: In 1872, rising tensions culminated when a group of radical Kukas attacked a slaughterhouse in Malerkotla to protest cow slaughter. The British responded with unprecedented brutality, blowing 65 captured Kukas from the mouths of cannons without any legal trial.
Deportation and Exile: Viewing him as a massive political threat, the British administration immediately arrested Baba Ram Singh. He was deported to Rangoon (Burma) in 1872, where he spent his remaining years in strict confinement until his death in 1885, heavily crippling the movement.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • British Policies

Q.2) Which tribal group did the British attempt to pacify in the 1780s by giving their chiefs an annual allowance to ensure good conduct?

Ans > The Pahariyas

The Pahariya Resistance: The Pahariyas lived in the rugged Rajmahal Hills and maintained a largely hunting-gathering lifestyle. Fearing British agricultural expansion, they frequently raided the settled plains, disrupting East India Company revenues.
Initial Brutal Response: Before attempting diplomacy, the British employed military force. Officials like Captain Brooke and Browne initially tried to hunt the tribes down, but the impenetrable forests and guerrilla tactics of the Pahariyas made complete subjugation impossible.
Cleveland’s Pacification Policy: In the 1780s, the Collector of Bhagalpur, Augustus Cleveland, shifted to a policy of appeasement and “pacification.” He offered direct annual cash allowances to Pahariya chiefs (sardars) under the strict condition that they would ensure the good conduct of their tribesmen and maintain regional peace.
Long-Term Consequences: The policy was only partially successful. While some chiefs accepted the money, many Pahariyas retreated deeper into the hills to maintain independence. Ultimately, the British decided to bring in the Santhal tribe to settle the foothills (Damin-i-Koh) as agriculturalists, which eventually sparked the massive Santhal Hool of 1855.

📌 Peasant Rebellions • Chuar

Q.3) During the Chuar Rebellion of 1771, which sardar of Kaliapal rose in rebellion alongside Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj?

Ans > Subla Singh

Background of the Chuars: The term “Chuar” was a derogatory name used by the British for the aboriginal Bhumij tribes living in the Jungle Mahal region spanning Midnapore, Bankura, and Manbhum. They traditionally served as local militia guards (paiks) for the regional Zamindars.
Causes of the Uprising: The devastating Bengal Famine of 1770 severely crippled the region. Tensions exploded when the East India Company violently demanded enhanced land revenues and attempted to resume (confiscate) the non-taxable paikali lands traditionally granted to the Chuars.
The 1771 Rebellion Phase: Refusing to surrender their ancestral rights, several prominent tribal leaders organized an armed resistance. Subla Singh, the powerful and influential sardar of Kaliapal, joined forces with other chieftains like Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj to launch guerrilla attacks against EIC outposts.
Later Resurgence: The Chuar resistance did not end in 1771. It flared up repeatedly over the next three decades, reaching a violent climax in 1798 under the leadership of Durjan Singh, the displaced Zamindar of Raipur, before being brutally suppressed by British military deployments.

📌 Peasant Rebellions • Bengal

Q.4) The 1859-60 peasant uprising in Bengal against European planters forcing the cultivation of a specific dye crop was called what?

Ans > Indigo Revolt

The Exploitative System: European planters utilized the deeply oppressive ‘dadani’ system. They forced Bengal’s ryots (peasants) to take highly unfavorable cash advances, compelling them to cultivate indigo on their most fertile lands instead of essential food crops, paying them barely a fraction of the actual market price.
The Spark of Resistance: The “Nil Bidroha” or Indigo Revolt began in the autumn of 1859 when ryots simply refused to sow indigo. The initial organized resistance was famously led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnucharan Biswas in the Nadia district, quickly spreading across rural Bengal.
Intellectual and Middle-Class Support: Uniquely, this peasant revolt received massive support from the Bengali intelligentsia. Harish Chandra Mukherjee heavily publicized planter atrocities in his newspaper The Hindu Patriot, while Dinabandhu Mitra authored the revolutionary play Nil Darpan, which exposed the raw brutality of the planters.
Success of the Revolt: The highly unified, largely non-violent resistance effectively crippled the indigo industry in Bengal. In response to the crisis, the government appointed the Indigo Commission in 1860, which officially ruled that ryots could not be legally compelled to cultivate indigo, marking a major victory for the peasants.

📌 British Governors • Military

Q.5) Which 19th-century British Governor General advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars in the Haryana region, leading to the capture of Bhiwani?

Ans > Lord Minto

Geopolitical Consolidation: Following the defeat of the Marathas in the early 19th century, the British East India Company aggressively attempted to establish firm administrative and revenue control over the territories surrounding Delhi, including the restive Haryana region.
Fierce Independence of the Tribes: The agrarian warrior communities of Haryana, particularly the Jats, Ranghars, Ahirs, and Rajputs, were highly independent. They blatantly refused to accept British authority or pay the heavy land revenues demanded by the new colonial administrators, leading to widespread regional instability.
Lord Minto’s Decisive Action: Lord Minto I, who served as the Governor-General of India from 1807 to 1813, recognized that diplomacy was failing. He actively advised and authorized direct military intervention to crush these agrarian revolts and forcefully pacify the resisting territories.
The Fall of Bhiwani: The military campaign culminated in a major siege against the heavily fortified town of Bhiwani, a primary stronghold for the resisting factions. After fierce fighting, the British successfully captured Bhiwani, effectively breaking the back of the major tribal defiance in that specific region.

📌 Civil Uprisings • Surat

Q.6) In 1848, the Surat population successfully resorted to passive resistance to force the government to withdraw the introduction of what?

