Modern History Set 78 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 78 Questions & Answers

The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was founded in 1924 in which city? – Kanpur
The famous Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was executed by members of which organization? – Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
In 1928, who was the primary driving force behind renaming the HRA to HSRA? – Chandrashekhar Azad
Bhagat Singh and associates assassinated which British police officer in Lahore in 1928? – John P. Saunders
Which revolutionary died in Lahore Central Jail in 1929 after a 63-day hunger strike? – Jatin Das
The Simon Commission was constituted in which year? – 1927
The Nehru Report (1928) recommended which primary political status for India? – Dominion Status
Which two leaders formed the ‘Independence for India League’ in opposition to the Nehru Report? – Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru
Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed his famous “Fourteen Points” in which year? – 1929
Who presided over the 1929 Lahore session where the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution was passed? – Jawaharlal Nehru
The first ‘Independence Day’ was symbolically observed on which date? – January 26, 1930
On what date did Gandhi’s Salt March (Dandi March) commence? – March 12, 1930
Who led the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu? – C. Rajagopalachari
Who led the Salt Satyagraha march from Calicut to Payyanur in Kerala? – K. Kelappan
The ‘Red Shirts’ in the North-West Frontier Province were organized by whom? – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Who led the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works following Gandhi’s arrest? – Abbas Tyabji and Sarojini Naidu
Which 13-year-old Naga leader raised the banner of revolt in Manipur? – Rani Gaidinliu
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on which date? – March 5, 1931
Who presided over the 1931 Karachi session of the Indian National Congress? – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Gandhi traveled to London in 1931 to attend which event? – Second Round Table Conference
The ‘Communal Award’ was announced in 1932 by which British Prime Minister? – Ramsay MacDonald
Who signed the Poona Pact of 1932 on behalf of the depressed classes? – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
The Poona Pact replaced separate electorates for depressed classes with what? – Reserved seats within joint electorates
In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi founded which organization to eradicate untouchability? – Harijan Sevak Sangh
Discussions at the Third Round Table Conference led to which legislation? – Government of India Act 1935
The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded in 1934 by whom? – Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra Dev
The Communist Party of India (CPI) was established on Indian soil in 1925 in which city? – Kanpur
The 1929 massive crackdown on communist leaders was called what? – Meerut Conspiracy Case
The AITUC underwent its first major split in 1929 in which city? – Nagpur
The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was masterminded by whom? – Surya Sen (Masterda)

MROY Class

Modern History Set 78

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📌 Modern History • Revolutionary Movements

Q.1) The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), a revolutionary organization aiming to establish a federal republic of the United States of India, was founded in 1924 in which city?

Ans > Kanpur

Formation and Context: The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was officially founded in October 1924 in Kanpur, United Provinces. Its formation was a direct ideological response to Mahatma Gandhi’s sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement following the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922. Many young nationalists felt highly disillusioned by the withdrawal and believed that non-violence alone could not uproot the deeply entrenched British imperial machinery.
Key Founders and Manifesto: The organization was spearheaded by prominent, militant revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil, Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Shachindra Nath Bakshi. Sachindra Nath Sanyal famously penned the HRA’s powerful manifesto titled ‘The Revolutionary,’ which was covertly but widely distributed across North India to awaken the youth.
Core Objectives: The ultimate aim of the HRA was not merely to terrorize the British administration through isolated violence, but to establish a “Federal Republic of the United States of India” through a highly organized, sustained armed rebellion. They sought a democratic system based on universal suffrage and the complete abolition of all systems that allowed the exploitation of man by man.

📌 Modern History • Revolutionary Movements

Q.2) The famous Kakori Train Robbery of 1925, carried out to fund revolutionary activities, was executed by members of which organization?

Ans > Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

Financial Motivation and Planning: The Kakori Train Robbery, executed on August 9, 1925, was a meticulously planned operation by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). The primary motive was financial; the organization desperately needed vast funds to purchase modern arms, manufacture explosives, and publish revolutionary literature to awaken the dormant Indian masses against colonial subjugation.
Execution of the Plan: A group of fiercely dedicated revolutionaries, led directly by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Roshan Singh, successfully halted the Number 8 Down Train traveling from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow near the Kakori railway station. They successfully looted the official British government treasury bags carried in the guard’s cabin, taking absolute care not to harm any Indian civilian passengers during the daring operation.
Aftermath and Brutal Repression: The daring heist severely embarrassed the British administration, leading to a massive, ruthless police crackdown across North India. Over forty revolutionaries were arrested and subjected to the lengthy, highly publicized Kakori Conspiracy Case. Ultimately, Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Lahiri, and Roshan Singh were sentenced to death by hanging, heavily crippling the HRA’s leadership but permanently immortalizing them as national martyrs.

📌 Modern History • Revolutionary Movements

Q.3) In 1928, the name of the HRA was changed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) to reflect a shift towards socialist ideology. Who was the primary driving force behind this reorganization?

Ans > Chandrashekhar Azad

Ideological Transformation: In September 1928, the scattered remnants of the Hindustan Republican Association gathered secretly at the Feroz Shah Kotla ruins in New Delhi. Under the dynamic, unquestioned leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad and deeply influenced by the rising wave of global Marxism championed by young leaders like Bhagat Singh, the organization was formally reconstituted as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
Adoption of Socialism: The addition of the word “Socialist” was a highly significant ideological evolution. The revolutionaries realized that merely achieving political freedom from the British Crown was entirely insufficient; the new Indian republic must actively dismantle capitalist exploitation, abolish the oppressive zamindari system, and ensure total economic equality for the impoverished peasants and working-class citizens.
Shift to Mass Movement Strategy: Unlike the early HRA, which heavily relied on isolated acts of political dacoity and individual assassinations to generate funds and instill fear, the newly formed HSRA, heavily influenced by Bhagat Singh’s intellectual approach, aimed to combine armed struggle with mass political awakening. They sought to rapidly radicalize the youth and integrate trade unions into their broader revolutionary framework.

📌 Modern History • Revolutionary Movements

Q.4) To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar assassinated which British police officer in Lahore in 1928?

