Modern History Set 42 | MROY Class

Modern History Questions & Answers (Set 42)

The Moamarias, who launched a potent challenge against the Ahom kings of Assam in 1769, belonged to which social group? – Low-caste peasants
During the 1794 revolt of the Raja of Vizianagaram, the East India Company demanded a tribute of how much money, which angered the raja? – Three lakh rupees
Following the “Massacre of Benares” in 1799, Wazir Ali Khan fled to Butwal and was granted asylum by the ruler of which state before his extradition? – Jaipur
Strikara Bhanj, who openly rebelled against the British in 1800, was the prominent zamindar of which region in the Ganjam district? – Gumsur
In the Gumsur uprising of 1807–08, which son of Strikara Bhanj forced his father to leave the estate and later rebelled against the English? – Dhananjaya Bhanj
In 1800, Colonel Jones camped for two years in Palamau and Sarguja to suppress a rebellion led by which Chero chief? – Bhukhan Singh
Kattabomman Nayakan, who valiantly led the Poligar insurrection between 1795 and 1799, was the poligar of which estate? – Panjalankurichi
The second, more violent phase of the Poligar Rebellion started in February 1801 when imprisoned poligars were able to escape from which fort? – Palamcotta
Between 1803 and 1805, the poligars of North Arcot rose in rebellion because they were deprived of their traditional right to collect which fees? – Kaval fees
In the western Haryana region (1803–1810), Muslim Bhatti Rajputs organized opposition against the British under the leadership of Khan Bahadur Khan of Fatehabad and whom else? – Zabita Khan of Sirsa and Rania
During the Bundelkhand disturbances (1808–12), Darya Singh offered resistance to the British as the killadar (commander) of which fort? – Kalanjar
During the Parlakimedi Outbreak, the resistance of Narayan Deo forced the British to dispatch an army under which commander in 1768? – Colonel Peach
The 1816 uprising at Bareilly, initially sparked by a police tax, took on a religious hue when which venerated old man submitted a petition to the magistrate? – Mufti Muhammad Aiwaz
During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), while Dayaram fiercely defended his fort, which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government? – Bhagwant Singh
The Paikas of Odisha enjoyed rent-free land tenures for their military service. Who was their leader during the 1817 rebellion against the East India Company? – Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar
The Surat Salt Agitations of 1844 erupted due to the government’s decision to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount? – One rupee
The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844 in Kolhapur, occupied the Bhudargarh fort and which other fort? – Samangarh
In the 1890s, the Sardar movement (Bokta Rising) in Chotanagpur turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom? – The Landlords
Which British magistrate of Rajmahal is reputed to have been shot by the Santhal leader Tilka Manjhi in 1784? – Augustus Cleveland
The most significant Chuar rebellion in 1798 was largely led by Durjan Singh. He was the dispossessed zamindar of which location? – Raipur
Among the leaders of the Chuar uprisings, Raja Mohan Singh was the zamindar of which area? – Juriah
The 1798 Tamar Revolt, led by Bholanath Sahay, was firmly suppressed by a British expedition led by which officer? – Lt. Cooper
The massive Santhal Rebellion of 1855–56 took place after the Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of which region? – Rajmahal
The Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), aimed at establishing a Munda Raj, was also known by what term meaning ‘Great Tumult’? – Ulgulan
According to the Cambridge School of historiography, the fundamental contradiction under colonial rule was not between imperialism and the Indian people, but among whom? – The Indians themselves
Unlike the English East India Company, the French trading company was largely owned by the State. The French monarch held more than what percentage share in it? – 60 per cent
To fund its wars and outspend rivals like France, Britain successfully utilized the world’s first central bank to sell government debt. What was this bank called? – The Bank of England
The first newspaper in India, The Bengal Gazette, was published in 1780. Who published it? – James Augustus Hickey
Thomas Jones Barker’s 1859 painting, depicting the heroism of the British during the 1857 revolt, is titled what? – Relief of Lucknow
The first important writer of the literary genre of the novel in Bengal, who authored the semi-historical novel Anandamath (1882), was whom? – Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

MROY Class

Modern History Set 42

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📌 Tribal Uprisings • Assam

Q.1) The Moamarias, who launched a potent challenge against the Ahom kings of Assam in 1769, belonged to which social group?

