Modern History Set 76 | MROY Class

Modern History Questions & Answers (Set 76)

Which Portuguese governor introduced the ‘Blue Water Policy’? – Francisco de Almeida
In 1510, Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of which sultanate? – Bijapur
In 1612, the EIC secured a naval victory over the Portuguese at which battle? – Battle of Swally Hole
The EIC established its first permanent factory in India in 1613 at which location? – Surat
Which kingdom issued the ‘Golden Farman’ to the English in 1632? – Golconda
The French EIC was founded in 1664 by which minister? – Jean-Baptiste Colbert
The First Carnatic War (1746–48) was an extension of which European conflict? – The War of the Austrian Succession
Which treaty concluded the First Carnatic War in 1748? – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
The Battle of Wandiwash (1760) was fought during which Carnatic War? – Third Carnatic War
The infamous ‘Black Hole Tragedy’ took place in which year? – 1756
Siraj-ud-Daulah was forced to sign a humiliating treaty in February 1757 known as what? – Treaty of Alinagar
Mir Qasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to which location? – Munger
At the Battle of Buxar (1764), the English forces were commanded by which officer? – Major Hector Munro
The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed by Robert Clive with which two Indian rulers? – Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II
The First Anglo-Mysore War ended abruptly with which treaty? – Treaty of Madras
Which treaty concluded the Second Anglo-Mysore War? – Treaty of Mangalore
Tipu Sultan planted a “Tree of Liberty” and became a member of which club? – The Jacobin Club
The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in which year? – 1792
Which British Governor-General waged the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War? – Lord Wellesley
The First Anglo-Maratha War was sparked by which treaty with Raghunathrao? – Treaty of Surat
Who was the Governor-General when the Treaty of Wadgaon was repudiated? – Warren Hastings
Which treaty officially concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War in 1782? – Treaty of Salbai
Peshwa Bajirao II signed a Subsidiary Alliance in 1802 known as what? – Treaty of Bassein
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon was signed by which chief? – Bhonsle
Following the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the Peshwa was pensioned off to Bithur near which city? – Kanpur
The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) fixed which river as the boundary? – Sutlej
The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the signing of which treaty? – Treaty of Lahore
Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh based on a report submitted by which British Resident? – James Outram
Which state was the first to fall victim to the Doctrine of Lapse in 1848? – Satara
The Santhal Rebellion region extending from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal was called what? – Damin-i-Koh

MROY Class

Modern History Set 76

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📌 European Advent • Portuguese

Q.1) Which Portuguese governor in India introduced the ‘Blue Water Policy’?

Ans > Francisco de Almeida

First Portuguese Governor: Appointed in 1505, Francisco de Almeida was the very first viceroy of the Portuguese State of India, tasked with consolidating their precarious trading posts into a profitable empire.
The Blue Water Doctrine: He fundamentally opposed constructing expensive, manpower-intensive land fortresses in the Indian interior. Instead, his “Blue Water Policy” argued that as long as the Portuguese maintained absolute supremacy over the Indian Ocean waves, they would effectively monopolize all eastern trade.
Coastal Fortifications: In line with this strategy, he strictly limited his building projects to highly defensible coastal forts like those in Kilwa, Anjadiva, Cochin, and Cannanore, which could be easily supplied by the sea.
The Cartaze System: To enforce this naval dominance, he laid the groundwork for the infamous ‘Cartaze’ system, requiring all Asian and Arab ships to purchase a costly pass from the Portuguese to sail safely without being attacked or sunk.
Battle of Diu (1509): His policy culminated in the decisive naval Battle of Diu, where his fleet completely annihilated a massive combined Muslim armada (Egypt, Gujarat, and Zamorin), securing undisputed Portuguese naval mastery for a century.

📌 European Advent • Portuguese

Q.2) In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque captured the strategic port of Goa from the ruler of which prominent Deccan sultanate?

Ans > Bijapur

The Real Founder: Alfonso de Albuquerque succeeded Almeida in 1509 and is widely recognized by historians as the true architect and founder of the formidable Portuguese colonial empire in the East.
Targeting the Adil Shahis: In a highly calculated military strike in 1510, Albuquerque attacked and successfully wrested control of the wealthy, strategic port city of Goa from the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Bijapur Sultanate.
Strategic Importance of Goa: Goa provided a magnificent, highly defensible natural harbor. It was centrally located on the Malabar coast and served as the absolute nerve center for the highly lucrative Arabian horse trade supplying the warring Deccan kingdoms.
Capital of Portuguese India: Recognizing its immense value, the Portuguese officially shifted their administrative headquarters from Cochin to Goa in 1530, making it the glittering capital of their vast Asian seaborne empire.
Social Reforms & Legacy: Albuquerque famously encouraged his soldiers to intermarry with local Indian women to create a permanent, loyal Catholic population. He also strictly prohibited the practice of Sati in his newly conquered Goan territories. Goa remained under uninterrupted Portuguese rule for over 450 years until 1961.

📌 European Advent • British

Q.3) In 1612, the English East India Company secured a decisive naval victory over the Portuguese at which battle?

Ans > Battle of Swally Hole

The Naval Engagement: The momentous Battle of Swally Hole (also known as Suvali) was fiercely fought in 1612 just off the coast of Surat in Gujarat, pitting a small English fleet against a significantly larger Portuguese naval armada.
Captain Thomas Best: The English East India Company forces were brilliantly commanded by Captain Thomas Best, who utilized superior naval artillery tactics aboard his ships, the ‘Red Dragon’ and the ‘Hosiander’, to outmaneuver the enemy.
Shattering the Myth: This totally unexpected English victory was a major historical turning point because it permanently shattered the century-old myth of absolute Portuguese naval invincibility in the Indian Ocean.
Impressing the Mughals: The fierce battle was witnessed by local Mughal officials. When the news reached Emperor Jahangir, he was deeply impressed by British naval prowess, realizing they could effectively protect Mughal pilgrim ships traveling to Mecca from Portuguese harassment.
The Diplomatic Breakthrough: Directly resulting from this display of maritime strength, Jahangir drastically changed his previously dismissive stance towards the English, leading directly to the issuance of a vital imperial farman (decree) in 1613 granting them long-sought trading rights.

📌 European Advent • British

Q.4) The English East India Company established its first permanent factory in India in 1613 at which location?