Ans > John P. Saunders

The Motive and Lala Lajpat Rai’s Martyrdom: The assassination was a direct act of fierce political retribution. In October 1928, the revered nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai led a peaceful, non-violent protest against the all-white Simon Commission in Lahore. The British Superintendent of Police, James A. Scott, ordered a brutal, unprovoked lathi charge, personally assaulting Lajpat Rai, which directly resulted in his tragic death a few weeks later.
The Plot and Mistaken Identity: Enraged by this massive national insult, the HSRA leadership, including Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, and Chandrashekhar Azad, vowed to avenge his death. On December 17, 1928, they laid a meticulously planned ambush for James A. Scott. However, in a critical case of mistaken identity, they shot and killed John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he left the District Police Headquarters.
Escape and Impact: Despite the error, the revolutionaries successfully claimed responsibility via public posters, framing it as a necessary, justified defense of national honor. Azad provided crucial covering fire, allowing Singh and Rajguru to execute a daring, successful escape from Lahore, deeply embarrassing the highly fortified British intelligence network and making Bhagat Singh a household name across India.

📌 Modern History • Revolutionary Movements

Q.5) Which revolutionary died in Lahore Central Jail in 1929 after an epic 63-day hunger strike demanding political prisoner status?

Ans > Jatin Das

Demand for Political Prisoner Status: Jatindra Nath Das, affectionately known as Jatin Das, was a young, highly dedicated revolutionary arrested in connection with the Lahore Conspiracy Case in 1929. Inside the Lahore Central Jail, he, along with Bhagat Singh and others, launched an indefinite hunger strike protesting the horrific, dehumanizing living conditions and demanding basic human rights and the official classification of “political prisoners” rather than common criminals.
The Agony of the Fast: The British authorities responded with immense, calculated cruelty, violently force-feeding the striking inmates to break their resolve. During one such brutal force-feeding attempt via a nasal tube, food particles accidentally entered Jatin Das’s lungs, severely damaging them and triggering a fatal infection. Despite excruciating pain and failing health, the young revolutionary absolutely refused to break his fast or surrender his principles.
Martyrdom and National Uprising: Jatin Das tragically passed away on September 13, 1929, after an epic, unbroken 63-day fast. His martyrdom sent literal shockwaves throughout the Indian subcontinent. Massive mourning processions were held in every major city, and when his body was brought back to Calcutta via train, hundreds of thousands of weeping Indians gathered at railway stations to pay homage to his ultimate, selfless sacrifice for the nation.

📌 Modern History • Constitutional Developments

Q.6) The Simon Commission, a statutory commission appointed to review the constitutional progress in India, was constituted in which year?

Ans > 1927

Statutory Review Requirement: Officially named the Indian Statutory Commission, the Simon Commission was abruptly appointed by the British Conservative government in November 1927 under the leadership of Sir John Simon. Its primary mandate was to thoroughly investigate the working of the Indian constitution as established by the Government of India Act 1919 and to recommend further administrative and political reforms for the colony.
The ‘All-White’ Insult: The appointment of the commission triggered an unprecedented, massive wave of outrage across the entire Indian political spectrum. The fundamental reason for this massive backlash was its composition: it was a completely “all-white” commission consisting of seven British Members of Parliament, without a single Indian representative. Indians viewed this absolute exclusion as a profound racist insult and a total denial of their right to determine their own political future.
Nationwide Boycott and “Simon Go Back”: Upon its arrival in Bombay in 1928, the commission was greeted with a total nationwide strike (hartal) and massive, coordinated protests marked by black flags and the deafening chant of “Simon Go Back.” The Indian National Congress, the Muslim League under Jinnah, and various regional parties completely boycotted its proceedings, showcasing a rare moment of unified national resistance against British arrogance.

📌 Modern History • Constitutional Developments

Q.7) The Nehru Report (1928), the first major Indian effort to draft a constitutional framework, recommended which primary political status for India?

Ans > Dominion Status

Answering the Birkenhead Challenge: The Nehru Report of 1928 was a direct, highly proactive response to the arrogant challenge thrown by Lord Birkenhead, the British Secretary of State for India. Birkenhead had mocked Indian leaders, claiming they were entirely incapable of producing a universally acceptable, cohesive constitutional framework due to their deep communal and political divisions.
Drafting and Core Recommendations: The All Parties Conference appointed a highly specialized committee chaired by Motilal Nehru (with Jawaharlal Nehru serving as secretary) to draft the constitution. The resulting document was historic; it forcefully demanded Dominion Status for India, placing it on par with white-majority colonies like Canada and Australia. It comprehensively outlined a parliamentary system of government, a bicameral legislature, and a strong federal center.
Fundamental Rights and Electorates: Crucially, the Nehru Report was the first official Indian document to explicitly list 19 fundamental rights, powerfully advocating for equal rights for women and universal adult suffrage. Furthermore, it firmly rejected the highly divisive British system of separate communal electorates for minorities, proposing instead joint electorates with strictly reserved seats to foster genuine national unity and secular democratic values.

📌 Modern History • Congress Factions

Q.8) Dissatisfied with the Nehru Report’s demand for Dominion Status, which two young leaders formed the ‘Independence for India League’ to push for complete independence?

Ans > Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru

Generational and Ideological Rift: The release of the Nehru Report in 1928 triggered a massive internal ideological conflict within the Indian National Congress. The older, moderate leadership, primarily represented by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Motilal Nehru, was willing to accept Dominion Status as a pragmatic, temporary stepping stone towards eventual self-governance within the British Empire.
The Radical Youth Vanguard: However, the younger, highly radicalized generation of leaders, most notably spearheaded by Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, vehemently opposed this compromise. They argued that accepting Dominion Status meant implicitly accepting the continued paramountcy of the British Crown, which they viewed as completely unacceptable and a grave insult to the sacrifices of the revolutionaries.
Formation of the League: To actively propagate their uncompromising demand for absolute severance from the British Empire, Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru co-founded the “Independence for India League” in 1928. Functioning as a powerful left-wing pressure group inside the Congress, the League vigorously campaigned across the nation, radicalizing students and workers, and successfully pushing the Congress towards adopting the historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution just a year later at Lahore.