Ans > Bengal Standard Weights and Measures

Context of Commercial Surat: Surat was a historically vital commercial hub with incredibly powerful merchant guilds (Mahajans) and trade associations. The local population had a strong, proven history of organizing massive civil protests against arbitrary British taxation and regulatory policies.
The 1848 Controversy: Driven by a desire for administrative uniformity and increased revenue control, the British attempted to forcefully introduce the Bengal Standard Weights and Measures across Surat, completely disrupting centuries-old traditional local trading practices and measurements.
Tactics of Passive Resistance: The merchant population of Surat fiercely opposed this top-down imposition. They organized a massive, unified campaign of passive resistance, enforcing complete boycotts, initiating hartals (strikes), and keeping all shops closed to paralyze the city’s entire economic machinery.
British Capitulation: The sheer scale of the economic standstill, coupled with the absolute unity of the local population across caste and religious lines, severely threatened British trade interests. Ultimately, the administration was completely forced to yield and officially withdrew the controversial order.

📌 British Frontier Policy • Tribes

Q.7) The British established a permanent garrison at which pass to guard against tribal uprisings following the Durand Agreement?

Ans > Malakand Pass

The Great Game Context: Driven by deep paranoia over potential Russian expansion into the Indian subcontinent, the British actively sought to establish “scientific frontiers.” This led to aggressive interference in Afghan affairs and the forced drawing of regional boundary lines.
The Durand Line (1893): Negotiated by Sir Mortimer Durand, this arbitrary boundary line split the fiercely independent ethnic Pashtun tribal belts between Afghanistan and British India. This division caused massive, immediate resentment and fueled decades of violent tribal anger against colonial rule.
The 1897 Tribal Uprisings: The underlying anger exploded in 1897 into a massive, coordinated frontier war. Tribes across the Swat, Bajaur, and Tirah regions, heavily motivated by religious leaders like the “Mad Mullah,” launched fierce jihad against British outposts and forts along the frontier.
Strategic Garrisoning: To secure the highly volatile frontier and rapidly suppress these frequent uprisings, the British were forced to heavily fortify their positions. They established a massive, permanent military garrison at the highly strategic Malakand Pass to quickly mobilize troops and monitor tribal movements.

📌 Anglo-Burmese Wars • Treaties

Q.8) According to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the Government of Burma agreed to accept a British resident at which capital city?

Ans > Ava

Causes of the War: The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) was sparked by aggressive Burmese territorial expansion into the frontier regions of Manipur and Assam. This expansion directly threatened the East India Company’s lucrative tea and timber interests in Bengal, leading to frequent border clashes.
A Grueling Conflict: The war was exceptionally devastating and expensive for the British. While they successfully captured Rangoon, the EIC suffered horrific casualties not merely from intense guerrilla warfare, but primarily from rampant tropical diseases and severe logistical failures in the dense jungles.
Terms of the Treaty: The war concluded with the humiliating Treaty of Yandabo. Burma was forced to cede the coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim, withdraw all claims to Assam and Manipur, and pay a crippling war indemnity of one million pounds sterling.
The Residency Clause: Perhaps the most damaging blow to Burmese sovereignty was the forced diplomatic clause. The Government of Burma was mandated to host a permanent British Resident (envoy) at their royal capital of Ava, effectively ending their isolationist policies and allowing constant British interference.

📌 Forward Policy • Treaties

Q.9) In 1838, under Lord Auckland’s Forward Policy, the British persuaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh to sign a Tripartite Treaty to mediate his disputes with the Amirs of which region?

Ans > Sindh

Lord Auckland’s Forward Policy: Governor-General Lord Auckland was deeply obsessed with securing the northwestern frontier of India against perceived Russian diplomatic and military threats. This paranoia drove a highly aggressive, interventionist foreign policy known as the ‘Forward Policy.’
The Parties Involved: In 1838, the British engineered the Tripartite Treaty. The signatories included the British East India Company, the powerful Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, and the exiled, highly unpopular Afghan monarch Shah Shuja.
The Hidden Agenda Regarding Sindh: Maharaja Ranjit Singh harbored strong ambitions to expand his Sikh Empire southward by conquering Sindh. However, the British strategically used the Tripartite Treaty to forcibly position themselves as the sole mediators in any disputes, effectively blocking Ranjit Singh and keeping Sindh out of Sikh hands.
Long-Term Consequences: This manipulative treaty set the stage for two massive colonial disasters: the catastrophic First Anglo-Afghan War (to forcibly install Shah Shuja in Kabul) and the completely unjustified, aggressive annexation of Sindh by Charles Napier just a few years later in 1843.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars • Military

Q.10) Which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 during the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Ans > Colonel Goddard

Origins of the Conflict: The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) was ignited by British interference in a messy succession dispute in Pune. The EIC’s Bombay Council signed the Treaty of Surat with Raghunathrao, promising him military support in exchange for Salsette and Bassein.
The Bengal Detachment: Facing severe military setbacks in the early phases of the war, Governor-General Warren Hastings dispatched a massive, heavily armed reinforcement force all the way from Bengal across central India, placed under the command of the highly capable Colonel Thomas Goddard.
The Gujarat Campaign: Upon reaching the western theater, Colonel Goddard executed a brilliant military and diplomatic campaign. He successfully forged a strategic alliance with Fateh Singh Gaekwad of Baroda, systematically isolating and dismantling opposing Maratha strongholds in the Gujarat region.
Capture of Ahmedabad: In a major strategic victory, Goddard’s forces successfully stormed and captured the vital city of Ahmedabad in February 1779. This victory dealt a massive economic and psychological blow to the Marathas, securing a powerful British foothold on the western coast.