Ans > Surat

Initial Failures: Prior to 1613, early English envoys like Captain William Hawkins, who visited Jahangir’s opulent court in 1608, completely failed to secure permission to build a permanent settlement due to intense lobbying and threats from Portuguese Jesuits.
The 1613 Farman: Following the stunning English victory at the Battle of Swally, a highly impressed Emperor Jahangir officially issued a royal farman in 1613. This crucial document legally permitted the English East India Company to establish their very first permanent, fortified trading post.
Surat’s Commercial Supremacy: Surat was not chosen randomly; it was the wealthiest and most bustling commercial center on India’s west coast, serving as the primary massive export hub for highly prized Indian textiles, indigo, and exotic spices bound for Europe.
Arrival of Thomas Roe: To further solidify this newly won position, King James I sent Sir Thomas Roe as a formal royal ambassador to Jahangir’s court in 1615, where he successfully negotiated a much broader commercial treaty for the Company.
Headquarters of the EIC: Surat remained the absolute nerve center and primary headquarters of the English East India Company in India for several decades until its strategic decline forced them to shift their power base to Bombay in 1687.

📌 European Advent • British

Q.5) In 1632, the English obtained the ‘Golden Farman’ with the right to trade freely in the ports of a specific kingdom. Which kingdom issued this?

Ans > Golconda

Trading Difficulties in the South: As the English East India Company attempted to expand their incredibly profitable trade along the southeastern Coromandel Coast, they faced severe difficulties due to greedy local officials constantly exacting arbitrarily high tolls and customs duties.
The Sultan’s Decree: To bypass these corrupt local administrators, the English aggressively negotiated directly with the Qutb Shahi Sultan of Golconda, successfully securing the highly coveted “Golden Farman” in the year 1632.
Terms of the Farman: This extraordinary royal decree granted the English the unprecedented right to trade completely freely across all the bustling ports within the vast Golconda kingdom in exchange for a relatively minuscule fixed annual payment of just 500 pagodas.
Access to Textiles: This agreement was a massive economic boon. It granted the Company unfettered, cheap access to the region’s massive, world-renowned textile manufacturing industry, which produced painted and printed calicoes highly demanded in Europe and Southeast Asia.
Foundation for Expansion: The tremendous financial stability provided by the Golden Farman heavily entrenched the English presence in South India, paving the way for them to later acquire the village of Madraspatnam in 1639, where they built the formidable Fort St. George.

📌 European Advent • French

Q.6) The French East India Company was founded in 1664 during the reign of King Louis XIV by which of his ministers?

Ans > Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Late Entry into the Race: The French were historically the very last major European colonial power to enter the highly competitive and lucrative Indian trade, lagging decades behind the well-established Portuguese, Dutch, and English companies.
A State-Sponsored Venture: Unlike the English EIC, which was a highly aggressive, independent private enterprise driven by merchant stockholders, the *Compagnie des Indes Orientales* was conceived, heavily funded, and strictly controlled by the French Crown.
Colbert’s Vision: It was meticulously planned and executed in 1664 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the brilliant and highly influential finance minister to the absolute monarch, King Louis XIV, as part of his broader mercantilist economic policies.
Early French Settlements: Following its creation, the Company established its first successful Indian factory at Surat in 1668 under the command of Francois Caron, and a second major trading post at Masulipatnam on the east coast the following year in 1669.
The Flaw of State Control: Because it was practically a department of the French government, the Company constantly suffered from stifling bureaucratic delays, lacked independent entrepreneurial drive, and its financial fortunes were dangerously tied to the volatile politics and expensive European wars of the French royal court.

📌 Anglo-French Rivalry • Carnatic Wars

Q.7) The First Carnatic War (1746–48) was an extension of which European conflict?

Ans > The War of the Austrian Succession

Global Spillover Effect: The First Carnatic War was not actually triggered by any localized dispute between Indian rulers. Instead, it was a direct, violent colonial spillover of the massive War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) raging simultaneously across Europe.
Rivalry Ignites: When Britain and France found themselves on opposing sides in the European theatre over the right of Maria Theresa to succeed to the Habsburg throne, their heavily armed trading companies in India immediately commenced hostile military operations against each other.
The Initial Spark: The fighting in the Indian subcontinent officially began when an aggressive English naval squadron, commanded by Commodore Barnet, deliberately provoked the French by capturing several highly valuable French merchant ships.
The Fall of Madras: In a stunning retaliation, the ambitious French Governor-General, Joseph Francois Dupleix, summoned a French naval fleet from Mauritius commanded by La Bourdonnais, successfully besieging and capturing the English stronghold of Madras in 1746.
Battle of St. Thome: This war is most famous for the Battle of St. Thome (1746), where a tiny, highly disciplined French contingent completely annihilated the massive, traditional army of the Nawab of Carnatic, proving the terrifying superiority of modern European artillery and infantry tactics.

📌 Anglo-French Rivalry • Treaties

Q.8) Which treaty concluded the First Carnatic War in 1748, restoring Madras to the English?

Ans > Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Ending the Global Conflict: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was formally signed in Europe in 1748, officially bringing an end to the brutal War of the Austrian Succession between the major European powers.
Impact on India: Because the First Carnatic War was merely a colonial theatre of this larger European struggle, the signing of the treaty in Europe automatically mandated a complete cessation of all hostilities between the English and French forces in India.
Mutual Restitution Clause: The core diplomatic principle of this treaty was a return to the status quo ante bellum, meaning a forced mutual exchange of all colonial territories captured during the prolonged conflict globally.
The Exchange of Fortresses: Consequently, the French were heavily compelled by their government to hand the highly prized trading settlement of Madras back to the English East India Company. In direct exchange, the French Crown received back their strategic fortress of Louisbourg situated in North America.
An Uneasy Peace: While the treaty temporarily halted open warfare, it utterly failed to resolve the deep-seated, bitter commercial and political rivalries between the two companies in India, merely setting the stage for the deeply manipulative proxy conflicts of the Second Carnatic War.

📌 Anglo-French Rivalry • Battles

Q.9) The Battle of Wandiwash (1760), which decisively ended the French political threat in India, was fought during which Carnatic War?