Ans > Low-caste peasants

Socio-Religious Origins: The Moamarias were a prominent socio-religious group in Assam, primarily consisting of low-caste peasants, artisans, and marginalized communities. They were devout followers of the Mayamara sattra, a highly egalitarian Vaishnavite monastery founded by Aniruddhadeva. This progressive, inclusive philosophy strongly conflicted with the rigid, orthodox Hinduism heavily championed by the ruling Ahom dynasty.
Catalysts for Rebellion: In 1769, driven by severe economic exploitation, excessive taxation, and brutal religious persecution by the Ahom rulers, the Moamarias launched a massive, coordinated armed rebellion against King Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha. The uprising was incredibly potent, allowing the rebels to temporarily capture the capital city of Rangpur and successfully imprison the reigning monarch.
Long-Term Consequences: Although the Ahoms eventually regained superficial control with the critical assistance of British forces (specifically Captain Welsh’s military expedition in 1792), the Moamaria rebellion fundamentally and permanently weakened the Ahom kingdom. The prolonged, violent conflict devastated Assam’s local economy, depopulated vast agricultural regions, and created a massive power vacuum. This instability directly paved the way for the devastating Burmese invasions and the subsequent British annexation of Assam under the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Andhra

Q.2) During the 1794 revolt of the Raja of Vizianagaram, the East India Company demanded a tribute of how much money?

Ans > Three lakh rupees

Initial Alliance and Betrayal: The East India Company initially formed a highly strategic alliance with the Raja of Vizianagaram to successfully expel the French forces from the Northern Circars in 1765. However, once their hold on the region was securely established, the British adopted an aggressively exploitative stance toward their former ally.
The Extortionate Demand: The British administration suddenly and arbitrarily demanded a massive, unreasonable tribute of three lakh rupees from the Raja. Furthermore, they commanded him to immediately disband his own personal military forces, effectively stripping him of his regional authority and defensive capabilities.
The Battle of Padmanabham: When the Raja courageously refused these humiliating demands and the heavy financial extortion, the Company swiftly moved to confiscate his entire estate. The Raja actively resisted the takeover, culminating in the fierce Battle of Padmanabham in 1794, where he tragically died fighting against the superior British military forces. Following his death, the estate was severely reduced and eventually handed over to his son under much stricter British control.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Awadh

Q.3) Following the “Massacre of Benares” in 1799, Wazir Ali Khan fled to Butwal and was granted asylum by the ruler of which state before his extradition?

Ans > Jaipur

Deposition and Resentment: Wazir Ali Khan ascended to the throne of Awadh in 1797 with British support, but was quickly deposed by the East India Company just months later in favor of his uncle, Saadat Ali Khan, who offered better financial terms. Wazir Ali was granted a pension and forced into humiliating exile in Benares, generating fierce resentment against the British.
The Massacre of Benares: In January 1799, a deeply disgruntled Wazir Ali assassinated the local British resident, George Frederick Cherry, who had invited him to a diplomatic breakfast. His armed guards subsequently killed several other Europeans in the city. This sudden, brutal uprising became historically known as the Massacre of Benares.
Flight, Asylum, and Extradition: Following the massacre, Wazir Ali successfully fled to the dense forests of Butwal and organized an armed rebellion. He eventually sought and was granted formal asylum by the powerful Raja of Jaipur. However, under immense political and military pressure from Arthur Wellesley, the Raja of Jaipur was forced to extradite Wazir Ali back to the British. The extradition was executed strictly on the condition that Wazir Ali would not be publicly hanged nor placed in iron fetters. He spent the rest of his life confined in Fort William, Calcutta.

📌 Zamindari Rebellions • Ganjam

Q.4) Strikara Bhanj, who openly rebelled against the British in 1800, was the prominent zamindar of which region in the Ganjam district?