📌 Maratha Empire • Resistance

Q.11) In 1804, which Maratha leader made an unsuccessful attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers to fight against the English?

Ans > Yashwantrao Holkar

Background of the Conflict: The Second Anglo-Maratha War was triggered when the weak Peshwa Baji Rao II signed the humiliating Treaty of Bassein in 1802, effectively surrendering Maratha independence to the British in exchange for protection.
Initial Defeats of the Confederacy: Prominent Maratha leaders like Daulatrao Scindia and the Bhonsle of Nagpur furiously rejected the treaty and fought the British. However, they were decisively defeated by Arthur Wellesley and Lord Lake in major battles like Assaye, Laswari, and Argaon by 1803.
Holkar’s Solo Stand: Yashwantrao Holkar of Indore initially stayed out of the conflict due to bitter internal rivalries with Scindia. Realizing the grave existential threat the British posed far too late, he finally took up arms, fighting a brilliant guerrilla war utilizing rapid light cavalry movements.
Failed Diplomatic Efforts: In 1804, Holkar recognized he could not defeat the EIC alone. He desperately attempted to unite the Rajput states, the Jats of Bharatpur, and the remaining Maratha factions into a massive anti-British coalition. Tragically, deep mutual suspicions and historical enmities caused these efforts to fail completely.

📌 Maratha Treaties • Peshwa

Q.12) The Treaty of Poona was signed in June 1817 with which Maratha leader?

Ans > The Peshwa

The Buildup to War: Tensions leading to the Third Anglo-Maratha War were immense. The British deeply resented the Peshwa’s secret, frantic diplomatic efforts to rebuild the fractured Maratha Confederacy and cast off the humiliating restrictions of the earlier Treaty of Bassein.
Pretext for Intervention: The brutal murder of Gangadhar Shastri, an envoy from the Gaekwad of Baroda who was under strict British protection, provided the perfect excuse. The British heavily blamed the Peshwa’s notorious minister, Trimbakji Dengle, demanding immediate concessions.
Terms of the Treaty of Poona: In June 1817, the British resident Mountstuart Elphinstone forced Peshwa Baji Rao II to sign the draconian Treaty of Poona. It officially forced him to formally renounce his titular headship of the Maratha confederacy, cede the entire Konkan region, and disband his cavalry.
The Aftermath: The terms were so humiliating that they essentially left the Peshwa with nothing to lose. Just a few months later, in a desperate bid for freedom, he launched a suicidal attack on the British Residency at Poona, initiating the final war that ended his reign and led to his exile to Bithur.

📌 Tribal Resistance • British Officials

Q.13) Which British official introduced a policy of “pacification” towards the Pahariyas in the 1780s, but was reportedly shot by Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Ans > Augustus Cleveland

The Tribal Context: The rugged Rajmahal hills were home to the fiercely independent Pahariyas, who were actively rebelling against encroaching lowland zamindars and aggressive British revenue collectors attempting to monetize their ancestral forests.
Cleveland’s Strategy: Augustus Cleveland, serving as the Collector of Bhagalpur, realized that brute military force was completely failing. He pivoted to diplomacy, offering pensions to tribal chiefs and raising a specialized, irregular corps of Pahariya archers to maintain local order.
Tilka Manjhi’s Revolt: Tilka Manjhi, a highly prominent Santhal/Pahariya leader, saw through this pacification policy. He viewed it as a manipulative trick to divide and permanently subjugate his people, launching a fierce guerrilla war against British outposts and loyalist zamindars.
The Assassination: The conflict peaked in 1784 when Tilka Manjhi successfully ambushed Augustus Cleveland, fatally wounding the British official with a poisoned arrow. Following a massive manhunt, Manjhi was captured, reportedly tied to four horses, dragged through the streets, and publicly hanged in Bhagalpur.

📌 Bengal Nawabs • Black Hole

Q.14) The ‘Black Hole Tragedy’ is reported to have resulted in the deaths of how many English persons out of the 146 imprisoned?

Ans > 123

The Capture of Calcutta: In 1756, a furious Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah marched on and captured Fort William in Calcutta. His anger was driven by the East India Company violently abusing trade privileges (dastaks) and heavily fortifying the city without seeking his royal permission.
The Incident Itself: Following the fall of the fort on June 20, 1756, the surviving British defenders and civilians were allegedly locked by the Nawab’s troops in a tiny, highly cramped, and poorly ventilated military guardroom known as the “Black Hole.”
The Disputed Death Toll: According to the highly sensationalized, first-hand account by survivor J.Z. Holwell, 146 prisoners were crammed into the room, and exactly 123 died overnight of suffocation and severe heat exhaustion. Modern historians heavily dispute these numbers, suggesting the room physically could not hold that many people and that Holwell massively exaggerated the figures.
British Propaganda: Regardless of the historical accuracy, the EIC heavily weaponized Holwell’s narrative back in England. It was used to drum up immense public outrage and military support, directly justifying Robert Clive’s retaliatory expedition that culminated in the fateful Battle of Plassey in 1757.

📌 Early East India Company • Bengal

Q.15) In 1682, which English agent appealed to the Mughal governor Shaista Khan for redressal of grievances, eventually leading to hostilities in Bengal?