Ans > Third Carnatic War

The Final Showdown: The Battle of Wandiwash (Vandavasi), fought fiercely in Tamil Nadu on January 22, 1760, was the absolute climax and turning point of the Third Carnatic War (which was the Indian theatre of the global Seven Years’ War).
Clash of Commanders: The highly disciplined British East India Company forces were brilliantly commanded by the veteran General Eyre Coote. They faced a massive but poorly coordinated French army led by the arrogant and unpopular Comte de Lally.
Complete French Rout: General Coote’s superior artillery positioning and infantry tactics completely crushed the French lines. The French suffered catastrophic casualties and lost their most capable and experienced commander in India, the Marquis de Bussy, who was taken as a prisoner of war.
The Fall of Pondicherry: Following this devastating defeat in the open field, the surviving French forces were heavily besieged inside their capital at Pondicherry, which was eventually starved into total surrender in 1761 after a miserable eight-month siege.
End of the French Dream: Although the subsequent Treaty of Paris (1763) returned French factories to them, it strictly forbade them from ever fortifying them or maintaining standing armies, permanently ending their imperial ambitions and leaving the British as the undisputed masters of the subcontinent.

📌 British Conquest • Bengal

Q.10) The infamous ‘Black Hole Tragedy’, which was used as a justification by the British for aggressive military action, allegedly took place in which year?

Ans > 1756

The Siege of Calcutta: The incident occurred on the sweltering night of June 20, 1756. It happened immediately after the young, aggressive Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, successfully besieged and captured Fort William to punish the British for unauthorized fort-building.
The Alleged Confinement: According to the highly sensationalized, primary account written by J.Z. Holwell (one of the British survivors), 146 British prisoners of war, including women and children, were cruelly crammed into a tiny, poorly ventilated guardroom dungeon measuring a mere 18 by 14 feet.
Mass Suffocation: Holwell claimed that due to the suffocating heat, total lack of water, and crushing confinement, a horrific 123 of the prisoners died of heat exhaustion and suffocation overnight, leaving only 23 traumatized survivors by the next morning.
Historical Debate: Modern historians heavily debate the exact veracity of Holwell’s account. Most scholars agree the physical dimensions of the room make confining 146 people practically impossible, suggesting the casualty numbers were heavily exaggerated, though a tragic confinement did occur.
Tool of Propaganda: Regardless of exact numbers, the British East India Company massively utilized the narrative of the ‘Black Hole’ as a powerful piece of atrocity propaganda to incite public outrage in England and to completely justify their brutal military retaliation led by Robert Clive.

📌 British Conquest • Bengal

Q.11) Following Robert Clive’s recapture of Calcutta, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was forced to sign a humiliating treaty in February 1757 known as what?

Ans > Treaty of Alinagar

The British Retaliation: Outraged by the fall of Calcutta and the reports of the Black Hole tragedy, the British quickly dispatched a formidable relief force from Madras, commanded jointly by the ruthless Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson.
Swift Recapture: The British forces easily brushed aside the Nawab’s troops and recaptured Calcutta in January 1757. Siraj-ud-Daulah, deeply unnerved by the rapid British advance and the threat of an Afghan invasion from the north by Ahmad Shah Abdali, sought peace.
Terms of Humiliation: Signed on February 9, 1757, the Treaty of Alinagar (named after the short-lived name the Nawab had given Calcutta) forced Siraj-ud-Daulah to accept every single British demand unconditionally.
Restoring Privileges: The treaty officially restored all the Company’s former, highly lucrative trading privileges (including the misuse of free passes or dastaks), allowed them to heavily fortify Calcutta without permission, and granted the EIC the sovereign right to mint its own coins in Bengal.
Setting the Stage for Plassey: This deeply humiliating treaty blatantly exposed the military weakness and diplomatic desperation of the Nawab, emboldening Robert Clive to immediately begin plotting with disgruntled courtiers like Mir Jafar to permanently overthrow Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey a few months later.

📌 British Conquest • Bengal

Q.12) In a bid to free himself from the Company’s control, Mir Qasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to which location in Bihar?

Ans > Munger

The Capable Nawab: Installed as the puppet Nawab of Bengal by the EIC in 1760 (replacing his deeply incompetent father-in-law Mir Jafar), Mir Qasim proved to be a highly capable, efficient, and fiercely independent ruler who deeply resented British subjugation.
Escaping Surveillance: Qasim quickly realized that governing from the traditional capital of Murshidabad was impossible, as it was dangerously close to Calcutta, allowing the EIC officials to constantly interfere in his daily administration and spy on his court.
The Shift to Munger: To establish physical distance and political independence from the oppressive British oversight, he strategically shifted his capital far inland to Munger (Monghyr) located in Bihar, converting it into a heavily fortified stronghold.
Military Modernization: At Munger, Mir Qasim systematically overhauled his decaying military apparatus. He aggressively disciplined his infantry along modern European lines by hiring skilled Armenian commanders like Gurgin Khan.
Independent Arms Production: Most alarmingly for the British, he established state-of-the-art foundries in Munger to independently manufacture massive cannons, highly accurate matchlock guns, and gunpowder, preparing for the inevitable clash with the Company over the misuse of trading passes.

📌 British Conquest • Bengal

Q.13) At the Battle of Buxar (1764), the English forces were commanded by which officer?

Ans > Major Hector Munro

The Ultimate Clash: Fought on October 22, 1764, the Battle of Buxar was arguably the most significant military engagement in Indian history, far more consequential than Plassey, as it pitted the British against the combined might of Northern India’s remaining powers.
The Command Structure: The British East India Company forces, numbering a mere 7,000 highly trained men, were decisively commanded by the brilliant and ruthless tactician, Major Hector Munro.
The Grand Alliance: Munro faced a massive, combined allied army of over 40,000 troops consisting of the desperate forces of Mir Qasim (the deposed Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (the powerful Nawab of Awadh), and Shah Alam II (the reigning, though weakened, Mughal Emperor).
Triumph of Discipline: Despite being vastly outnumbered, Major Munro’s incredibly disciplined infantry squares, rapid volley fire, and highly superior artillery positioning completely dismantled the disjointed and poorly coordinated charges of the allied Indian armies.
The Significance of Buxar: Unlike the Battle of Plassey (which was won largely through bribery and treason), Buxar was a pure, undeniable military victory that firmly established the absolute martial superiority of the British, making the EIC the undisputed paramount power in Northern India.

📌 British Conquest • Treaties

Q.14) Following the Battle of Buxar, the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed by Robert Clive with which two Indian rulers?