Ans > Gumsur

Strategic Importance of Gumsur: Gumsur was a prominent, highly strategic, and wealthy zamindari estate located in the Ganjam district of the Northern Circars. Following the British acquisition of the region, the East India Company sought to aggressively maximize land revenue extraction, deeply antagonizing the traditional local chieftains and landlords.
Defiance of Strikara Bhanj: Strikara Bhanj, the powerful zamindar of Gumsur, outright refused to comply with the exorbitant revenue demands set by the English East India Company in 1797. He viewed the British interference as a direct assault on his hereditary autonomy and the local economic stability.
Open Rebellion in 1800: By the year 1800, Strikara Bhanj escalated his civil defiance into an open, armed rebellion against the Company. He successfully rallied local peasant support and utilizing the difficult, heavily forested terrain of the region, launched a significant guerrilla campaign against the heavy-handed British revenue collectors and their military escorts, setting a powerful precedent of resistance in the region.

📌 Zamindari Rebellions • Ganjam

Q.5) In the Gumsur uprising of 1807–08, which son of Strikara Bhanj forced his father to leave the estate and later rebelled against the English?

Ans > Dhananjaya Bhanj

Family Conflict and Usurpation: The political situation in Gumsur was deeply complicated by intense internal family rivalries. During the volatile period of 1807–08, Dhananjaya Bhanj violently forced his own father, Strikara Bhanj, to flee the estate, successfully usurping power and taking absolute control of the zamindari.
Continuing the Legacy of Defiance: Despite removing his rebellious father, Dhananjaya Bhanj himself eventually clashed severely with the British administration over identical issues of exorbitant taxation and political interference. He completely stopped paying the mandatory tribute, recognizing the exploitative nature of the colonial revenue system.
Major Uprisings in 1815 and 1835: Dhananjaya initiated a massive, organized rebellion in 1815, and after a period of superficial peace, he spearheaded another major, deeply violent uprising in 1835. This latter rebellion heavily challenged British supremacy in the region, eventually leading to a massive military campaign commanded by George Russell. The British finally managed to suppress the uprising, subsequently confiscating the entire Gumsur estate and triggering the prolonged, bloody Khond uprisings.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Palamau

Q.6) In 1800, Colonel Jones camped for two years in Palamau and Sarguja to suppress a rebellion led by which Chero chief?

Ans > Bhukhan Singh

Agrarian Exploitation of the Cheros: The indigenous Chero communities of the Palamau region in Chotanagpur were systematically ruined by the harsh British land revenue settlements. The colonial administration frequently auctioned off their traditional, ancestral lands to outside jagirdars and wealthy money-lenders who mercilessly exploited the tribal peasants.
The Rise of Bhukhan Singh: In response to this severe agrarian crisis and the loss of their traditional autonomy, the Cheros rose in fierce, coordinated rebellion in the year 1800. Bhukhan Singh, a respected local leader, emerged as their prominent chief, organizing the tribesmen into a formidable guerrilla force that relentlessly attacked British outposts and the properties of the newly imposed landlords.
Prolonged British Military Campaign: The tribal resistance under Bhukhan Singh was so incredibly stiff and well-adapted to the dense local jungle terrain that the British military faced massive difficulties. Colonel Jones, tasked with pacifying the area, had to permanently camp his forces in the Palamau and Sarguja regions for two entire years. The rebellion was only crushed following the eventual capture and execution of Bhukhan Singh, though tribal discontent continued to simmer for decades.

📌 Civil Rebellions • South India

Q.7) Kattabomman Nayakan, who valiantly led the Poligar insurrection between 1795 and 1799, was the poligar of which estate?

Ans > Panjalankurichi

The Genesis of the Conflict: The conflict originated when the Nawab of Arcot, heavily indebted to the East India Company, surrendered the absolute right to collect taxes in the Tirunelveli region to the British. Kattabomman Nayakan, the highly influential Poligar (local military chieftain) of the Panjalankurichi estate, vehemently rejected this transfer of sovereignty, refusing to pay what he considered arbitrary, illegitimate colonial taxes.
The Insult of Colin Jackson: Tensions boiled over in 1798 when the arrogant British Collector, Colin Jackson, deliberately insulted Kattabomman during a revenue meeting in Ramanathapuram, forcing the Poligar to stand for hours. This humiliation sparked a violent skirmish, leading Kattabomman to actively organize a regional anti-British coalition among neighboring Poligars.
Capture and Execution: Recognizing the severe threat, the British military under Major Bannerman launched a massive assault on the Panjalankurichi fort in 1799. Despite fighting a fierce guerrilla war, Kattabomman was eventually betrayed by the Raja of Pudukottai, captured by the British, and publicly hanged from a conspicuous tamarind tree at Kayathar in October 1799. His martyrdom transformed him into an enduring, legendary symbol of early anti-colonial resistance across Tamil Nadu.