Ans > William Hedges

Early EIC Trade in Bengal: Operating primarily out of the port of Hooghly, the British East India Company possessed a highly lucrative imperial firman granting them the right to trade custom-free across Bengal for a flat annual fee of Rs. 3,000. However, corrupt local Mughal customs officials constantly ignored this and demanded illegal bribes and tolls.
Hedges’ Mission: Frustrated by these endless financial extortions, the EIC appointed William Hedges as the very first official Governor of the Company in Bengal. His primary directive was to travel directly to Dhaka and appeal to the powerful Mughal Subahdar, Shaista Khan, to enforce the firman.
Failure of Diplomacy: The diplomatic mission was a complete failure. Shaista Khan rejected the demands, viewing the British not as a sovereign power, but as arrogant foreign merchants. Hedges was eventually dismissed by the EIC for failing to secure the trade privileges.
Escalation to War: This diplomatic breakdown eventually escalated into the disastrous Anglo-Mughal War (often called Child’s War) in 1686. The British arrogantly sacked Hooghly, prompting Emperor Aurangzeb to retaliate fiercely, briefly expelling the EIC entirely from Bengal until a humiliating peace was restored.

📌 French East India Company • Surat

Q.16) Which French explorer was sent on an expedition to India in 1667 and successfully set up a factory in Surat?

Ans > Francois Caron

Formation of the French EIC: The French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes Orientales) was formally founded much later than its rivals, in 1664. Masterminded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert under King Louis XIV, it was a heavily state-sponsored enterprise, lacking the private commercial agility of the British or Dutch companies.
The Initial Expedition: To establish a solid foothold in the lucrative Asian spice and textile trade, the French crown dispatched a major naval expedition. François Caron, a highly experienced merchant who had previously worked extensively for the rival Dutch East India Company in Japan, was chosen to lead the mission.
Arrival at Surat: Caron arrived on the western coast of India in 1667. Through careful diplomacy and negotiation, he managed to secure a crucial royal firman from Emperor Aurangzeb, allowing the French to establish their very first factory in the highly competitive and wealthy port city of Surat in 1668.
Subsequent Expansion: Building on this initial success, the French rapidly moved to expand their commercial network. Following the establishment at Surat, they successfully negotiated the creation of a second major factory on the eastern coast at Masulipatnam in 1669, marking the beginning of a century-long, intense imperial rivalry with the British in India.

📌 French Settlements • Bengal

Q.17) In 1673, the French obtained permission to establish a township at Chandernagore from which Mughal subahdar?

Ans > Shaista Khan

Strategic Expansion: Following their initial settlements in Surat and Pondicherry, the French realized that to truly compete globally, they desperately needed direct access to Bengal’s massive, highly lucrative production of fine textiles, silk, and military-grade saltpeter.
Deal with Shaista Khan: In 1673, through careful negotiation and payment, the powerful Mughal Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal, Shaista Khan, granted a strategic plot of land on the right bank of the Hooghly River to the French East India Company to establish a trading post.
Development of Chandernagore: This small trading post developed into the famous colony of Chandernagore. Under the brilliant and ambitious leadership of Governor Joseph Francois Dupleix in the 1730s, it transformed from a minor settlement into the premier, most beautiful, and commercially successful European trading center in Bengal.
Eventual Loss: Despite its incredible commercial prosperity, Chandernagore could not withstand British military aggression. It was fiercely bombarded and captured by Robert Clive and Admiral Watson in 1757, just before the Battle of Plassey, effectively crippling French political and commercial influence in northern India permanently.

📌 Carnatic Wars • Battles

Q.18) During the First Carnatic War, Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic, was defeated by the French at the Battle of St. Thome located on the banks of which river?

Ans > Adyar

Background of the War: The First Carnatic War (1746–1748) was essentially an Indian theater of the War of the Austrian Succession occurring in Europe. It led to direct naval and land clashes between the British and French, resulting in the aggressive French capture of the British settlement of Madras.
Nawab Anwaruddin’s Intervention: Viewing the European conflict as a violation of his territorial sovereignty, Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic, explicitly ordered the French to hand Madras over to him. When the French Governor Dupleix flatly refused, the infuriated Nawab sent a massive, traditional army of 10,000 men under his son Mahfuz Khan.
The Battle at Adyar: To defend their prize, a tiny French force comprising roughly 700 European soldiers and 300 highly trained Indian sepoys marched out to face the Nawab’s massive cavalry on the banks of the Adyar River at St. Thome in 1746.
Military Revolution: The battle was a stunning shock to Indian military tradition. The French utilized rapid-firing artillery and disciplined infantry squares to utterly destroy the Nawab’s massive army in hours. It conclusively proved that a tiny, well-disciplined European-style force could easily obliterate massive, traditional Indian armies, changing the course of colonial conquest.

📌 Literature • Women’s History

Q.19) Who authored the 1927 book ‘Mother India’, which drew international attention to the women’s question in India?

Ans > Katherine Mayo

The Author’s Motive: Katherine Mayo was a highly conservative American historian and author. She traveled to India in the 1920s with the explicit, heavily biased agenda of highlighting the worst social evils of the country to actively justify the continuation of British colonial rule and argue against Indian self-governance.
Content of the Book: Published in 1927, Mother India heavily sensationalized and viciously attacked Indian society, religion, and culture. It focused overwhelmingly on the horrific plight of Indian women, highlighting issues like rampant child marriage, premature maternity, untouchability, and unsanitary conditions, while completely ignoring any positive aspects or the devastating impact of British economic exploitation.
The Indian Reaction: The publication caused massive, unified outrage across the Indian political spectrum. Mahatma Gandhi famously dismissed it as a “drain inspector’s report” because it only looked at the filth, yet he pragmatically acknowledged that it highlighted real, deeply rooted social issues that Indians needed to reform internally.
Global Impact: The book forced Indian nationalists onto the defensive on the global stage. However, it inadvertently acted as a catalyst, heavily accelerating internal social reform movements. The outrage directly fueled the push for legislation like the Sarda Act (Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929) to prove India’s capacity for progressive self-reform.