Ans > Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II

Clive’s Return to India: Following the massive military victory at Buxar, the EIC Directors sent Robert Clive back to India specifically to consolidate their territorial gains and negotiate the complex political settlement, which resulted in the dual Treaties of Allahabad in August 1765.
Treaty with the Mughal Emperor: The first treaty was signed with the defeated Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. In a historic decree, the Emperor formally granted the EIC the ‘Diwani’ (the absolute right to collect land revenue) for the incredibly wealthy provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
The Emperor’s Pension: In exchange for surrendering the financial control of India’s richest region, the Emperor was essentially made a high-status prisoner of the Company at Allahabad, receiving an annual pension of 26 lakh rupees.
Treaty with the Nawab of Awadh: The second treaty was forced upon Shuja-ud-Daulah. He was forced to pay a crippling war indemnity of 50 lakh rupees to the Company and had to surrender the strategic districts of Allahabad and Kora (which were given to the Emperor).
The Buffer State Strategy: Rather than annexing Awadh outright, Clive cleverly restored Shuja-ud-Daulah to his throne. This strategic move turned Awadh into a heavily dependent ‘buffer state’, protecting the Company’s vulnerable Bengal frontiers from the predatory raids of the Marathas and Afghans.

📌 British Conquest • Mysore Wars

Q.15) The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) ended abruptly with a defensive alliance dictating mutual restitution of conquests. What was this treaty called?

Ans > Treaty of Madras

The Rise of Haidar Ali: The brilliant military commander Haidar Ali had usurped power in Mysore, creating a formidable state equipped with French-trained artillery, deeply threatening the British East India Company’s expansionist designs in South India.
The Failed Coalition: The British aggressively attempted to form a grand coalition with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to crush Mysore. However, Haidar Ali’s superior diplomacy successfully bought off the Marathas and temporarily turned the Nizam against the British.
The March on Madras: Utilizing highly mobile, rapid cavalry tactics, Haidar Ali completely bypassed the heavy British infantry formations, laid waste to the Carnatic countryside, and suddenly appeared practically at the gates of Madras in 1769, throwing the EIC council into total panic.
Dictating Peace Terms: Terrified of their capital falling, the desperate British were forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Madras, with terms largely dictated by the victorious Haidar Ali. It strictly mandated a mutual return of all conquered territories and an exchange of prisoners.
The Broken Promise: Crucially, the treaty included a defensive alliance wherein the British solemnly promised to militarily aid Haidar Ali if he was attacked by another power. When the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771, the British deliberately broke this promise, creating a lasting, bitter enmity that guaranteed future wars.

📌 British Conquest • Mysore Wars

Q.16) The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) saw the death of Haidar Ali in 1782. Which treaty concluded this inconclusive war?

Ans > Treaty of Mangalore

Origins of the Conflict: The Second Anglo-Mysore War erupted because the British broke their defensive pact with Haidar Ali, and later blatantly provoked him by attacking the French settlement of Mahe, which fell within Mysore’s strict territorial jurisdiction and was vital for Haidar’s arms supply.
Death of Haidar Ali: The war was characterized by massive, bloody battles and shifting alliances. In the midst of the grueling conflict, the formidable Haidar Ali died in his camp from cancer in December 1782.
Tipu Takes the Mantle: The war was immediately and vigorously continued by his brilliant son, Tipu Sultan, who proved to be an equally dangerous adversary, successfully capturing the British commander Brigadier General Mathews and his entire army at Bednore.
Mutual Exhaustion: After four years of continuous, highly destructive warfare, both the EIC (facing severe financial drain and pressure from London) and Tipu Sultan (facing internal threats) realized that a decisive victory was impossible.
The Status Quo Treaty: Negotiated by Lord Macartney, the resulting Treaty of Mangalore (1784) was based purely on the status quo ante bellum. It mandated the mutual restitution of all conquered territories and the release of thousands of prisoners. It was deeply significant as it marked the absolute last time an Indian ruler signed a peace treaty with the British on equal terms.

📌 Personalities • Tipu Sultan

Q.17) Tipu Sultan planted a “Tree of Liberty” at Seringapatam and became a member of which French revolutionary club?

Ans > The Jacobin Club

An International Statesman: Unlike most contemporary Indian rulers who focused solely on regional politics, Tipu Sultan possessed a broad global vision and closely monitored international events, particularly the massive geopolitical upheaval of the French Revolution.
Seeking French Alliances: Knowing he could not defeat the British alone, Tipu actively sought a strong military alliance with the French, sending formal diplomatic embassies to King Louis XVI and later to the revolutionary Directorate in Paris, requesting naval support.
The Jacobin Connection: To solidify his ideological and military ties with France, he enthusiastically permitted the French mercenary soldiers employed in his army at Seringapatam to establish a formal branch of the radical revolutionary Jacobin Club.
Citizen Tipu: In a highly symbolic ceremony, a “Tree of Liberty” was planted in his capital to celebrate republican ideals of freedom and equality. Tipu himself participated, flying the flag of the French Republic and proudly adopting the title “Citizen Tipu.”
British Paranoia: This explicit, highly public alignment with radical French revolutionary elements deeply alarmed the British establishment in India. It provided Governor-General Lord Wellesley with the ultimate geopolitical pretext to launch a war of total annihilation against Mysore.

📌 British Conquest • Mysore Wars

Q.18) Following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, the humiliating Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in which year?

Ans > 1792

The Grand Coalition: The Third Anglo-Mysore War was a disaster for Tipu Sultan because Governor-General Lord Cornwallis successfully formed a massive, overwhelming triple alliance, uniting the British forces with both the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad against Mysore.
The Siege of the Capital: Lord Cornwallis personally assumed command of the allied army and relentlessly pushed into the heart of Mysore, eventually laying a devastating siege to Tipu’s island fortress capital of Seringapatam.
Crippling Terms of Surrender: Facing total military destruction and the breaching of his capital’s walls, a desperate Tipu Sultan was forced to capitulate and sign the incredibly harsh and humiliating Treaty of Seringapatam in March 1792.
Dismemberment of Mysore: The treaty mandated that Tipu surrender a staggering half of his entire kingdom. This vast territory was partitioned among the allies, with the British gaining highly strategic regions including Malabar, Dindigul, and Baramahal.
The Royal Hostages: Furthermore, Tipu was forced to pay an exorbitant, crippling war indemnity of three crore rupees. To ensure the payment of this massive sum, Tipu was heartbreakingly forced to hand over two of his young sons as royal hostages to Lord Cornwallis.

📌 British Conquest • Mysore Wars

Q.19) The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) resulted in the death of Tipu Sultan. Which British Governor-General waged this war?