📌 Modern History • Political Demands

Q.9) In response to the Nehru Report, Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed his famous “Fourteen Points” in which year?

Ans > 1929

The Breakdown of Consensus: While the Nehru Report of 1928 was a landmark Indian constitutional effort, it drastically failed to satisfy the political anxieties of the Muslim leadership. The report’s explicit rejection of separate communal electorates and its proposal for a strong centralized federal structure heavily alarmed Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the All India Muslim League, who feared total domination by a Hindu-majority center.
Drafting the Demands: In March 1929, Jinnah consolidated the various demands of fractured Muslim political factions and presented his comprehensive “Fourteen Points” at the Muslim League session in Delhi. This document was meant to serve as the absolute minimum, non-negotiable criteria for any future constitutional settlement with the British government or the Indian National Congress.
Key Proposals and Impact: The Fourteen Points demanded the absolute retention of separate electorates, highly decentralized federalism with residual powers resting exclusively with the provinces, guaranteed one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, and the mandatory separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency. The failure of the Congress to accept these stringent points permanently widened the communal divide, laying the early ideological groundwork for eventual partition.

📌 Modern History • Congress Sessions

Q.10) The historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution was passed at the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress. Who presided over this session?

Ans > Jawaharlal Nehru

The Lahore Session Context: The December 1929 session of the Indian National Congress, held on the freezing banks of the Ravi River in Lahore, marked a profound turning point in modern Indian history. The British government had blatantly ignored the Congress’s one-year ultimatum to grant India Dominion Status as proposed by the Nehru Report, forcing the party to adopt a significantly more radical, uncompromising stance.
Jawaharlal Nehru’s Leadership: Mahatma Gandhi strategically backed the young, dynamic, and socialist-leaning Jawaharlal Nehru for the presidency of this critical session, signaling a definitive passing of the political baton to the radical youth. Under Nehru’s passionate leadership, the Congress officially discarded the moderate goal of Dominion Status, declaring that nothing less than absolute political freedom would suffice.
The Historic Resolution: The session culminated in the passing of the monumental ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution. This historic manifesto declared that it was a crime against humanity to submit any longer to British rule, which had ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. It formally authorized the All India Congress Committee to launch a massive nationwide campaign of civil disobedience to achieve this goal.

📌 Modern History • Independence Day

Q.11) Following the Lahore Congress, the newly adopted tricolor flag was hoisted, and the first ‘Independence Day’ was symbolically observed all over India on which date?

Ans > January 26, 1930

Symbolic Defiance: Following the historic passage of the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution at the Lahore Congress session in December 1929, the leadership decided to aggressively mobilize the masses through a highly symbolic act of national defiance. They officially decreed that the last Sunday of January, which fell on January 26, 1930, would be celebrated as the first ‘Independence Day’ (Swarajya Divas) across the entire Indian subcontinent.
The Independence Pledge: On this designated day, millions of Indians gathered in villages, towns, and massive city squares. They proudly hoisted the newly designed tricolor national flag and took a solemn, public pledge drafted by Mahatma Gandhi. The pledge explicitly declared that the British government had deprived the Indian people of their freedom and ruined them economically, justifying their absolute right to sever the British connection.
Enduring Historical Legacy: The nationwide observance was a massive psychological victory, electrifying the rural and urban masses and perfectly preparing the political ground for the imminent Salt Satyagraha. The date held such profound emotional resonance for the freedom fighters that when India finally became an independent republic, January 26 was deliberately chosen in 1950 as the day to formally implement the Constitution, celebrating it forever as Republic Day.

📌 Modern History • Civil Disobedience

Q.12) Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by beginning his historic Salt March (Dandi March) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. On what date did the march commence?

Ans > March 12, 1930

Strategic Choice of Salt: To inaugurate the massive Civil Disobedience Movement, Mahatma Gandhi made a brilliant and highly strategic tactical choice by targeting the deeply oppressive British salt tax. Salt was an indispensable, basic dietary necessity for every single Indian, regardless of religion, caste, or economic status. By monopolizing its production and heavily taxing it, the British Empire was directly exploiting the absolute poorest citizens of the country.
The Historic Journey: On the morning of March 12, 1930, Gandhi, accompanied by 78 meticulously chosen, highly disciplined ashram inmates representing various regions of India, commenced the legendary 240-mile march from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad. As the procession moved through the dusty villages of Gujarat, it snowballed into a massive movement, drawing tens of thousands of peasants, women, and students into its ranks.
Breaking the Law: The grueling 24-day march culminated on the shores of the Arabian Sea at the coastal village of Dandi on April 6, 1930. In a profound act of non-violent rebellion that captured global headlines, Gandhi stooped down, picked up a handful of saline mud and officially boiled seawater to produce illegal salt. This simple gesture shattered the psychological terror of British law and signaled the entire nation to begin mass civil disobedience.

📌 Modern History • Regional Satyagraha

Q.13) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu, which marched from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam, was led by whom?

Ans > C. Rajagopalachari

Southern Mobilization: The launch of the Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi triggered a massive, synchronized wave of civil disobedience across the entire Indian subcontinent, proving that the movement was not just confined to Gujarat or North India. In the southern Madras Presidency, the veteran Congress leader and brilliant intellectual C. Rajagopalachari (affectionately known as Rajaji) took up the mantle of leadership.
The Vedaranyam March: Mirroring Gandhi’s strategic brilliance, Rajagopalachari meticulously organized a parallel Salt Satyagraha march in Tamil Nadu. Commencing on April 13, 1930, he led a dedicated group of nearly 100 highly disciplined volunteers from the inland city of Trichinopoly (Tiruchirappalli) towards the eastern coastal town of Vedaranyam in the Tanjore district.
Defying British Repression: The marchers faced immense hardships and severe harassment from the local British administration, who strictly ordered villagers not to provide them with food or shelter. However, the local populace covertly supported the satyagrahis with immense enthusiasm. Upon reaching the Vedaranyam coast, Rajagopalachari proudly defied the brutal salt laws by gathering illegal salt, resulting in his immediate arrest and imprisonment, which only further fueled the nationalist fire.