📌 Civil Rebellions • South India

Q.8) The second, more violent phase of the Poligar Rebellion started in February 1801 when imprisoned poligars were able to escape from which fort?

Ans > Palamcotta

The Great Escape: Following the brutal suppression of the first Poligar war and the hanging of Kattabomman in 1799, the British imprisoned several prominent rebel leaders. However, the second, significantly more violent phase of the rebellion was massively ignited when a group of heavily guarded poligars, led by Kattabomman’s brother Oomathurai, executed a daring and highly organized escape from the heavily fortified Palamcotta fort in February 1801.
Rapid Reorganization and Capture of Tuticorin: Immediately upon escaping, the rebels rapidly reorganized their forces and rebuilt the destroyed fort of Panjalankurichi in a matter of days. Their momentum was so overwhelming that they shockingly managed to capture the vital, economically crucial British stronghold of Tuticorin, paralyzing colonial administration in the deep south.
The South Indian Confederacy: This second phase was characterized by a massive, unprecedented anti-British coalition. Oomathurai formed a powerful alliance with the Marudu Pandiyar brothers of Sivaganga, Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja of Malabar, and Krishnappa Nayak of Mysore. It took a massive, heavily coordinated British military campaign, utilizing overwhelming artillery firepower, to finally crush this confederacy, resulting in the brutal executions of the Marudu brothers and Oomathurai, and the total annexation of the Carnatic region in 1801.

📌 Civil Rebellions • North Arcot

Q.9) Between 1803 and 1805, the poligars of North Arcot rose in rebellion because they were deprived of their traditional right to collect which fees?

Ans > Kaval fees

The Traditional Kaval System: For centuries, the poligars of North Arcot had functioned not just as local landlords, but as the traditional rural police force and watchmen for their respective territories. In exchange for providing this crucial security and maintaining law and order, they were legally entitled to collect ‘Kaval fees’ (watch fees) directly from the local populace.
British Administrative Disruption: Following the annexation of the region, the centralized British administration systematically moved to monopolize all police and military functions. They explicitly abolished the traditional Kaval system, thereby severely depriving the poligars of their primary, historical source of income, social prestige, and regional authority.
The Armed Uprising: This abrupt economic disenfranchisement and loss of status directly sparked the intense 1803-1805 armed uprising. The desperate, ruined poligars organized their armed bands and launched a series of violent, coordinated attacks against British police stations, revenue collectors, and military outposts across North Arcot. The rebellion was only pacified after prolonged military action and eventual British concessions offering them limited land settlements and pensions.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Haryana

Q.10) In the western Haryana region (1803–1810), Muslim Bhatti Rajputs organized opposition against the British under the leadership of Khan Bahadur Khan and whom else?

Ans > Zabita Khan of Sirsa and Rania

The Transfer of Power: Following the decisive defeat of the Marathas in the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803), the territorial control of the Haryana region was officially transferred to the English East India Company. However, the local populace, unaccustomed to strict external governance, vehemently rejected this colonial transition.
The Bhatti Rajput Resistance: The Muslim Bhatti Rajputs, highly fiercely independent pastoral and warrior communities dominant in western Haryana, aggressively resisted the imposition of British rule, modern administration, and strict revenue assessments. They viewed the British as alien usurpers threatening their traditional way of life.
Armed Opposition and Suppression: Their highly organized, sustained armed opposition was primarily spearheaded by formidable local leaders, specifically Khan Bahadur Khan of Fatehabad and Zabita Khan of Sirsa and Rania. They utilized rapid cavalry tactics to constantly harass British outposts. The resistance was so resilient that it required a major, prolonged British military expedition, commanded by Colonel Ochterlony, stretching all the way until 1810, to finally annex Fatehabad and pacify the volatile frontier region.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Bundelkhand

Q.11) During the Bundelkhand disturbances (1808–12), Darya Singh offered resistance to the British as the killadar (commander) of which fort?