📌 Mughal Administration • Society

Q.20) Which important class of the Mughal empire was composed of people who were assigned large jagirs and mansabs?

Ans > The Nobility

Core of the Empire: The nobility (often referred to as the Umara) formed the absolute administrative, military, and political backbone of the Mughal Empire. They were a highly diverse, meritocratic elite comprising Turanis, Iranis, Afghans, Rajput chieftains, and Indian Muslims, managing a vast decentralized state directly on behalf of the Emperor.
The Mansab System: Structuring this nobility was the genius Mansabdari system, formalized by Emperor Akbar. Every single noble was assigned a dual ‘mansab’ (rank)—the Zat (indicating personal status and salary) and the Sawar (indicating the exact number of armed cavalrymen they were mandated to maintain for the state’s military).
Jagirs as Payment: Instead of being paid in direct cash from the central treasury, the vast majority of these nobles were paid through ‘jagirs’. A jagir was a temporary, transferable right to collect the land revenue from a specific geographic area, equal to their salary, without holding any permanent, hereditary ownership of the land itself.
Crisis in the Later Empire: By the reign of Aurangzeb, the massive expansion of the empire led to a severe shortage of profitable jagirs (the famous Jagirdari crisis). Desperate nobles began extracting maximum, ruinous revenue from their temporary holdings, severely impoverishing the peasantry and sparking the massive agrarian revolts (like the Jats and Satnamis) that ultimately ruined the empire.

📌 Bengal Nawabs • Succession

Q.21) In 1727, Murshid Kuli Khan was succeeded as the Nawab of Bengal by his son-in-law. What was his name?

Ans > Shuja-ud-din

Murshid Kuli Khan’s Legacy: Serving initially as the Diwan and later as the Subahdar, Murshid Kuli Khan brilliantly transitioned Bengal from a mere Mughal province into a practically independent, highly prosperous dynastic state by streamlining revenue collection and shifting the capital to Murshidabad.
The Succession Crisis: Upon his deathbed in 1727, having no male heir, Murshid Kuli Khan explicitly nominated his grandson, Sarfaraz Khan, to succeed him. However, his highly ambitious son-in-law, Shuja-ud-din Muhammad Khan (Sarfaraz’s father), marched on Murshidabad with a massive army and seized the throne without bloodshed.
Shuja-ud-din’s Rule: Shuja-ud-din was officially recognized by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah. His reign was marked by relative peace and massive territorial expansion. He divided Bengal into four distinct administrative zones and significantly expanded his domain by annexing the province of Bihar into the Bengal Subah in 1733.
End of the Lineage: Upon his death in 1739, his son Sarfaraz Khan did eventually succeed him. However, Sarfaraz proved to be an incompetent ruler and was quickly overthrown and killed in the Battle of Giria (1740) by the highly ambitious deputy governor of Bihar, Alivardi Khan, establishing a new ruling dynasty.

📌 Paika Rebellion • Leaders

Q.22) Who was the last Raja of Khurda, who actively supported Bakshi Jagabandhu during the Paika Rebellion of 1817?

Ans > Mukunda Deva

Who were the Paikas?: The Paikas were the traditional, fiercely loyal landed militia of Odisha. For generations, they served the Gajapati kings of Khurda as a warrior class, enjoying vast, rent-free lands (nishkar jagirs) in direct exchange for their hereditary military service to the throne.
British Exploitation: After the EIC conquered Odisha in 1803, they radically altered the agrarian landscape. The British stripped the Paikas of their ancestral lands, imposed ruinously high land taxes payable only in silver, and ruthlessly monopolized the local salt trade, utterly devastating the local economy and causing mass starvation.
The Uprising: Driven to absolute desperation, the Paikas violently rebelled in 1817. Led by the brilliant military tactician Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, the former supreme commander of the Khurda forces, the Paikas systematically attacked British symbols of power, burning down police stations, treasuries, and administrative offices across the region.
Role of the Raja: Mukunda Deva II, the last reigning Raja of Khurda, though largely stripped of his political power by the British, provided crucial symbolic leadership and secret support to the rebellion. The British quickly arrested him, exiled him to Puri, and eventually suppressed the fierce uprising by 1818 through overwhelming military force.

📌 South Indian History • Administration

Q.23) In the context of pre-colonial South Indian society, what was the term for the hereditary village police office with specified rights and responsibilities?

Ans > Kaval

Pre-colonial Policing: Unlike modern, highly centralized police departments, pre-colonial South Indian villages and towns relied entirely on decentralized, community-based, hereditary watchmen systems to maintain strict local law, order, and property security.
Duties of the Kavalkar: The Kaval (or Kavalkar) system was a highly structured institution. These guards patrolled at night, tracked down thieves, and were uniquely held legally and financially responsible for fully compensating victims if they failed to recover stolen property within their jurisdiction.
Remuneration System: The Kavalkars were not paid cash salaries by a distant state treasury. Instead, they were directly supported by the community, receiving a fixed share of the village harvest (known as kaval-kanikkai) and holding tax-free lands as compensation for their dangerous duties.
British Dismantling: When the EIC took power, they viewed the highly independent Kavalkars as a direct threat to their total monopoly on violence and revenue. The British systematically criminalized the Kavalkars, labeling them as extortionists, and aggressively replaced them with a corrupt, heavily centralized colonial police force, deeply disrupting village harmony.