📌 Modern History • Regional Satyagraha

Q.14) In the Malabar region of Kerala, who led the Salt Satyagraha march from Calicut to Payyanur?

Ans > K. Kelappan

Spreading the Rebellion to Malabar: The infectious spirit of the Civil Disobedience Movement quickly penetrated the politically active Malabar region of present-day Kerala. The undisputed leader of this regional uprising was K. Kelappan, a fiercely dedicated social reformer and staunch Gandhian whose relentless activism earned him the revered title of “Kerala Gandhi.”
The Calicut to Payyanur March: Answering Mahatma Gandhi’s nationwide call to defy the draconian colonial salt monopoly, K. Kelappan brilliantly orchestrated a strategic protest march. Starting from the historic city of Calicut (Kozhikode), he led batches of enthusiastic Indian National Congress volunteers northward along the Malabar coast, culminating their journey at the coastal village of Payyanur.
Impact and Escalation: At Payyanur, Kelappan and his followers openly defied British authority by manufacturing contraband salt on the beaches. The British police responded with harsh crackdowns and mass arrests, brutally suppressing the peaceful demonstrators. However, this act of defiance massively energized the local population, leading to widespread boycotts of foreign cloth, the picketing of liquor shops, and a surge of nationalist sentiment in Malabar.

📌 Modern History • Frontier Resistance

Q.15) In the North-West Frontier Province, the Civil Disobedience Movement was spearheaded by the ‘Red Shirts’ (Khudai Khidmatgars), organized by whom?

Ans > Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

The Frontier Gandhi: In the highly conservative, militarily volatile North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), the Civil Disobedience Movement found a totally unique and immensely powerful leader in Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence, he successfully managed the seemingly impossible task of transforming fiercely martial Pashtun tribesmen into a disciplined, peaceful political force.
Formation of the Red Shirts: Ghaffar Khan established a highly organized grassroots social and political movement known as the Khudai Khidmatgars, literally translating to the “Servants of God.” Due to their distinctive, cheap red-dyed uniforms, the British colonial authorities and the popular press frequently referred to them as the “Red Shirts.” They were bound by strict oaths of absolute non-violence and communal harmony.
The Peshawar Uprising (Qissa Khwani Bazaar): When Ghaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930, massive peaceful protests erupted in Peshawar. British armored cars aggressively drove into the unarmed crowds at the Qissa Khwani Bazaar, massacring hundreds of Red Shirt volunteers. Despite the horrific slaughter, the Pashtuns remained completely non-violent. Famously, the Garhwal Rifles regiment absolutely refused to open fire on their unarmed Muslim brethren.

📌 Modern History • Direct Action

Q.16) Following Gandhi’s arrest during the Salt Satyagraha, who boldly took over the leadership and led the peaceful raid on the Dharasana Salt Works?

Ans > Abbas Tyabji and Sarojini Naidu

The Leadership Vacuum: Following the dramatic launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, the British administration panicked and abruptly arrested Mahatma Gandhi on May 5, 1930, just days before he was scheduled to lead a massive, non-violent raid on the government-owned Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat. In his absence, the veteran nationalist judge Abbas Tyabji took command, but he too was immediately jailed.
Sarojini Naidu’s Command: With the senior male leadership incarcerated, the mantle fell upon the courageous poet and politician, Sarojini Naidu. On May 21, 1930, she brilliantly marshaled over 2,500 highly disciplined satyagrahis. Before the march began, she strictly instructed the volunteers that they must not raise a single hand to defend themselves, demanding absolute adherence to non-violence regardless of the extreme provocation.
Brutality and Global Outrage: As the unarmed marchers silently approached the salt pans, hundreds of native policemen, commanded by British officers, relentlessly struck them down with steel-tipped lathis. American journalist Webb Miller witnessed the horrific, sickening violence, reporting that the marchers fell like tenpins with fractured skulls without offering any resistance. His syndicated dispatches shocked the Western world, exposing British moral bankruptcy.

📌 Modern History • Tribal Uprisings

Q.17) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, a brave 13-year-old Naga spiritual leader raised the banner of revolt against the British in Manipur. Who was she?

Ans > Rani Gaidinliu

The Heraka Movement: The anti-colonial struggle in the remote, hilly terrains of India’s Northeast was distinctly characterized by deeply rooted spiritual and socio-political uprisings. In Manipur and the surrounding Naga hills, the resistance was initially spearheaded by Haipou Jadonang, who established the Heraka religious movement to unify the fragmented Naga tribes against the aggressive cultural and political incursions of the British Empire.
Assuming Leadership at Thirteen: Following the unjust execution of Jadonang by the British in 1931, the heavy mantle of leading the armed rebellion fell upon his fiercely devoted cousin, Gaidinliu, who was remarkably only 13 years old at the time. She actively linked her regional tribal struggle against colonial taxation and forced labor with the broader pan-Indian Civil Disobedience Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
Capture and Legacy: Recognizing her as a massive political threat, the British launched a massive manhunt. She was captured in 1932 after a fierce battle and tragically sentenced to life imprisonment in horrific colonial jails. In 1937, Jawaharlal Nehru met her in Shillong jail, deeply moved by her immense sacrifice. He affectionately bestowed upon her the title “Rani” (Queen) of the Nagas, cementing her legacy.

📌 Modern History • Pacts and Treaties

Q.18) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which resulted in the temporary suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement, was signed on which date?