Ans > Lord Wellesley

The Imperialist Governor-General: Richard Wellesley (Lord Wellesley) arrived in India in 1798 with a fiercely aggressive, imperialistic vision. He was determined to eliminate any remaining independent Indian powers and establish absolute British paramountcy.
The Pretext for War: Wellesley was deeply paranoid about Napoleon Bonaparte’s recent expedition to Egypt and Tipu Sultan’s continuous diplomatic overtures to the French Directory, the Ottoman Sultan, and Zaman Shah of Afghanistan to form an anti-British axis.
Refusal of Subjugation: Wellesley issued a harsh ultimatum, demanding that Tipu Sultan immediately accept a Subsidiary Alliance, which would have practically stripped him of his sovereignty. Recognizing it as a death sentence for his independence, Tipu bravely refused.
The Final Invasion: In 1799, Wellesley launched a massive, highly coordinated two-pronged invasion from Madras and Bombay. The British rapidly converged on Seringapatam, breaching the massive fortress walls after a short but intense siege.
The Fall of the Tiger: Tipu Sultan refused to flee, famously stating it was better to live one day as a tiger than a lifetime as a sheep. He died fighting heroically sword-in-hand defending the breach. Following his death, Wellesley restored the old Hindu Wodeyar dynasty to a much-reduced Mysore under strict British control, completely extinguishing the Mysore threat forever.

📌 British Conquest • Maratha Wars

Q.20) The First Anglo-Maratha War was sparked by the English Bombay Council signing a controversial treaty with Raghunathrao in 1775. What was this treaty?

Ans > Treaty of Surat

Maratha Succession Crisis: The conflict was rooted entirely in bloody Maratha internal politics. Raghunathrao (Raghoba), driven by immense ambition, brutally assassinated his own nephew, the ruling Peshwa Narayanrao, to illegally seize the highly coveted throne in Poona.
The Barbhai Council: Raghunathrao’s usurpation was fiercely opposed by a powerful coalition of Maratha chiefs known as the ‘Barbhai Council’, led by the brilliant statesman Nana Phadnavis, who recognized Narayanrao’s posthumously born infant son as the legitimate Peshwa.
The Desperate Deal: Ousted from power and desperate to reclaim the throne, Raghunathrao approached the ambitious English Bombay Council for military assistance, leading to the signing of the highly controversial Treaty of Surat in March 1775.
Trading Territory for Troops: Under the terms of this unauthorized treaty, Raghunathrao promised to permanently cede the wealthy islands of Salsette and the vital port of Bassein, along with a portion of revenues from Surat and Bharuch, to the British.
Igniting the War: In direct exchange, the Bombay Council provided him with 2,500 British soldiers to attack Poona. This blatant interference in Maratha internal affairs dragged the East India Company into a massive, highly expensive, and protracted war that they were ill-prepared to fight.

📌 British Conquest • Maratha Wars

Q.21) The embarrassing Treaty of Wadgaon (1779) was repudiated by the Governor-General, leading to the continuation of the First Anglo-Maratha War. Who was the Governor-General?

Ans > Warren Hastings

The Bombay Army’s Blunder: Following the Treaty of Surat, the overconfident British Bombay army marched towards Poona to install Raghunathrao. However, they were disastrously outmaneuvered and trapped by the brilliant Maratha general Mahadji Scindia at Talegaon.
A Humiliating Surrender: Completely surrounded, cut off from all supplies, and facing total annihilation, the desperate British commanders surrendered and were forced to sign the deeply humiliating Treaty of Wadgaon in January 1779.
Terms of Disgrace: The treaty forced the British to agree to return all Maratha territories they had acquired since 1773, abandon Raghunathrao, and hand over high-ranking British officers as hostages to guarantee compliance.
Hastings’ Furious Reaction: When news of this absolute disgrace reached Calcutta, Governor-General Warren Hastings was furious. He categorically repudiated (rejected) the treaty, declaring the Bombay Council had no authority to sign such terms, and refused to honor the agreements.
Restarting the War: To salvage British prestige, Hastings immediately dispatched a powerful, well-equipped Bengal army under the command of Colonel Thomas Goddard on a daring march across the breadth of India. Goddard successfully captured Ahmedabad and Bassein, violently restarting the war.

📌 British Conquest • Treaties

Q.22) Which treaty, signed in 1782, officially concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War and secured a twenty-year peace between the English and the Marathas?

Ans > Treaty of Salbai

A Grueling Stalemate: The First Anglo-Maratha War dragged on for years with neither side achieving a decisive, war-winning victory. The conflict became a massive financial drain on the Company’s resources.
The Need for Peace: Governor-General Warren Hastings astutely realized that fighting the powerful Maratha confederacy while simultaneously battling a resurgent Mysore under Haidar Ali was practically suicidal for the survival of the British Empire in India.
Scindia’s Mediation: Through the brilliant, pragmatic mediation of the powerful Maratha chief Mahadji Scindia (who sought to consolidate his own power in the north without British interference), the Treaty of Salbai was finalized and signed in May 1782.
The Terms of Settlement: The treaty was a massive diplomatic compromise. The British officially recognized the infant Madhavrao II as the rightful Peshwa and abandoned their proxy, Raghunathrao (who was pensioned off). The British retained control of the strategic island of Salsette but returned most other conquered territories to the Marathas.
Two Decades of Crucial Peace: The most significant outcome of this treaty was that it secured a full twenty-year period of peace between the British and the Marathas. This vital breathing space allowed the British to concentrate all their military and financial resources on completely destroying Tipu Sultan in the South.

📌 British Conquest • Maratha Wars

Q.23) Peshwa Bajirao II signed a Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1802, which practically ended Maratha independence. What was this treaty?

Ans > Treaty of Bassein

The Incompetent Peshwa: Peshwa Bajirao II (the son of the infamous Raghunathrao) was widely regarded as a deeply incompetent, treacherous, and cowardly ruler whose divisive actions thoroughly alienated the major Maratha chieftains.
The Maratha Civil War: His continuous scheming led to a vicious Maratha civil war. In October 1802, the brilliant Maratha general Yashwantrao Holkar utterly crushed the combined armies of the Peshwa and Daulatrao Scindia at the devastating Battle of Poona.
Flight to the British: Terrified of capture and desperate to retain his throne at any cost, Bajirao II fled Poona and sought refuge with the British East India Company at the coastal town of Bassein.
The Fatal Alliance: On December 31, 1802, he signed the infamous Treaty of Bassein. He officially accepted Lord Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance system, agreeing to maintain a permanent British force of 6,000 troops at Poona at his own vast expense, and completely surrendered his right to conduct independent foreign policy.
Triggering the Second War: This treaty was viewed as a massive national insult and a complete surrender of Maratha sovereignty. The proud Maratha chiefs, primarily Scindia and Bhonsle, vehemently refused to accept this British overlordship, which directly and immediately sparked the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

📌 British Conquest • Maratha Wars

Q.24) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (1803) was signed by which defeated Maratha chief?