📌 Poligar Rebellion • Betrayals

Q.24) During the Poligar Rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was betrayed by Ettappan, who was the Raja of which region?

Ans > Pudukottai

The Poligar System: The Poligars (or Palayakkarars) were powerful feudal lords in southern India who acted as independent military chieftains and primary revenue collectors. Following the decline of the Nayaks, they fiercely resisted EIC attempts to demilitarize them and tax them directly.
Kattabomman’s Defiance: Veerapandiya Kattabomman, the brave Poligar of Panchalankurichi, became a massive symbol of resistance. He flatly refused to pay taxes to the British East India Company, famously humiliating the arrogant EIC collector Colin Jackson during a tense meeting.
The First Polygar War (1799): To crush this defiance, the British dispatched a massive, heavily armed expedition under Major Bannerman. Kattabomman fought brilliantly and bravely, but after his fort was breached by superior artillery, he was forced to flee deep into the surrounding jungles.
Betrayal and Execution: Seeking desperate refuge, Kattabomman approached the Raja of Pudukottai, Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (often referred to generically as ‘Ettappan’ in Tamil folklore as a synonym for traitor). The Raja betrayed him, capturing and handing him over to the British. Kattabomman was publicly hanged at Kayathar in 1799, cementing his legacy as an immortal martyr.

📌 Civil Uprisings • Economic Policies

Q.25) The 1840s Surat Salt Agitations were a reaction to the government’s step to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Ans > One rupee

Importance of Salt: Salt has historically been a highly sensitive and absolutely essential dietary commodity in India, especially for the poorest classes working in extreme heat. The British EIC held a strict, highly lucrative monopoly on its production and sale.
The 1844 Tax Hike: In an attempt to brutally maximize revenue and compensate for the abolition of certain transit duties, the British Bombay government abruptly decided to double the salt tax, raising it from 50 paise (half a rupee) to a staggering one rupee per maund.
The Massive Uprising: The city of Surat erupted in absolute fury. A massive crowd of over 30,000 people besieged the local magistrate’s court, violently attacked government properties, and initiated a complete, crippling strike that paralyzed the entire city’s trade network.
British Capitulation: Fearing that the riots would quickly escalate into a full-scale armed rebellion across the entire province, and realizing the catastrophic economic damage of the total strike, the heavily pressured government was forced to completely withdraw the enhanced tax, marking a rare, massive victory for civil resistance.

📌 Gadkari Revolt • Forts

Q.26) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844, were garrisoned in the Maratha forts of Samangarh and which other fort?

Ans > Bhudargarh

Identity of the Gadkaris: The Gadkaris were fiercely loyal, traditional hereditary garrison guards stationed in the massive, impregnable hill forts of the Maratha Empire, particularly concentrated in the Kolhapur region. They were paid via tax-free land grants for their military service.
British Intervention: Following a minor succession dispute, the British took direct, aggressive administrative control of the Kolhapur state. They appointed a minister, Daji Krishna Pandit, who immediately slashed the Gadkaris’ traditional land rights, disbanded their units, and left them entirely unemployed.
Outbreak of Rebellion: Furious at this brutal economic displacement and loss of honor, the Gadkaris rose in massive armed revolt in 1844. Utilizing their intimate knowledge of the terrain, they rapidly captured the highly strategic and heavily fortified mountain forts of Samangarh and Bhudargarh, establishing a parallel government.
Suppression: The British viewed this as a massive threat. They had to mobilize a massive, specialized military force, utilizing heavy siege artillery to finally breach the mountain forts, subduing the fierce resistance only after prolonged, bloody fighting extending into 1845.

📌 Socio-Religious Movements • Tribal

Q.27) The founder of the Pagal Panthis, a semi-religious group of the Hajong and Garo tribes, was whom?

Ans > Karam Shah

Origin of the Sect: The Pagal Panthi movement was a highly syncretic socio-religious sect founded in the Mymensingh district of northern Bengal by Karam Shah. The sect uniquely blended mystical Sufi Islam with the local, ancient animist tribal traditions of the oppressed Garo and Hajong people.
Transition to Rebellion: While Karam Shah focused entirely on religious egalitarianism and spiritual equality, his son and successor, Tipu Shah, radically transformed the sect into a highly militant agrarian defense force, fighting against the crushing taxation of local Hindu zamindars and British revenue policies.
The 1825 Uprising: The movement peaked in 1825 when Tipu Shah organized a massive armed uprising. He essentially declared himself the independent ruler of the region, captured local British magistrates, and violently established his own parallel administration and tax collection system to protect the peasants.
Crushing the Movement: The British administration responded with severe, overwhelming military force to crush the parallel government. Tipu Shah was eventually captured and imprisoned in 1833, but sporadic, fierce tribal resistance in the region continued to simmer for another decade.

📌 East India Company • Corporate History

Q.28) The English East India Company merged with a rival company formed by Sir William Courteen in 1657. What was this rival company later called?

