Polity Set 55 | MROY Class

Indian Polity Set 55 Questions & Answers

Part VII of the Constitution was deleted by which Amendment Act? – 7th Amendment Act (1956)
Part VIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – The Union Territories
Part IX of the Indian Constitution, titled “The Panchayats,” covers which Articles? – 243 to 243-O
Part IX-A of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – The Municipalities
Part IX-B of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – The Co-operative Societies
Part X of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Part XI of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – Relations between the Union and the States
Part XII of the Indian Constitution covers Articles 264 to 300-A. What is its subject matter? – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Part XIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India
Part XIV of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – Services under the Union and the States
Part XIV-A of the Indian Constitution, titled “Tribunals,” covers which Articles? – 323-A to 323-B
Part XV of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – Elections
Part XVI of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – Special Provisions relating to Certain Classes
Part XVII of the Indian Constitution covers Articles 343 to 351. What is its subject matter? – Official Language
Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter? – Emergency Provisions
Part XIX of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – Miscellaneous
Part XX of the Indian Constitution covers Article 368. What is its subject matter? – Amendment of the Constitution
Part XXI of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following? – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Part XXII of the Indian Constitution covers which Articles? – 393 to 395
Which Part of the Constitution contains the “Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals”? – Part XXII
Part IX-A, dealing with the Municipalities, was added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act? – 74th Amendment Act (1992)
Part IX-B, dealing with The Co-operative Societies, was added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act? – 97th Amendment Act (2011)
Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) and Part XIV-A (Tribunals) were both added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act? – 42nd Amendment Act (1976)
Which Article specifies the Name and territory of the Union? – Article 1
Which Article deals with the Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states? – Article 3
Which Article deals with laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights? – Article 13
Which Article provides for “Equality before law”? – Article 14
Which Article ensures “Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment”? – Article 16
Which Article mandates the “Abolition of untouchability”? – Article 17
Which Article deals with the “Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.”? – Article 19

MROY Class

Polity Set 55

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📌 Indian Polity • Parts of Constitution

Q.1) Part VII of the Constitution, which dealt with “The States in Part B of the First Schedule,” was deleted by which Amendment Act?

Ans > 7th Amendment Act (1956)

Historical State Classification: The original Constitution classified states into four distinct categories: Part A, B, C, and D. Part B states were primarily former princely states governed by a Rajpramukh rather than a standard Governor.
Linguistic Reorganization: The 7th Amendment Act of 1956 was enacted to implement the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission. It aimed to organize the borders of Indian states strictly along linguistic lines to reduce administrative friction.
Abolition of Part B: This amendment completely abolished the archaic distinction between Part A and Part B states, leading to the deletion of Part VII (Article 238) which exclusively dealt with princely states like Hyderabad and Mysore.
Creation of New Framework: Instead of the old ABCD classification, the amendment introduced a streamlined system comprising 14 linguistic States and 6 Union Territories, vastly simplifying the political and geographic map of the Republic of India.

📌 Indian Polity • Parts of Constitution

Q.2) Part VIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > The Union Territories

Constitutional Evolution: Originally, the areas that are now designated as Union Territories were classified as Part C and Part D states. The 7th Amendment in 1956 reshaped them into the modern Union Territories framework under Part VIII.
Direct Federal Control: Union Territories are directly administered by the Central Government through an administrator or Lieutenant Governor appointed by the President of India. They do not possess the same federal autonomy as regular Indian states.
Special Administrative Provisions: While most UTs are directly ruled, some like Delhi and Puducherry have been granted a partial statehood structure with their own legislative assemblies and Chief Ministers, though their powers remain restricted.
National Capital Status: Part VIII encompasses Articles 239 to 242. Article 239AA is highly significant as it grants special constitutional status to Delhi, designating it formally as the National Capital Territory with unique administrative arrangements.

📌 Indian Polity • Local Governance

Q.3) Part IX of the Indian Constitution, titled “The Panchayats,” covers which Articles?

Ans > 243 to 243-O

Democratic Decentralization: Part IX was inserted by the 73rd Amendment to institutionalize grassroots democracy in rural India. It gave constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions, moving them from a mere directive principle to an enforceable structure.
Three-Tier System: Article 243B mandates a strict three-tier system of Panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels. States with a population under 20 lakhs are granted an exemption and may skip the intermediate level.
Mandatory Reservation System: Article 243D guarantees the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population. Crucially, it reserves at least one-third of the total seats exclusively for women candidates.
State Finance Commission: Article 243-I provides for the establishment of a State Finance Commission every five years. This body reviews the financial position of the Panchayats and recommends revenue-sharing mechanisms to ensure they remain adequately funded.