Ans > March 5, 1931

Political Stalemate: By early 1931, the Civil Disobedience Movement had severely paralyzed the British Indian administration. Tens of thousands of Indians were filling the colonial jails, British revenues were drastically plummeting due to widespread boycotts, and the brutal repression of peaceful protesters was causing massive international embarrassment for London. Realizing that force alone could not crush the movement, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, sought a political compromise.
The Terms of the Agreement: After extensive, highly intense negotiations between equals—a first in British Indian history—the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was formally signed on March 5, 1931. The agreement stipulated that the Indian National Congress would immediately suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and agree to officially participate in the upcoming Second Round Table Conference in London to discuss constitutional reforms.
British Concessions and Controversies: In return, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners who were not convicted of violent crimes, return confiscated lands to peasants, and permit the peaceful picketing of foreign liquor and cloth shops. However, the pact proved highly controversial among radical Indian youth, primarily because Gandhi was utterly unable to secure a pardon or a commutation of the death sentences for Bhagat Singh.

📌 Modern History • Congress Sessions

Q.19) At the 1931 Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, landmark resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme were passed. Who presided over this session?

Ans > Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

A Tense Atmosphere: The Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, held in late March 1931 and presided over by the ‘Iron Man’ Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, convened under incredibly tense and somber circumstances. Just days prior, the British had ruthlessly executed the beloved revolutionary heroes Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru. The Congress leadership faced immense anger and black-flag protests from the radicalized youth.
Endorsing the Pact: Despite the overwhelming grief and heavy criticism, Sardar Patel’s incredibly firm organizational control and Gandhi’s persuasive moral authority eventually convinced the delegates to formally ratify the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. This crucial political maneuver officially authorized the Congress to represent India at the Second Round Table Conference in London, though many remained deeply skeptical of British intentions.
Landmark Socio-Economic Resolutions: Beyond immediate politics, the Karachi session was historic because it permanently defined what “Swaraj” (Independence) would actually mean for the common masses. The session passed monumental resolutions drafted primarily by Jawaharlal Nehru, comprehensively outlining Fundamental Rights, universal adult franchise, free primary education, and a radical National Economic Programme advocating for state control of key industries and robust worker protections.

📌 Modern History • Round Table Conferences

Q.20) Following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Mahatma Gandhi traveled to London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress to attend which event?

Ans > Second Round Table Conference

Sole Representation: Following the agreements made in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Mahatma Gandhi set sail for London in late 1931 to attend the Second Round Table Conference. He went as the absolute sole official representative of the Indian National Congress, claiming that the Congress was the only legitimate political body that represented all of India, transcending class, caste, and religious divisions.
The Communal Deadlock: The conference, however, was heavily engineered by the British Conservative government to amplify internal Indian divisions. Rather than discussing the transfer of power or the framework for Dominion Status, the negotiations became completely bogged down in bitter disputes over minority representation. Various delegates, including the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha, fiercely demanded separate political electorates for their communities.
Failure and Resumption of Struggle: Gandhi vehemently opposed the provision of separate electorates, particularly for the depressed classes, arguing that it would permanently fracture Hindu society and divide the nation. Unable to bridge these deeply entrenched differences and realizing the British were entirely unwilling to grant genuine independence, Gandhi returned to India completely empty-handed in December 1931, resuming Civil Disobedience.

📌 Modern History • British Policies

Q.21) The highly controversial ‘Communal Award’, which provided separate electorates for the depressed classes, was announced in 1932 by which British Prime Minister?

Ans > Ramsay MacDonald

The British Strategy of Division: In August 1932, following the deliberate failure of the Second Round Table Conference to resolve minority representation issues, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald officially announced the highly controversial ‘Communal Award’. This was a massive, calculated political maneuver by the imperial government to heavily utilize their classic “divide and rule” strategy to weaken Indian nationalism.
Provisions of the Award: The Award legally granted separate electorates not only to Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, and Anglo-Indians but, most dangerously in the eyes of nationalist leaders, it formally recognized the “Depressed Classes” (Dalits) as a distinct political minority. This meant that only voters from the depressed classes could vote for candidates from their own community in designated constituencies.
Nationalist Backlash: While Dr. B.R. Ambedkar initially welcomed the award as a necessary safeguard against upper-caste political domination, Mahatma Gandhi saw it as an absolute existential threat to Indian unity. Gandhi fiercely argued that separating the untouchables politically would permanently sever them from the Hindu fold, utterly destroying any hope for internal social reform and fragmenting the freedom struggle.

📌 Modern History • Pacts and Treaties

Q.22) In protest against the Communal Award, Mahatma Gandhi undertook a fast unto death in Yerawada Jail, culminating in the Poona Pact of 1932. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Ans > Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Gandhi’s Fast Unto Death: Deeply horrified by the British government’s announcement of the Communal Award, Mahatma Gandhi, who was incarcerated in the heavily fortified Yerawada Central Jail in Poona, undertook an epic “fast unto death” in September 1932. He declared that granting separate electorates to the depressed classes was a sinister British plot to permanently vivisect Hinduism.
Immense Moral Pressure: As Gandhi’s physical condition rapidly deteriorated over several days, absolute panic gripped the nation. Immense moral, political, and emotional pressure was brought directly upon Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the undisputed champion of the depressed classes, to yield and save the life of the Mahatma. Intense, high-stakes negotiations were immediately launched inside the prison walls.
The Historic Agreement: Ultimately, Ambedkar made a massive political sacrifice to prevent a national tragedy. On September 24, 1932, he formally signed the Poona Pact on behalf of the depressed classes. The agreement officially abandoned the demand for separate communal electorates provided by the British, agreeing instead to remain within the broader joint Hindu electorate system, altering constitutional history.

📌 Modern History • Pacts and Treaties

Q.23) The Poona Pact of 1932 successfully replaced the provision of separate electorates for the depressed classes with what alternative mechanism?

Ans > Reserved seats within joint electorates

The Rejection of Separate Electorates: The fundamental core of the Poona Pact of 1932 was the absolute rejection of the British-imposed separate electorates for the “Depressed Classes.” Dr. B.R. Ambedkar agreed that candidates from the depressed classes would be elected through a joint electorate, meaning that all registered Hindu voters in a given constituency, regardless of their caste, would vote together.
Massive Increase in Reserved Seats: However, this monumental compromise was not a total surrender; it involved a massive, highly strategic political trade-off. To ensure adequate political representation and safeguard against upper-caste domination, the pact heavily increased the number of guaranteed reserved seats for the depressed classes in the provincial legislatures from the mere 71 seats offered by the British to a staggering 148 seats.
Central Legislature and Employment: Furthermore, the agreement strictly stipulated that 18% of the seats allotted to the general non-Muslim electorate in the Central Legislature would be firmly reserved for the depressed classes. The pact also contained crucial provisions explicitly guaranteeing fair representation of the depressed classes in the public services and heavily mandating the earmarking of educational grants for social upliftment.