Ans > Assada company

Early EIC Monopoly: The London East India Company (EIC) enjoyed a strict, highly lucrative royal monopoly on all English trade in Asia, originally granted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600, allowing them to dictate prices without domestic competition.
Courteen’s Association: In 1635, King Charles I, desperately needing money, blatantly broke this monopoly. He granted a rival trading license to a syndicate led by Sir William Courteen. This rogue group eventually established a major trading base on Assada Island, located near Madagascar.
Corporate Warfare: The newly formed Assada Company engaged in highly aggressive trade and outright piracy against Mughal ships, deeply damaging the original EIC’s profits, diplomatic standing, and reputation in crucial Indian ports like Surat, nearly ruining English trade in the region.
Cromwell’s Intervention: To stop this ruinous, chaotic competition that was destroying English leverage in India, Oliver Cromwell issued a decisive new charter in 1657. It forcefully mandated the rival factions to merge into a single, highly unified joint-stock corporation, securing long-term British commercial dominance.

📌 Historical Accounts • Missionaries

Q.29) Which missionary bishop’s journal provided useful information on the socio-economic life of India during the decline of the Indian powers?

Ans > Bishop Heber

The Author: Reginald Heber was the highly educated Anglican Bishop of Calcutta, serving from 1823 until his sudden death in 1826. During his tenure, he undertook a massive, grueling, multi-year journey across vast stretches of northern, central, and southern India.
Objective Observation: Unlike purely bureaucratic colonial administrators who only saw revenue figures, Heber was highly observant and relatively sympathetic to the Indian populace. His detailed diaries vividly captured the daily lives, struggles, and culture of both the fallen elites and the poorest peasants.
A Society in Transition: His writings perfectly document the chaotic, violent transition period where central Mughal authority had completely collapsed, the Marathas had just been defeated, and British paramountcy was being ruthlessly established across the subcontinent.
Historical Value: His posthumously published book, “Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India,” is heavily utilized by modern historians to understand early 19th-century Indian architecture, complex religious practices, economic devastation, and the deep psychological impact of rapid British conquest.

📌 Anglo-Sikh Wars • Treaties

Q.30) After the First Anglo-Sikh War, Kashmir was sold to Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees. This transfer was formalized by a separate treaty on March 16, 1846. What was the preceding treaty that facilitated this?

Ans > Treaty of Lahore

Fall of the Sikh Empire: Following the death of the great Maharaja Ranjit Singh, intense internal chaos and court intrigues led directly to the First Anglo-Sikh War, ending in a crushing, bloody defeat for the mighty Khalsa army at the Battle of Sobraon.
Treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846): The victorious British imposed brutal, punitive terms on the child ruler Duleep Singh. The treaty demanded a massive war indemnity of 1.5 crore rupees, a severe reduction of the Sikh army, and the placement of a powerful British Resident in Lahore.
Inability to Pay: The exhausted Sikh treasury could only muster 50 lakhs in cash. As compensation for the remaining 1 crore, the British ruthlessly confiscated the highly valuable, resource-rich provinces of Kashmir and Hazara from the Sikh Empire.
Treaty of Amritsar (March 16, 1846): Just a week later, seeking a reliable ally on the frontier and quick cash, the British sold the entire Kashmir valley to Gulab Singh (a powerful Dogra noble of the Sikh court) for exactly 75 lakh Nanakshahi rupees, permanently separating Kashmir from Punjab and establishing the Dogra dynasty.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 12

Movements & Rebellions: Kuka leader Ram Singh exiled to Rangoon; Chuar rebel Subla Singh fought EIC; Gadkaris seized Bhudargarh.
British Tribal Policy: Pahariyas appeased by Augustus Cleveland (later killed by Tilka Manjhi).
Treaties & Expansion: Treaty of Yandabo placed Resident at Ava; Lord Minto pacified Haryana Jats; Tripartite Treaty controlled Sindh.
Maratha Resistance: Yashwantrao Holkar attempted coalition; Col. Goddard captured Ahmedabad; Peshwa forced to sign Treaty of Poona (1817).
Bengal Dynamics: Shuja-ud-din succeeded Murshid Kuli Khan; Indigo Revolt protested European planters; ‘Black Hole’ cited 123 deaths.
European Rivals: Francois Caron built first French factory at Surat; Shaista Khan allowed French at Chandernagore; Assada Company merged with EIC (1657).
South Indian Unrest: Kaval system maintained order; Poligar Kattabomman betrayed by Raja of Pudukottai.
Civil Uprisings: Surat successfully protested Bengal Weights (1848) and massive Salt Duty hikes (1840s).
Social Commentary: Katherine Mayo wrote controversial ‘Mother India’; Bishop Heber documented Indian decline.

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Modern History Set 12

Q.1) During the Kuka Movement, prominent leader Baba Ram Singh was deported to which city in 1872?

Q.2) Which tribal group did the British attempt to pacify in the 1780s by giving their chiefs an annual allowance to ensure good conduct?

Q.3) During the Chuar Rebellion of 1771, which sardar of Kaliapal rose in rebellion alongside Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj?

Q.4) The 1859-60 peasant uprising in Bengal against European planters forcing the cultivation of a specific dye crop was called what?

Q.5) Which 19th-century British Governor General advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars in the Haryana region, leading to the capture of Bhiwani?

Q.6) In 1848, the Surat population successfully resorted to passive resistance to force the government to withdraw the introduction of what?

Q.7) The British established a permanent garrison at which pass to guard against tribal uprisings following the Durand Agreement?

Q.8) According to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the Government of Burma agreed to accept a British resident at which capital city?

Q.9) In 1838, under Lord Auckland’s Forward Policy, the British persuaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh to sign a Tripartite Treaty to mediate his disputes with the Amirs of which region?

Q.10) Which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 during the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Q.11) In 1804, which Maratha leader made an unsuccessful attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers to fight against the English?

Q.12) The Treaty of Poona was signed in June 1817 with which Maratha leader?