Ans > Kalanjar

The Strategic Landscape of Bundelkhand: Following the Treaty of Bassein (1802), the British acquired significant territorial claims in Bundelkhand. However, the region was characterized by a highly complex, fragmented network of powerful, heavily fortified hill forts, each commanded by fiercely independent local chieftains known as killadars, who absolutely refused to recognize British sovereignty.
The Impregnable Fort of Kalanjar: Darya Singh was the heavily entrenched killadar of the massive hill fort of Kalanjar. Historically renowned as one of the most impregnable and strategically vital forts in Central India (famous for the death of Sher Shah Suri during a siege in 1545), Kalanjar served as the ultimate stronghold for regional defiance against the colonial administration.
Prolonged Resistance and Siege: During the widespread Bundelkhand disturbances (1808–12), Darya Singh heavily utilized the fort’s natural defenses to offer fierce, prolonged resistance. The East India Company had to launch a massive, highly resource-intensive military siege, utilizing heavy artillery bombardment, to eventually force Darya Singh’s surrender in 1812. The British subsequently adopted a policy of pacifying such chieftains by offering them lucrative pensions in exchange for vacating their strategic forts.

📌 Zamindari Rebellions • Parlakimedi

Q.12) During the Parlakimedi Outbreak, the resistance of Narayan Deo forced the British to dispatch an army under which commander in 1768?

Ans > Colonel Peach

Early Incursions in the Northern Circars: After the Mughal Emperor officially granted the Northern Circars to the East India Company in 1765, the British actively moved to assert their absolute authority and implement stringent revenue collection systems over the traditionally semi-independent local zamindars.
The Defiance of Narayan Deo: Narayan Deo, the highly formidable and historically prestigious zamindar of the Parlakimedi estate, strongly resisted these early British incursions. Claiming a degree of sovereign independence, he outright refused to pay the exorbitant revenue demands, actively mobilizing local forces to physically block colonial administrators from entering his territory.
Military Escalation and Defeat: Narayan Deo’s armed resistance proved so effective and disruptive to colonial trade that the British administration in Madras was forced to escalate the situation. They dispatched a dedicated, heavily armed military force under the command of Colonel Peach in 1768. The British forces eventually defeated Narayan Deo at the battle of Jalmur, brutally subduing the estate and installing his son as a more compliant, puppet zamindar, though the region remained volatile for decades.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Bareilly

Q.13) The 1816 uprising at Bareilly, initially sparked by a police tax, took on a religious hue when which venerated old man submitted a petition to the magistrate?

Ans > Mufti Muhammad Aiwaz

The Unpopular Chaukidari Tax: The uprising initially began as a massive, secular civil protest against the highly unpopular imposition of a new municipal police tax (known as the chaukidari tax) by the British administration in Bareilly. The citizens viewed this direct urban taxation as a severe, unprecedented violation of their customary rights and economic freedom.
The Turning Point: The situation rapidly and violently escalated when Mufti Muhammad Aiwaz, a highly venerated local Islamic scholar deeply respected by the community, submitted a formal petition against the tax to the British magistrate. Instead of addressing the grievances, the magistrate arrogantly dismissed the petition and ordered the immediate, forceful collection of the tax.
Religious Escalation and Bloodshed: This blatant disrespect towards the Mufti transformed the economic protest into a fierce, religiously fueled armed clash. The Mufti actively led an armed mob, rallying both Muslims and sympathetic Hindus against the British forces. The resulting urban warfare was incredibly bloody, resulting in hundreds of casualties, forcing the British to bring in heavy military reinforcements to finally suppress the insurrection and maintain their authority.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Hathras

Q.14) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), while Dayaram fiercely defended his fort, which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government?