📌 Modern History • Social Reforms

Q.24) In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi founded which organization to eradicate untouchability and improve the socio-economic conditions of the depressed classes?

Ans > Harijan Sevak Sangh

A Shift in Political Paradigm: Following the intense emotional trauma of the Poona Pact in 1932, Mahatma Gandhi drastically shifted his primary focus away from direct anti-British political agitation and deeply toward the complete eradication of the horrific social evil of untouchability. While still imprisoned in Yerawada Jail, he officially founded the All India Anti-Untouchability League, later renamed the Harijan Sevak Sangh.
The Concept of ‘Harijan’: Gandhi strongly popularized the term “Harijan,” meaning “Children of God,” to refer to the depressed classes, aiming to confer profound spiritual dignity upon those who had been historically degraded as “untouchables.” He also launched a highly influential weekly journal simply titled ‘Harijan’ to aggressively propagate his radical social reform ideas and expose the hypocrisy of orthodox caste practices.
Grassroots Constructive Work: The Harijan Sevak Sangh engaged in massive, nationwide constructive work. The organization meticulously established hundreds of free schools, vocational training centers, and medical dispensaries strictly dedicated to the upliftment of the depressed classes. Furthermore, Gandhi embarked on exhaustive, year-long “Harijan Tours” across India, forcibly opening ancient temples and public wells to the lower castes.

📌 Modern History • Constitutional Acts

Q.25) The Third Round Table Conference, held in London in 1932, was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. Its discussions eventually led to the drafting of which significant legislation?

Ans > Government of India Act 1935

Culmination of Constitutional Debates: The Government of India Act of 1935 was the absolute lengthiest piece of legislation ever passed by the British Parliament at that time. It was the direct, highly complex result of years of intense political wrangling, incorporating the findings of the Simon Commission, the extensive debates of the three Round Table Conferences, and the detailed recommendations of the Joint Select Committee.
Provincial Autonomy vs. Federal Illusions: The Act’s most significant feature was the introduction of genuine “Provincial Autonomy,” formally ending the deeply flawed system of dyarchy introduced in 1919. Indian ministers, fully responsible to elected provincial legislatures, were granted control over provincial administration. However, the Act also proposed a highly complex, conservative “All-India Federation” at the center, which crucially relied on autocratic Princely States.
The Foundation of the Modern Constitution: While the Indian National Congress vehemently rejected the Act as a “new charter of slavery” because it retained massive overriding dictatorial powers for the British Viceroy, it undeniably formed the massive structural blueprint for independent India. When drafting the Constitution in 1950, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the assembly borrowed over two-thirds of the administrative frameworks directly from this 1935 Act.

📌 Modern History • Leftist Movements

Q.26) The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress that aimed to give the national movement a socialist direction, was founded in 1934 by whom?

Ans > Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra Dev

The Radicalization of Congress: The devastating failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement and the highly controversial suspension of direct action by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934 caused massive disillusionment among the younger, radical ranks of the Indian National Congress. Heavily inspired by Marxist socio-economic theory, these young leaders believed that political freedom was utterly meaningless without total economic liberation for the starving peasantry.
Formation in Patna: In response, brilliant Marxist intellectuals and revolutionary thinkers like Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev, Ashok Mehta, and Minoo Masani formally established the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in 1934 in Patna. Crucially, they decided to operate entirely within the official organizational umbrella of the Indian National Congress, aiming to heavily influence its internal policies rather than splitting the movement.
Ideological Objectives: The primary, stated objective of the CSP was to aggressively radicalize the Congress’s socio-economic manifesto. They relentlessly pushed the moderate leadership to officially adopt a socialist ideology, demanding the complete abolition of the exploitative Zamindari system, the nationalization of key heavy industries, and the active integration of highly militant trade unions and Kisan Sabhas into the freedom struggle.

📌 Modern History • Leftist Movements

Q.27) The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formally established on Indian soil in 1925 at a conference held in which city?

Ans > Kanpur

Early Influences and Tashkent: The deep roots of the Indian communist movement began outside the subcontinent. Highly radicalized Indian expatriates and revolutionaries, most notably the brilliant intellectual M.N. Roy, successfully founded the very first iteration of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) in 1920, strictly operating under the direct guidance of the Communist International (Comintern) led by Vladimir Lenin.
The Kanpur Bolshevik Conference: However, the formal, official establishment of the CPI on actual Indian soil occurred in December 1925 during a highly secretive, historically pivotal communist conference held in the industrial city of Kanpur. Organized primarily by the fiery radical Satyabhakta, the conference successfully consolidated various fractured, localized communist groups operating covertly across Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras into a single national organization.
Ideology and British Repression: The newly formed CPI fiercely advocated for the complete, immediate overthrow of British imperialism through a violent mass revolution spearheaded by the urban proletariat and the rural peasantry. Perceiving this Marxist ideology as an absolute existential threat to their capitalist empire, the British colonial government relentlessly hounded the early communists, instituting brutal crackdowns like the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy cases.

📌 Modern History • British Crackdowns

Q.28) The British government launched a massive crackdown on the growing communist movement in 1929, arresting 31 prominent labor leaders in a famous conspiracy case. What was it called?