📌 Indian Polity • Local Governance

Q.4) Part IX-A of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > The Municipalities

Urban Local Governance: Part IX-A was introduced via the 74th Amendment Act to strengthen and institutionalize urban local governance in India. It aims to ensure regular elections and prevent arbitrary supersession by state governments.
Three Types of Municipalities: Article 243Q provides for three specific types of municipalities: Nagar Panchayats for transitional areas, Municipal Councils for smaller urban areas, and Municipal Corporations for large urban areas like metropolitan cities.
District Planning Committees: A unique feature of this Part is Article 243ZD, which mandates the creation of a District Planning Committee. It consolidates plans prepared by both rural Panchayats and urban Municipalities into a unified district development plan.
Wards Committees: Article 243S mandates the constitution of Wards Committees consisting of one or more wards within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more, ensuring localized representation for citizens.

📌 Indian Polity • Parts of Constitution

Q.5) Part IX-B of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > The Co-operative Societies

Constitutional Protection: Added by the 97th Amendment in 2011, Part IX-B grants constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies, recognizing their crucial role in the socio-economic development of the country, especially in agriculture.
Democratic Board Control: It ensures that co-operative societies function democratically, professionally, and autonomously. It sets strict rules for board elections, capping the maximum number of directors at twenty-one to maintain operational efficiency and prevent monopolies.
Fundamental Right Synergy: The insertion of Part IX-B coincided with a crucial amendment to Article 19(1)(c), explicitly making the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right alongside forming standard associations or trade unions.
Mandatory Annual Audit: To prevent corruption and ensure total financial transparency, Article 243ZM makes it mandatory for every co-operative society to have its accounts audited at least once a year by a qualified, state-approved auditor.

📌 Indian Polity • Scheduled Areas

Q.6) Part X of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Fifth Schedule Administration: Part X applies to Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule, empowering the state Governor to modify central or state laws to protect indigenous populations and their ancestral lands from external exploitation.
Sixth Schedule Autonomy: It also encompasses the Sixth Schedule, providing immense autonomy to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram through the creation of powerful Autonomous District Councils with separate legislative and judicial powers.
Executive Power Extension: The executive power of the Union government explicitly extends to giving directions to the respective State governments regarding the administration of these Scheduled Areas, ensuring federal oversight over tribal welfare and development.
Tribes Advisory Councils: Article 244 mandates the mandatory establishment of a Tribes Advisory Council in states with Scheduled Areas. Consisting of up to twenty members, they advise the Governor on matters pertaining to indigenous advancement.

📌 Indian Polity • Federalism

Q.7) Part XI of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > Relations between the Union and the States

Legislative and Executive Division: Part XI spans Articles 245 to 263 and is divided into two primary chapters: Legislative Relations and Administrative Relations. It forms the core structural backbone of Indian federalism.
The Three Lists: Article 246 within this part introduces the Seventh Schedule, which meticulously divides legislative powers into the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, dictating exactly which government can legislate on specific subjects.
Residuary Powers: Article 248 grants all residuary powers of legislation to the Union Parliament. If a subject matter is not explicitly mentioned in any of the three lists, only the Central Government holds the power to make laws regarding it.
Inter-State Council: To ensure administrative harmony, Article 263 authorizes the President to establish an Inter-State Council. This body is designed to investigate disputes between states and advise on better coordination of federal policies.

📌 Indian Polity • Finance

Q.8) Part XII of the Indian Constitution covers Articles 264 to 300-A. What is its subject matter?

Ans > Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits

Taxation and Revenue Sharing: Part XII outlines the complex financial relationship between the Centre and States. It details which taxes are levied by the Centre but collected by States, and which are collected by the Centre and shared.
Consolidated and Contingency Funds: It formally establishes the Consolidated Fund of India (where all revenues go) and the Contingency Fund of India (used for unforeseen emergencies), mandating strict parliamentary approval for the withdrawal of any public money.
The Finance Commission: Article 280 mandates the President to constitute a Finance Commission every five years. This body is critical as it recommends the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Union and the various state governments.
Right to Property Integration: Following the 44th Amendment Act, the fundamental right to property was abolished, and Article 300-A was inserted into Part XII, reducing the right to property to a mere legal and constitutional right.