Ans > Bhonsle

A Disunited Front: The massive tragedy of the Second Anglo-Maratha War was that the powerful Maratha chiefs—Scindia, Bhonsle, and Holkar—failed to unite their forces, choosing instead to fight the highly organized British armies separately, leading to their piecemeal destruction.
The Deccan Campaign: Raghuji Bhonsle II, the Raja of Berar (Nagpur), allied his forces with Daulatrao Scindia. However, they faced the brilliant military strategies of Major General Arthur Wellesley (who would later become the famous Duke of Wellington and defeat Napoleon at Waterloo).
Crushing Defeats: Bhonsle’s forces suffered severe, bloody defeats at the hands of Wellesley, first at the massively consequential Battle of Assaye and shortly afterward at the Battle of Argaon, completely shattering his military capabilities.
The Surrender at Deogaon: Completely outmatched and facing the destruction of his state, a desperate Bhonsle was forced to sue for peace, signing the highly punitive Treaty of Deogaon in December 1803.
Ceding Strategic Territory: The treaty forced Bhonsle to cede the entire, highly profitable province of Cuttack (including the vital port of Balasore) to the EIC. This was a masterstroke for the British, as it geographically connected the British presidencies of Bengal and Madras, securing uninterrupted coastal control. He also had to accept a British Resident at his court in Nagpur.

📌 British Conquest • Maratha Wars

Q.25) The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–19) resulted in the final dissolution of the Maratha confederacy. The Peshwa was pensioned off and sent to Bithur near which city?

Ans > Kanpur

The Final Conflict: The Third Anglo-Maratha War was the absolute final, decisive conflict that permanently shattered Maratha power. It began when Peshwa Bajirao II, deeply chafing under suffocating British control, launched a surprise attack on the British Residency in Poona.
Hastings’ Massive Campaign: Governor-General Lord Hastings used the pretext of hunting down Pindari raiders to amass the largest British army ever seen in India (over 100,000 men), which he then used to systematically encircle and destroy the remaining Maratha armies.
Defeat and Flight: The Peshwa’s forces suffered rapid, consecutive defeats at the battles of Khadki, Koregaon, and Ashti. Relentlessly pursued by British cavalry, a desperate Bajirao II finally surrendered to Sir John Malcolm in 1818.
Dissolution of the Empire: The British imposed a total, absolute victory. They completely abolished the historic title and political office of the Peshwa, officially and permanently dissolving the great Maratha Confederacy that had dominated India for a century.
Exile to Bithur: The Peshwa’s vast personal territories were outright annexed by the Company to form the core of the new Bombay Presidency. Bajirao II was permanently exiled from the Deccan and sent to live in Bithur, a quiet town located near Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, surviving on a generous annual British pension of eight lakh rupees.

📌 British Conquest • Sikh Wars

Q.26) In 1809, the British signed the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, fixing which river as the boundary between their respective territories?

Ans > Sutlej

The Expanding Sikh Empire: The brilliant Maharaja Ranjit Singh was rapidly expanding his powerful Sikh Empire, violently consolidating his absolute power over all the independent Sikh misls (confederacies) scattered across the vast Punjab region.
The Cis-Sutlej Crisis: When Ranjit Singh attempted to cross the Sutlej River to absorb and subjugate the wealthy Cis-Sutlej states (such as Patiala, Jind, and Nabha), the terrified local Sikh chiefs urgently appealed to the British East India Company for military protection.
British Strategic Fears: Governor-General Lord Minto sent the young, capable diplomat Charles Metcalfe to negotiate. The British were deeply paranoid about a potential French invasion of India via Persia and Afghanistan, and wanted to secure their northwestern frontier without fighting a costly war with the Sikhs.
The Boundary Agreement: Recognizing the firm British military stance and wishing to avoid a two-front war, Ranjit Singh pragmatically agreed to the Treaty of Amritsar (1809). This treaty officially fixed the Sutlej River as the permanent, absolute southern boundary of the Sikh Empire.
Redirecting Conquests: The British took all the Cis-Sutlej states under their formal protection. Barred from expanding eastward toward Delhi, this treaty forced Ranjit Singh to redirect his formidable military machine to conquer territories strictly towards the north (Kashmir) and west (Peshawar and Multan) against the Afghans.

📌 British Conquest • Sikh Wars

Q.27) The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) ended with the defeat of the Sikh army and the signing of which treaty?

Ans > Treaty of Lahore

Post-Ranjit Singh Chaos: Following the tragic death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the once-stable Sikh Empire quickly plunged into bloody anarchy, court assassinations, and civil war, with the powerful, highly independent Khalsa army taking effective control of the state.
Crossing the Sutlej: Rising political tensions, mutual suspicions, and British troop buildups near the border provoked the deeply alarmed Sikh army to cross the Sutlej River in December 1845, officially igniting the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Treachery from Within: Despite the Sikh soldiers fighting with terrifying bravery and immense skill at battles like Mudki, Ferozeshah, and Sobraon, they were ultimately defeated largely due to the blatant, calculated treachery of their own top commanders, Lal Singh and Tej Singh, who actively collaborated with the British.
The Punitive Treaty: The resulting Treaty of Lahore (March 1846) was highly punitive. It stripped the Sikh Empire of its independence. The British outright annexed the incredibly rich Jalandhar Doab (the fertile territory located between the Beas and Sutlej rivers).
Financial and Military Crippling: The treaty imposed a massive, unpayable war indemnity of 1.5 crore rupees on the Lahore Durbar. To cover this cost, the British seized Kashmir and sold it to Gulab Singh. Furthermore, the size of the once-mighty Sikh army was drastically reduced, and a powerful British Resident (Henry Lawrence) was permanently stationed at Lahore to dictate state affairs.

📌 British Expansion • Annexation

Q.28) Lord Dalhousie annexed the state of Awadh in 1856 on the grounds of internal misrule based on a report submitted by which British Resident?