Ans > Meerut Conspiracy Case

The Rise of Trade Unionism: By the late 1920s, the Indian industrial landscape was experiencing a massive, unprecedented surge in highly organized, militant trade unionism. The Communist Party of India (CPI), operating heavily through the Workers and Peasants Party (WPP), successfully organized massive, crippling strikes across the vital textile mills of Bombay and the critical railway workshops of Bengal, threatening British economic interests.
The Imperial Crackdown: In a desperate bid to absolutely crush this rising red tide and sever the Indian labor movement from international communist influence, the British government launched a draconian, nationwide police crackdown in March 1929. They simultaneously arrested 31 prominent left-wing leaders, radical trade unionists, and even three British communists who had traveled to India to assist the labor organizers.
The Trial as a Platform: The arrested leaders were transported to the remote town of Meerut to face highly publicized charges of conspiring to deprive the British King-Emperor of his sovereignty over India. However, the lengthy, four-year Meerut Conspiracy trial massively backfired on the British. The highly articulate communist leaders brilliantly utilized the open courtroom to introduce Marxist-Leninist ideology to millions of ordinary Indians.

📌 Modern History • Labor Movements

Q.29) The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) underwent its first major split in 1929 during its session presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru in which city?

Ans > Nagpur

The Growth of the Labor Congress: The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), originally founded in 1920 by moderate leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and N.M. Joshi, was the absolute premier umbrella organization representing the rapidly growing industrial workforce in India. However, by the late 1920s, the organization became a fierce ideological battleground between the older, reformist moderates and the highly militant, aggressive communist factions.
The Ideological Clash at Nagpur: Matters came to a massive, explosive head during the critical tenth session of the AITUC held in Nagpur in November 1929. The session was famously presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru. The communist bloc violently pushed for extremely radical resolutions, demanding the complete boycott of the British-appointed Whitley Commission on Labour and official affiliation with international communist organizations based in Moscow.
The First Major Schism: The moderate trade unionists, heavily led by the veteran N.M. Joshi and V.V. Giri, found these extreme communist demands completely unacceptable and highly detrimental to the immediate welfare of the workers. Unable to reach any compromise, the moderates officially broke away from the parent body, causing the first massive historical split in the Indian labor movement by forming the rival Indian Trades Union Federation (ITUF).

📌 Modern History • Armed Rebellions

Q.30) The daring Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930, which aimed to seize arms and paralyze British communication lines in Bengal, was masterminded by which revolutionary leader?

Ans > Surya Sen (Masterda)

The Mastermind of Bengal: The Chittagong Armoury Raid of April 1930 stands as one of the most daring, meticulously planned, and historically significant armed uprisings against British colonial rule in Bengal. It was brilliantly masterminded by the highly revered, soft-spoken school teacher Surya Sen, affectionately known across the region as ‘Masterda’, who had successfully reorganized the highly secretive Jugantar revolutionary faction into the militant Indian Republican Army.
Execution of the Uprising: On the night of April 18, 1930, a group of highly trained, fiercely dedicated teenage revolutionaries launched a simultaneous, coordinated armed assault. Dressed strictly in British military uniforms, they successfully captured the two main police and auxiliary force armouries in Chittagong. They completely paralyzed the British infrastructure by systematically destroying the telegraph and telephone offices and violently derailing train tracks to sever the city.
The Jalalabad Battle and Legacy: Masterda proudly hoisted the Indian national flag outside the captured armoury, declaring a provisional revolutionary government. However, facing a massive, heavily armed British military counter-attack, the revolutionaries retreated to the Jalalabad Hills. In the ensuing fierce, bloody gun battle, numerous young martyrs laid down their lives. Surya Sen waged a brilliant guerrilla war for three years before his tragic betrayal and execution in 1934, immortalizing him as a national legend.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 78

Revolutionary Phase: The HRA was founded in Kanpur (1924) and executed the Kakori Robbery. Chandrashekhar Azad later renamed it HSRA (1928).
Martyrdom & Strikes: Bhagat Singh & allies assassinated Saunders. Jatin Das tragically died during a 63-day hunger strike in 1929.
Constitutional Commissions: The all-white Simon Commission (1927) was met with resistance. The Nehru Report (1928) demanded Dominion Status.
Radical Opposition: Subhas Chandra Bose and Nehru formed the Independence for India League, rejecting Dominion Status. Jinnah proposed his 14 points (1929).
Purna Swaraj: The 1929 Lahore Session (presided by Nehru) declared Complete Independence, leading to the first symbolic Independence Day on Jan 26, 1930.
Civil Disobedience: Initiated by Gandhi’s Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930). Key regional leaders included Rajagopalachari (TN), Kelappan (Kerala), and Ghaffar Khan (Frontier).
Direct Action: Abbas Tyabji and Sarojini Naidu led the Dharasana raid. Rani Gaidinliu led Naga tribal uprisings.
Pacts & Conferences: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) halted disobedience. Gandhi attended the Second Round Table Conference, but negotiations failed.
Communal Award & Poona Pact: Ramsay MacDonald’s Communal Award (1932) led to Gandhi’s fast, resulting in Ambedkar signing the Poona Pact to secure reserved seats instead of separate electorates.
Leftist & Labor Growth: CPI formed in Kanpur (1925). The movement faced crackdowns like the Meerut Conspiracy (1929) and ideological splits in AITUC at Nagpur. CSP was founded in 1934.
Armed Rebellion in Bengal: Surya Sen masterminded the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930 to paralyze British lines.

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Modern History Set 78

Q.1) The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), a revolutionary organization aiming to establish a federal republic of the United States of India, was founded in 1924 in which city?

Q.2) The famous Kakori Train Robbery of 1925, carried out to fund revolutionary activities, was executed by members of which organization?

Q.3) In 1928, the name of the HRA was changed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) to reflect a shift towards socialist ideology. Who was the primary driving force behind this reorganization?

Q.4) To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar assassinated which British police officer in Lahore in 1928?

Q.5) Which revolutionary died in Lahore Central Jail in 1929 after an epic 63-day hunger strike demanding political prisoner status?

Q.6) The Simon Commission, a statutory commission appointed to review the constitutional progress in India, was constituted in which year?

Q.7) The Nehru Report (1928), the first major Indian effort to draft a constitutional framework, recommended which primary political status for India?

Q.8) Dissatisfied with the Nehru Report’s demand for Dominion Status, which two young leaders formed the ‘Independence for India League’ to push for complete independence?