📌 Indian Polity • Trade

Q.9) Part XIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India

Economic Unity of India: Part XIII (Articles 301 to 307) aims to ensure that the entire territory of India functions as a single unified economic market, free from internal barriers that could hinder inter-state commerce.
Freedom of Trade: Article 301 explicitly declares that trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be completely free, subject only to specific restrictions outlined in the subsequent articles of this Part.
Parliamentary Restrictions: Article 302 empowers the Parliament to impose restrictions on the freedom of trade between one state and another if it is required in the public interest, preventing regional monopolies or supply shortages.
Non-Discrimination Clause: Article 303 prohibits both Parliament and State legislatures from making any law that discriminates between one state and another in matters of trade, ensuring a level economic playing field across the republic.

📌 Indian Polity • Public Services

Q.10) Part XIV of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > Services under the Union and the States

All India Services: Part XIV governs the recruitment and conditions of service for persons serving the Union or a State. It includes Article 312, which empowers Parliament to create new All-India Services, like the IAS and IPS, common to both tiers.
Doctrine of Pleasure: Article 310 incorporates the English ‘doctrine of pleasure,’ stating that civil servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or the Governor, though this is heavily regulated by constitutional safeguards.
Protection Against Arbitrary Dismissal: Article 311 provides vital constitutional safeguards to civil servants, ensuring they cannot be dismissed by an authority subordinate to the one that appointed them, and guaranteeing them a fair opportunity to defend themselves.
Public Service Commissions: Articles 315 to 323 mandate the establishment of an independent Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) at the federal level and State Public Service Commissions (SPSC) to ensure merit-based, non-partisan recruitment.

📌 Indian Polity • Tribunals

Q.11) Part XIV-A of the Indian Constitution, titled “Tribunals,” covers which Articles?

Ans > 323-A to 323-B

Swaran Singh Committee Origins: Part XIV-A was added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. It aimed to reduce the massive backlog of cases in traditional high courts.
Administrative Tribunals (Article 323-A): This article exclusively authorizes the Parliament to establish administrative tribunals to resolve disputes and complaints regarding the recruitment and conditions of service of government employees.
Other Tribunals (Article 323-B): This article allows both Parliament and State legislatures to establish specialized tribunals for various other matters like taxation, foreign exchange, industrial labor disputes, and urban property rent control.
Exclusion of Court Jurisdiction: Originally, these articles sought to exclude the jurisdiction of High Courts entirely regarding tribunal matters. However, the landmark Chandra Kumar case (1997) ruled that tribunals are subject to the judicial review of High Courts.

📌 Indian Polity • Elections

Q.12) Part XV of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > Elections

Independent Election Machinery: Part XV (Articles 324 to 329) establishes an independent, centralized Election Commission to ensure free and fair elections, shielding the electoral process from executive interference.
Universal Adult Suffrage: Article 326 is a cornerstone of Indian democracy, guaranteeing the right to vote (universal adult suffrage) to every Indian citizen above the age of 18 without discrimination based on religion, race, caste, or sex.
Single Electoral Roll: Article 325 strictly prohibits the creation of separate communal electorates. It mandates that there shall be one general electoral roll for every territorial constituency, promoting a unified secular democratic process.
Bar on Judicial Interference: Article 329 creates a legal bar preventing traditional civil courts from interfering in electoral matters once the election process has formally begun, ensuring that elections are not infinitely stalled by litigation.

📌 Indian Polity • Special Provisions

Q.13) Part XVI of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > Special Provisions relating to Certain Classes

Political Reservation: Part XVI provides for the reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) to ensure adequate political representation for historically marginalized communities.
Anglo-Indian Representation: Originally, Articles 331 and 333 allowed the President and Governors to nominate members of the Anglo-Indian community to legislatures if underrepresented. The 104th Amendment Act recently abolished this specific reservation.
National Commissions: This part establishes powerful constitutional bodies: The National Commission for SCs (Article 338), the National Commission for STs (Article 338A), and the National Commission for Backward Classes (Article 338B) to safeguard community interests.
Presidential Power of Designation: Articles 341 and 342 grant the President of India the exclusive power to officially notify and specify which specific castes, races, or tribes shall be legally recognized as SCs or STs in various states.

📌 Indian Polity • Official Language

Q.14) Part XVII of the Indian Constitution covers Articles 343 to 351. What is its subject matter?

Ans > Official Language

Union Language Declaration: Article 343 officially declares Hindi written in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Union government, while maintaining the international form of Indian numerals for official federal purposes.
English as Co-Official: Recognizing linguistic diversity, the Constitution initially allowed the use of English alongside Hindi for all official purposes for a period of 15 years, which was later extended indefinitely by the Official Languages Act.
Language of Courts: Article 348 dictates that until Parliament legislates otherwise, all proceedings in the Supreme Court and every High Court, as well as the authoritative texts of all Bills and Acts, must be strictly in English.
Directive for Hindi Development: Article 351 serves as a unique directive principle, mandating the Union government to promote the spread of the Hindi language and develop it to serve as a medium of expression for India’s composite culture.