Ans > James Outram

A Loyal, Dependent Ally: The Kingdom of Awadh had been an exceptionally loyal British ally and a reliable buffer state ever since the Battle of Buxar (1764), functioning securely under the strict parameters of the Subsidiary Alliance system.
Dalhousie’s Expansionist Agenda: The highly aggressive Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, intent on maximizing EIC territory and securing the vast agricultural revenues of the fertile Gangetic plain, deliberately targeted Awadh for complete annexation despite its unwavering loyalty.
The Fabrication of Misrule: While earlier reports by Colonel W.H. Sleeman had legitimately criticized Awadh’s administration, Dalhousie specifically commissioned the newly appointed Resident, James Outram, to compile an even more damning, politically motivated report to justify his actions.
Outram’s Damning Report: Outram’s highly exaggerated, deeply critical account portrayed the administration of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah as hopelessly corrupt, chaotic, and brutally oppressive to the local peasantry, providing the perfect legalistic pretext for Company intervention.
The Spark for Rebellion: Using this fabricated claim of catastrophic “internal misrule,” Dalhousie officially deposed the Nawab and annexed Awadh in February 1856. This deeply unjust act shocked the Indian aristocracy and intensely angered the Company’s sepoy army (the vast majority of whom were recruited from Awadh), directly fueling the massive explosion of the 1857 Mutiny.

📌 British Expansion • Doctrine of Lapse

Q.29) Which state was the first to fall victim to Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse in 1848?

Ans > Satara

The Imperial Tool: The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was a highly aggressive, controversial annexation policy ruthlessly employed by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie to rapidly expand direct British territorial control over the Indian subcontinent without fighting expensive wars.
Denying Hindu Tradition: The doctrine brutally dictated that if the ruler of a “dependent” or “protected” state died without a natural biological male heir, the state’s sovereignty would automatically “lapse” and revert to the paramount power (the British East India Company). It explicitly and illegally rejected the ancient Hindu tradition allowing a king to adopt a successor for ruling purposes.
The First Victim: The prominent Maratha state of Satara was the very first high-profile victim to fall to this policy. Satara had actually been artificially created and granted to a descendant of Shivaji by the British themselves in 1818, following the final defeat of the Peshwa.
Annexation in 1848: When the ruling Raja of Satara, Appa Sahib, died in 1848 without a biological son, Dalhousie immediately refused to recognize his legally adopted heir and ruthlessly annexed the entire state into the Bombay Presidency.
A Terrifying Precedent: The sudden, bloodless annexation of Satara sent a massive shockwave of terror and deep insecurity through all the remaining Indian princely courts. Dalhousie subsequently used this exact same justification to swallow up other major states including Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Baghat, Udaipur, Jhansi, and Nagpur.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Pre-1857

Q.30) The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) was a massive uprising aimed at expelling the British and the dikus from the region extending from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal. What was this region called?

Ans > Damin-i-Koh

The Santhal Migration: The Santhals were a peaceful, hardworking agricultural tribal community. The British colonial administration had specifically invited them to settle and clear the dense forests in a large demarcated territory in the Rajmahal Hills (present-day Jharkhand), officially naming this region the ‘Damin-i-Koh’ (meaning the skirts of the hills).
The Arrival of the Dikus: The introduction of the rigid Permanent Settlement system and a new cash-based economy rapidly brought an influx of greedy Bengali and Marwari zamindars (landlords), corrupt police officials (darogas), and ruthless moneylenders (mahajans) into the Damin-i-Koh. The Santhals collectively referred to these exploitative outsiders as ‘dikus’.
Crushing Exploitation: These dikus systematically exploited the illiterate Santhals through fraudulent accounting, forced labor, and charging exorbitant interest rates (often over 500%), eventually seizing their newly cleared agricultural lands and driving them into deep debt slavery.
The Hul Ulgulan: Pushed beyond human endurance, over 10,000 armed Santhals rose up in a massive, highly organized rebellion in 1855 (known as the Hul Ulgulan). Led by the charismatic, visionary brothers Sido and Kanhu Murmu, they declared the end of Company rule and vowed to exterminate all dikus.
Brutal Suppression: The Santhals fought bravely using traditional bows and poisoned arrows, managing to briefly paralyze the colonial administration. However, the British eventually suppressed the uprising with terrifying brutality, deploying massive military columns, declaring martial law, and using heavy artillery to slaughter thousands of tribal warriors.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 76

Blue Water Policy: Introduced by Francisco de Almeida to control the Indian Ocean.
Capture of Goa (1510): Albuquerque captured Goa from the Sultanate of Bijapur.
Battle of Swally Hole (1612): English defeated the Portuguese, impressing Emperor Jahangir.
First English Factory: Established at Surat in 1613.
Golden Farman (1632): Issued by the Sultan of Golconda allowing free English trade.
French EIC (1664): Founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert under King Louis XIV.
First Carnatic War: An extension of the War of the Austrian Succession.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748): Ended the 1st Carnatic War; restored Madras to the English.
Battle of Wandiwash (1760): English defeated the French during the 3rd Carnatic War.
Black Hole Tragedy: Occurred in Calcutta in 1756.
Treaty of Alinagar (1757): Siraj-ud-Daulah forced to restore EIC privileges by Clive.
Mir Qasim’s Capital: Shifted from Murshidabad to Munger in Bihar.
Battle of Buxar (1764): Major Hector Munro commanded the victorious English forces.
Treaty of Allahabad (1765): Signed with Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II.
Treaty of Madras (1769): Ended the First Anglo-Mysore War on Haidar Ali’s terms.
Treaty of Mangalore (1784): Concluded the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Tipu Sultan & France: Became a member of the French Jacobin Club.
Treaty of Seringapatam: Signed in 1792, crippling Tipu Sultan’s power.
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War: Waged by Lord Wellesley; resulted in Tipu’s death.
Treaty of Surat (1775): Signed with Raghunathrao, triggering the 1st Maratha War.
Treaty of Wadgaon: Repudiated by Governor-General Warren Hastings.
Treaty of Salbai (1782): Secured 20 years of peace with the Marathas.
Treaty of Bassein (1802): Subsidiary Alliance signed by Peshwa Bajirao II.
Treaty of Deogaon (1803): Signed by the defeated Bhonsle chief.
End of Peshwaship: Bajirao II pensioned off to Bithur near Kanpur.
Treaty of Amritsar (1809): Fixed the Sutlej River as the Anglo-Sikh boundary.
Treaty of Lahore (1846): Concluded the First Anglo-Sikh War.
Annexation of Awadh (1856): Justified by James Outram’s report on misrule.
Doctrine of Lapse (1848): Satara was the very first state to be annexed.
Santhal Rebellion: Centered in the Damin-i-Koh region near Rajmahal.