Q.9) In response to the Nehru Report, Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed his famous “Fourteen Points” in which year?

Q.10) The historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution was passed at the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress. Who presided over this session?

Q.11) Following the Lahore Congress, the newly adopted tricolor flag was hoisted, and the first ‘Independence Day’ was symbolically observed all over India on which date?

Q.12) Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by beginning his historic Salt March (Dandi March) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. On what date did the march commence?

Q.13) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu, which marched from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam, was led by whom?

Q.14) In the Malabar region of Kerala, who led the Salt Satyagraha march from Calicut to Payyanur?

Q.15) In the North-West Frontier Province, the Civil Disobedience Movement was spearheaded by the ‘Red Shirts’ (Khudai Khidmatgars), organized by whom?

Q.16) Following Gandhi’s arrest during the Salt Satyagraha, who boldly took over the leadership and led the peaceful raid on the Dharasana Salt Works?

Q.17) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, a brave 13-year-old Naga spiritual leader raised the banner of revolt against the British in Manipur. Who was she?

Q.18) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which resulted in the temporary suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement, was signed on which date?

Q.19) At the 1931 Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, landmark resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme were passed. Who presided over this session?

Q.20) Following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Mahatma Gandhi traveled to London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress to attend which event?

Q.21) The highly controversial ‘Communal Award’, which provided separate electorates for the depressed classes, was announced in 1932 by which British Prime Minister?

Q.22) In protest against the Communal Award, Mahatma Gandhi undertook a fast unto death in Yerawada Jail, culminating in the Poona Pact of 1932. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Q.23) The Poona Pact of 1932 successfully replaced the provision of separate electorates for the depressed classes with what alternative mechanism?

Q.24) In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi founded which organization to eradicate untouchability and improve the socio-economic conditions of the depressed classes?

Q.25) The Third Round Table Conference, held in London in 1932, was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. Its discussions eventually led to the drafting of which significant legislation?

Q.26) The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress that aimed to give the national movement a socialist direction, was founded in 1934 by whom?

Q.27) The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formally established on Indian soil in 1925 at a conference held in which city?

Q.28) The British government launched a massive crackdown on the growing communist movement in 1929, arresting 31 prominent labor leaders in a famous conspiracy case. What was it called?

Q.29) The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) underwent its first major split in 1929 during its session presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru in which city?

Q.30) The daring Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930, which aimed to seize arms and paralyze British communication lines in Bengal, was masterminded by which revolutionary leader?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 78

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Q.1) The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), a revolutionary organization aiming to establish a federal republic of the United States of India, was founded in 1924 in which city?

Q.2) The famous Kakori Train Robbery of 1925, carried out to fund revolutionary activities, was executed by members of which organization?

Q.3) In 1928, the name of the HRA was changed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) to reflect a shift towards socialist ideology. Who was the primary driving force behind this reorganization?

Q.4) To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar assassinated which British police officer in Lahore in 1928?

Q.5) Which revolutionary died in Lahore Central Jail in 1929 after an epic 63-day hunger strike demanding political prisoner status?

Q.6) The Simon Commission, a statutory commission appointed to review the constitutional progress in India, was constituted in which year?

Q.7) The Nehru Report (1928), the first major Indian effort to draft a constitutional framework, recommended which primary political status for India?

Q.8) Dissatisfied with the Nehru Report’s demand for Dominion Status, which two young leaders formed the ‘Independence for India League’ to push for complete independence?

Q.9) In response to the Nehru Report, Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed his famous “Fourteen Points” in which year?

Q.10) The historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) resolution was passed at the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress. Who presided over this session?

Q.11) Following the Lahore Congress, the newly adopted tricolor flag was hoisted, and the first ‘Independence Day’ was symbolically observed all over India on which date?

Q.12) Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by beginning his historic Salt March (Dandi March) from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. On what date did the march commence?

Q.13) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu, which marched from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam, was led by whom?

Q.14) In the Malabar region of Kerala, who led the Salt Satyagraha march from Calicut to Payyanur?

Q.15) In the North-West Frontier Province, the Civil Disobedience Movement was spearheaded by the ‘Red Shirts’ (Khudai Khidmatgars), organized by whom?

Q.16) Following Gandhi’s arrest during the Salt Satyagraha, who boldly took over the leadership and led the peaceful raid on the Dharasana Salt Works?

Q.17) During the Civil Disobedience Movement, a brave 13-year-old Naga spiritual leader raised the banner of revolt against the British in Manipur. Who was she?

Q.18) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which resulted in the temporary suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement, was signed on which date?

Q.19) At the 1931 Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, landmark resolutions on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme were passed. Who presided over this session?

Q.20) Following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Mahatma Gandhi traveled to London as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress to attend which event?

Q.21) The highly controversial ‘Communal Award’, which provided separate electorates for the depressed classes, was announced in 1932 by which British Prime Minister?

Q.22) In protest against the Communal Award, Mahatma Gandhi undertook a fast unto death in Yerawada Jail, culminating in the Poona Pact of 1932. Who signed this pact on behalf of the depressed classes?

Q.23) The Poona Pact of 1932 successfully replaced the provision of separate electorates for the depressed classes with what alternative mechanism?

Q.24) In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi founded which organization to eradicate untouchability and improve the socio-economic conditions of the depressed classes?

Q.25) The Third Round Table Conference, held in London in 1932, was boycotted by the Indian National Congress. Its discussions eventually led to the drafting of which significant legislation?

Q.26) The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress that aimed to give the national movement a socialist direction, was founded in 1934 by whom?

Q.27) The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formally established on Indian soil in 1925 at a conference held in which city?

Q.28) The British government launched a massive crackdown on the growing communist movement in 1929, arresting 31 prominent labor leaders in a famous conspiracy case. What was it called?

Q.29) The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) underwent its first major split in 1929 during its session presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru in which city?

Q.30) The daring Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930, which aimed to seize arms and paralyze British communication lines in Bengal, was masterminded by which revolutionary leader?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 78

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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