📌 Indian Polity • Emergency

Q.15) Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution deals with which subject matter?

Ans > Emergency Provisions

Transformation to Unitary System: Part XVIII allows the federal structure of India to rapidly transform into a unitary system during crises without formal constitutional amendment, granting sweeping centralized powers to the Union government.
National Emergency (Article 352): The President can declare a National Emergency if the security of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. This drastically alters federal relations and suspends specific fundamental rights.
President’s Rule (Article 356): If the President receives a report that the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution, they can impose State Emergency, dismissing the elected state government and assuming executive control.
Financial Emergency (Article 360): If the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, the President can declare a Financial Emergency, allowing the Centre to direct states on financial propriety and arbitrarily reduce government employee salaries.

📌 Indian Polity • Miscellaneous

Q.16) Part XIX of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > Miscellaneous

Immunity for Executives: Article 361 provides sweeping legal immunity to the President of India and State Governors. They are not answerable to any court for the exercise of their official duties and cannot face criminal proceedings while in office.
Treaty Exclusions: Article 363 bars courts from inquiring into disputes arising out of treaties, agreements, or covenants executed before the commencement of the Constitution by rulers of former Indian princely states.
Definition Clause: Article 366 acts as the internal dictionary of the Constitution. It provides precise legal definitions for various terms used throughout the document, such as “agricultural income,” “corporation tax,” and “Scheduled Castes.”
Major Ports and Aerodromes: Article 364 gives the President the unique power to issue notifications restricting the application of any standard federal or state law to major ports or aerodromes, ensuring vital national infrastructure remains secure.

📌 Indian Polity • Amendments

Q.17) Part XX of the Indian Constitution covers Article 368. What is its subject matter?

Ans > Amendment of the Constitution

South African Inspiration: The procedure for amending the Indian Constitution outlined in Part XX (Article 368) was heavily inspired by the Constitution of South Africa, balancing rigidity with democratic flexibility.
No State Initiation: Unlike the US system, state legislatures in India cannot initiate a bill or proposal for amending the Constitution. Such a bill can only be introduced in either house of the Union Parliament.
Special Majority Requirement: Most constitutional amendments under Article 368 require a ‘special majority’ in Parliament: a majority of the total membership of each House AND a two-thirds majority of members present and voting.
The Basic Structure Doctrine: While Article 368 gives Parliament broad amending powers, the Supreme Court ruled in the historic Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) that Parliament cannot alter or destroy the “basic structure” or core philosophy of the Constitution.

📌 Indian Polity • Temporary Provisions

Q.18) Part XXI of the Indian Constitution deals with which of the following?

Ans > Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

The Former Article 370: This part originally contained the highly debated Article 370, which granted a temporary special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir until its effective abrogation and reading down by the Union government in 2019.
Special State Protections: Articles 371 to 371-J provide highly specific, tailored administrative and legislative provisions for 12 other states (including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, and Assam) to protect local customs, land ownership, and economic development.
Transitional Governance: At the time of independence, Part XXI contained crucial transitional provisions allowing laws enacted before 1950 to remain in force and adapting the existing judicial and executive machinery to the new constitutional republic framework.
Preventive Detention Continuation: It included transitional guidelines that permitted older, pre-constitution preventive detention laws and administrative orders to persist temporarily until the newly formed democratic Parliament could enact comprehensive replacing legislation.

📌 Indian Polity • Parts of Constitution

Q.19) Part XXII of the Indian Constitution covers which Articles?

Ans > 393 to 395

The Short Title: Article 393 is incredibly brief but legally vital. It simply states that this massive legal document may be officially and succinctly cited as “The Constitution of India.”
Date of Commencement: Article 394 specifies the exact commencement date of the Constitution. While most provisions came into force on January 26, 1950 (Republic Day), a few crucial articles regarding citizenship and elections activated earlier on November 26, 1949.
Hindi Translation Authorization: Article 394A, added by the 58th Amendment Act, mandates the President to publish an authoritative translation of the Constitution in the Hindi language, granting the translated text the same legal validity as the English original.
Total Repeal of Colonial Acts: Article 395 explicitly repeals the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and the massive Government of India Act of 1935, formally cutting all legal and constitutional ties with the former British colonial framework.