Q.13) Which British official introduced a policy of “pacification” towards the Pahariyas in the 1780s, but was reportedly shot by Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Q.14) The ‘Black Hole Tragedy’ is reported to have resulted in the deaths of how many English persons out of the 146 imprisoned?

Q.15) In 1682, which English agent appealed to the Mughal governor Shaista Khan for redressal of grievances, eventually leading to hostilities in Bengal?

Q.16) Which French explorer was sent on an expedition to India in 1667 and successfully set up a factory in Surat?

Q.17) In 1673, the French obtained permission to establish a township at Chandernagore from which Mughal subahdar?

Q.18) During the First Carnatic War, Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic, was defeated by the French at the Battle of St. Thome located on the banks of which river?

Q.19) Who authored the 1927 book ‘Mother India’, which drew international attention to the women’s question in India?

Q.20) Which important class of the Mughal empire was composed of people who were assigned large jagirs and mansabs?

Q.21) In 1727, Murshid Kuli Khan was succeeded as the Nawab of Bengal by his son-in-law. What was his name?

Q.22) Who was the last Raja of Khurda, who actively supported Bakshi Jagabandhu during the Paika Rebellion of 1817?

Q.23) In the context of pre-colonial South Indian society, what was the term for the hereditary village police office with specified rights and responsibilities?

Q.24) During the Poligar Rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was betrayed by Ettappan, who was the Raja of which region?

Q.25) The 1840s Surat Salt Agitations were a reaction to the government’s step to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Q.26) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844, were garrisoned in the Maratha forts of Samangarh and which other fort?

Q.27) The founder of the Pagal Panthis, a semi-religious group of the Hajong and Garo tribes, was whom?

Q.28) The English East India Company merged with a rival company formed by Sir William Courteen in 1657. What was this rival company later called?

Q.29) Which missionary bishop’s journal provided useful information on the socio-economic life of India during the decline of the Indian powers?

Q.30) After the First Anglo-Sikh War, Kashmir was sold to Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees. This transfer was formalized by a separate treaty on March 16, 1846. What was the preceding treaty that facilitated this?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 12

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Q.1) During the Kuka Movement, prominent leader Baba Ram Singh was deported to which city in 1872?

Q.2) Which tribal group did the British attempt to pacify in the 1780s by giving their chiefs an annual allowance to ensure good conduct?

Q.3) During the Chuar Rebellion of 1771, which sardar of Kaliapal rose in rebellion alongside Shyam Ganjan and Dubraj?

Q.4) The 1859-60 peasant uprising in Bengal against European planters forcing the cultivation of a specific dye crop was called what?

Q.5) Which 19th-century British Governor General advised military action against the Jats and Ranghars in the Haryana region, leading to the capture of Bhiwani?

Q.6) In 1848, the Surat population successfully resorted to passive resistance to force the government to withdraw the introduction of what?

Q.7) The British established a permanent garrison at which pass to guard against tribal uprisings following the Durand Agreement?

Q.8) According to the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), the Government of Burma agreed to accept a British resident at which capital city?

Q.9) In 1838, under Lord Auckland’s Forward Policy, the British persuaded Maharaja Ranjit Singh to sign a Tripartite Treaty to mediate his disputes with the Amirs of which region?

Q.10) Which British commander captured Ahmedabad in February 1779 during the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Q.11) In 1804, which Maratha leader made an unsuccessful attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers to fight against the English?

Q.12) The Treaty of Poona was signed in June 1817 with which Maratha leader?

Q.13) Which British official introduced a policy of “pacification” towards the Pahariyas in the 1780s, but was reportedly shot by Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Q.14) The ‘Black Hole Tragedy’ is reported to have resulted in the deaths of how many English persons out of the 146 imprisoned?

Q.15) In 1682, which English agent appealed to the Mughal governor Shaista Khan for redressal of grievances, eventually leading to hostilities in Bengal?

Q.16) Which French explorer was sent on an expedition to India in 1667 and successfully set up a factory in Surat?

Q.17) In 1673, the French obtained permission to establish a township at Chandernagore from which Mughal subahdar?

Q.18) During the First Carnatic War, Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic, was defeated by the French at the Battle of St. Thome located on the banks of which river?

Q.19) Who authored the 1927 book ‘Mother India’, which drew international attention to the women’s question in India?

Q.20) Which important class of the Mughal empire was composed of people who were assigned large jagirs and mansabs?

Q.21) In 1727, Murshid Kuli Khan was succeeded as the Nawab of Bengal by his son-in-law. What was his name?

Q.22) Who was the last Raja of Khurda, who actively supported Bakshi Jagabandhu during the Paika Rebellion of 1817?

Q.23) In the context of pre-colonial South Indian society, what was the term for the hereditary village police office with specified rights and responsibilities?

Q.24) During the Poligar Rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was betrayed by Ettappan, who was the Raja of which region?

Q.25) The 1840s Surat Salt Agitations were a reaction to the government’s step to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Q.26) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844, were garrisoned in the Maratha forts of Samangarh and which other fort?

Q.27) The founder of the Pagal Panthis, a semi-religious group of the Hajong and Garo tribes, was whom?

Q.28) The English East India Company merged with a rival company formed by Sir William Courteen in 1657. What was this rival company later called?

Q.29) Which missionary bishop’s journal provided useful information on the socio-economic life of India during the decline of the Indian powers?

Q.30) After the First Anglo-Sikh War, Kashmir was sold to Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees. This transfer was formalized by a separate treaty on March 16, 1846. What was the preceding treaty that facilitated this?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 12

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