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Modern History Set 76

Q.1) Which Portuguese governor in India introduced the ‘Blue Water Policy’?

Q.2) In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque captured the strategic port of Goa from the ruler of which prominent Deccan sultanate?

Q.3) In 1612, the English East India Company secured a decisive naval victory over the Portuguese at which battle?

Q.4) The English East India Company established its first permanent factory in India in 1613 at which location?

Q.5) In 1632, the English obtained the ‘Golden Farman’ with the right to trade freely in the ports of a specific kingdom. Which kingdom issued this?

Q.6) The French East India Company was founded in 1664 during the reign of King Louis XIV by which of his ministers?

Q.7) The First Carnatic War (1746–48) was an extension of which European conflict?

Q.8) Which treaty concluded the First Carnatic War in 1748, restoring Madras to the English?

Q.9) The Battle of Wandiwash (1760), which decisively ended the French political threat in India, was fought during which Carnatic War?

Q.10) The infamous ‘Black Hole Tragedy’, which was used as a justification by the British for aggressive military action, allegedly took place in which year?

Q.11) Following Robert Clive’s recapture of Calcutta, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was forced to sign a humiliating treaty in February 1757 known as what?

Q.12) In a bid to free himself from the Company’s control, Mir Qasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to which location in Bihar?

Q.13) At the Battle of Buxar (1764), the English forces were commanded by which officer?

Q.14) Following the Battle of Buxar, the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed by Robert Clive with which two Indian rulers?

Q.15) The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) ended abruptly with a defensive alliance dictating mutual restitution of conquests. What was this treaty called?

Q.16) The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) saw the death of Haidar Ali in 1782. Which treaty concluded this inconclusive war?

Q.17) Tipu Sultan planted a “Tree of Liberty” at Seringapatam and became a member of which French revolutionary club?

Q.18) Following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, the humiliating Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in which year?

Q.19) The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) resulted in the death of Tipu Sultan. Which British Governor-General waged this war?

Q.20) The First Anglo-Maratha War was sparked by the English Bombay Council signing a controversial treaty with Raghunathrao in 1775. What was this treaty?

Q.21) The embarrassing Treaty of Wadgaon (1779) was repudiated by the Governor-General, leading to the continuation of the First Anglo-Maratha War. Who was the Governor-General?

Q.22) Which treaty, signed in 1782, officially concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War and secured a twenty-year peace between the English and the Marathas?

Q.23) Peshwa Bajirao II signed a Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1802, which practically ended Maratha independence. What was this treaty?

Q.24) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (1803) was signed by which defeated Maratha chief?

Q.25) The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–19) resulted in the final dissolution of the Maratha confederacy. The Peshwa was pensioned off and sent to Bithur near which city?

Q.26) In 1809, the British signed the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, fixing which river as the boundary between their respective territories?

Q.27) The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) ended with the defeat of the Sikh army and the signing of which treaty?

Q.28) Lord Dalhousie annexed the state of Awadh in 1856 on the grounds of internal misrule based on a report submitted by which British Resident?

Q.29) Which state was the first to fall victim to Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse in 1848?

Q.30) The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) was a massive uprising aimed at expelling the British and the dikus from the region extending from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal. What was this region called?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 76

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Q.1) Which Portuguese governor in India introduced the ‘Blue Water Policy’?

Q.2) In 1510, Alfonso de Albuquerque captured the strategic port of Goa from the ruler of which prominent Deccan sultanate?

Q.3) In 1612, the English East India Company secured a decisive naval victory over the Portuguese at which battle?

Q.4) The English East India Company established its first permanent factory in India in 1613 at which location?

Q.5) In 1632, the English obtained the ‘Golden Farman’ with the right to trade freely in the ports of a specific kingdom. Which kingdom issued this?

Q.6) The French East India Company was founded in 1664 during the reign of King Louis XIV by which of his ministers?

Q.7) The First Carnatic War (1746–48) was an extension of which European conflict?

Q.8) Which treaty concluded the First Carnatic War in 1748, restoring Madras to the English?

Q.9) The Battle of Wandiwash (1760), which decisively ended the French political threat in India, was fought during which Carnatic War?

Q.10) The infamous ‘Black Hole Tragedy’, which was used as a justification by the British for aggressive military action, allegedly took place in which year?

Q.11) Following Robert Clive’s recapture of Calcutta, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was forced to sign a humiliating treaty in February 1757 known as what?

Q.12) In a bid to free himself from the Company’s control, Mir Qasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to which location in Bihar?

Q.13) At the Battle of Buxar (1764), the English forces were commanded by which officer?

Q.14) Following the Battle of Buxar, the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was signed by Robert Clive with which two Indian rulers?

Q.15) The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) ended abruptly with a defensive alliance dictating mutual restitution of conquests. What was this treaty called?

Q.16) The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) saw the death of Haidar Ali in 1782. Which treaty concluded this inconclusive war?

Q.17) Tipu Sultan planted a “Tree of Liberty” at Seringapatam and became a member of which French revolutionary club?

Q.18) Following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, the humiliating Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in which year?

Q.19) The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) resulted in the death of Tipu Sultan. Which British Governor-General waged this war?

Q.20) The First Anglo-Maratha War was sparked by the English Bombay Council signing a controversial treaty with Raghunathrao in 1775. What was this treaty?

Q.21) The embarrassing Treaty of Wadgaon (1779) was repudiated by the Governor-General, leading to the continuation of the First Anglo-Maratha War. Who was the Governor-General?

Q.22) Which treaty, signed in 1782, officially concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War and secured a twenty-year peace between the English and the Marathas?

Q.23) Peshwa Bajirao II signed a Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1802, which practically ended Maratha independence. What was this treaty?

Q.24) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (1803) was signed by which defeated Maratha chief?

Q.25) The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–19) resulted in the final dissolution of the Maratha confederacy. The Peshwa was pensioned off and sent to Bithur near which city?

Q.26) In 1809, the British signed the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, fixing which river as the boundary between their respective territories?

Q.27) The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) ended with the defeat of the Sikh army and the signing of which treaty?

Q.28) Lord Dalhousie annexed the state of Awadh in 1856 on the grounds of internal misrule based on a report submitted by which British Resident?

Q.29) Which state was the first to fall victim to Lord Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse in 1848?

Q.30) The Santhal Rebellion (1855–56) was a massive uprising aimed at expelling the British and the dikus from the region extending from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal. What was this region called?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 76

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