📌 Indian Polity • Parts of Constitution

Q.20) Which Part of the Constitution contains the “Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals”?

Ans > Part XXII

The Final Section: Part XXII represents the very end of the main body of the Indian Constitution, housing the mechanical legal provisions necessary for the document’s enactment, transition, and linguistic authority.
Hindi Authority Amendment: The provision regarding the “Authoritative Text in Hindi” was not in the original 1950 text. It was specifically inserted in 1987 via the 58th Amendment to resolve legal disputes over translated terminology.
Abolition of the Privy Council: The repeals section (Article 395) also explicitly abolished the Jurisdiction Act of 1949, legally ending the status of the Privy Council in London as the highest court of appeal for India.
Symbolic Break from the Crown: The explicit repeal of the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in this Part signifies India’s transition from a Dominion under the British Crown to a fully sovereign, independent Republic.

📌 Indian Polity • Local Governance

Q.21) Part IX-A, dealing with the Municipalities, was added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act?

Ans > 74th Amendment Act (1992)

The Narasimha Rao Government: The 74th Amendment Act was successfully piloted and passed during the tenure of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, succeeding where previous governments (like Rajiv Gandhi’s) had failed to pass similar urban governance bills.
The Twelfth Schedule: Alongside Part IX-A, the 74th Amendment also added the Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution. This schedule enumerates 18 specific functional items, like urban planning and public health, placed within the purview of municipalities.
Financial Devolution Mechanisms: The amendment constitutionally forces state governments to empower municipalities with the authority to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees to prevent them from becoming financially crippled administrative shells.
Regular Election Cycle: The amendment guarantees a fixed five-year term for every municipality. If a state government dissolves a municipality early, it mandates that new elections must be held within six months of dissolution.

📌 Indian Polity • Co-operative Societies

Q.22) Part IX-B, dealing with The Co-operative Societies, was added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act?

Ans > 97th Amendment Act (2011)

The Manmohan Singh Era: The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted in 2011 during the UPA government under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, aiming to revitalize the stagnating co-operative sector across rural and agricultural India.
Directive Principle Addition: Besides adding Part IX-B, this amendment also inserted a new Directive Principle of State Policy (Article 43B), instructing the state to aggressively promote the voluntary formation and autonomous functioning of co-operative societies.
Partial Strike Down: In a massive 2021 judgment, the Supreme Court struck down a portion of the 97th Amendment. It ruled that Parliament lacked the competence to dictate terms for co-operatives functioning strictly within a single state, as it is a state subject.
Multi-State Validity: While state-level co-operative rules were struck down, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of Part IX-B’s provisions as they applied to “Multi-State Co-operative Societies” that operate across multiple state borders.

📌 Indian Polity • Amendments

Q.23) Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) and Part XIV-A (Tribunals) were both added to the Constitution by which Amendment Act?

Ans > 42nd Amendment Act (1976)

The Mini-Constitution: The 42nd Amendment Act, passed during the National Emergency under Indira Gandhi, is often called the “Mini-Constitution” due to the sheer volume and radical nature of the changes it introduced to the document.
Soviet Inspiration: The inclusion of Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A) was heavily inspired by the Constitution of the USSR. The Swaran Singh Committee argued that citizens must realize that rights and duties are inherently inseparable.
Original Duty Count: While the 42nd Amendment introduced 10 Fundamental Duties for citizens, the 11th duty (regarding educating children) was added much later by the 86th Amendment Act in 2002.
Tribunal Expansion Justification: The addition of Part XIV-A (Tribunals) was justified as a necessary measure to relieve the traditional High Courts of their massive case burden and allow for specialized, rapid adjudication of administrative and economic disputes.

📌 Indian Polity • Union & Territories

Q.24) Which Article specifies the Name and territory of the Union?

Ans > Article 1

The Naming Debate: Article 1(1) famously declares “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.” This phrasing was a carefully crafted compromise in the Constituent Assembly between those who favored the traditional name and those preferring the modern one.
Union vs. Federation: The drafting committee deliberately chose the word “Union” over “Federation” to emphasize that the Indian federation is not the result of an agreement among independent states, and states have no right to secede.
Territorial Classification: Article 1 classifies the territory of India into three categories: Territories of the States, Union Territories, and any other territories that may be acquired by the Government of India in the future.
First Schedule Connection: The names of the States and the Unions Territories, along with their precise territorial extents, are not detailed in Article 1 itself, but are cataloged extensively in the First Schedule of the Constitution.

📌 Indian Polity • Union & Territories