Ans > Bhagwant Singh

Dismantling Power Centers in the Doab: By 1817, the East India Company was actively seeking to totally dismantle all independent local power centers and highly fortified estates in the fertile Doab region to ensure uninterrupted revenue collection. Talukdar Dayaram possessed a massively fortified mud-fort at Hathras, considered one of the strongest in India, and he fiercely resisted the British attempts to curb his regional authority.
The Siege of Hathras: When Dayaram refused to dismantle his defenses or pay exorbitant revenue arrears, the British military launched a massive, devastating siege on the Hathras fort in February 1817. They utilized unprecedented amounts of heavy artillery bombardment, eventually breaching the defenses, though Dayaram managed a daring escape.
The Submission of Mursan: Observing the sheer destructive capability of the British artillery and the total ruin of Dayaram’s formidable stronghold, neighboring chieftains were deeply intimidated. Bhagwant Singh, the prominent Raja of Mursan, who had initially harbored rebellious intentions, prudently chose to formally submit to British authority and dismantle his own defenses without fighting, choosing political survival over certain military destruction.

📌 Paika Rebellion • Odisha

Q.15) The Paikas of Odisha enjoyed rent-free land tenures for their military service. Who was their leader during the 1817 rebellion?

Ans > Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar

Loss of Traditional Livelihoods: The Paikas were the traditional, hereditary landed militia of Odisha, providing military service to the King of Khurda in exchange for rent-free land tenures (known as nishkar jagirs). Upon conquering Odisha in 1803, the British aggressively abolished these land grants, demanded taxes in the newly introduced rupee currency instead of traditional cowries, and imposed a crippling monopoly on salt, causing massive, widespread economic ruin.
The Rise of Bakshi Jagabandhu: Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, the former military commander (Bakshi) of the deposed King of Khurda, was personally ruined by British revenue policies. He successfully organized the deeply disgruntled Paikas, forming a powerful alliance with the local Khond tribes and angry peasants, to launch a massive, violent armed rebellion against the East India Company in 1817.
The Scale of the Uprising: The rebellion was incredibly effective in its initial stages. The combined forces attacked police stations, burned British administrative buildings, and successfully captured the holy city of Puri, forcing colonial officials to flee. The British administration had to declare martial law and deploy massive military reinforcements, waging a brutal counter-insurgency campaign for several years until Jagabandhu finally surrendered in 1825.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Gujarat

Q.16) The Surat Salt Agitations of 1844 erupted due to the government’s decision to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Ans > One rupee

The Burden of Salt Taxation: Decades before Mahatma Gandhi’s famous Dandi March, the taxation of salt—an absolute biological necessity—was already a highly volatile and deeply resented issue in colonial India. The British administration frequently used it as an easy mechanism to rapidly extract revenue from the poorest segments of the population.
The Sudden Duty Hike: In 1844, the British government in Bombay arbitrarily decided to double the existing salt duty in Surat, raising it steeply from 50 paise to exactly one rupee. This sudden, massive hike threatened the basic survival of the local peasantry and the urban poor.
Mass Public Uprising: The decision triggered an immediate, massive public outcry across Surat. The intense agitations involved widespread rioting, violent attacks on the local courthouse, and a complete boycott of shops and businesses, totally paralyzing the city. Recognizing the sheer scale and volatility of the mass resistance, the terrified British government was forced to completely withdraw the additional duty to restore order, marking a significant early victory for civil agitation.

📌 Civil Rebellions • Maharashtra

Q.17) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844 in Kolhapur, occupied the Bhudargarh fort and which other fort?

Ans > Samangarh

The Disenfranchisement of the Gadkaris: The Gadkaris were a specialized, hereditary military class historically employed as garrison-guards in the numerous hill forts of the Maratha Empire, particularly in the Kolhapur state. Their service was traditionally compensated with revenue-free land grants.
British Administrative Interference: Following internal administrative reorganizations heavily directed by the British (who appointed Daji Krishna Pandit to manage Kolhapur), the colonial authorities arbitrarily disbanded the Gadkari militias to cut costs. Crucially, they simultaneously moved to confiscate their traditional, tax-free lands, driving the proud military class into sudden destitution.
The 1844 Armed Revolt: In a desperate attempt to reclaim their historic rights and protest their severe economic marginalization, the Gadkaris rose in a violent, highly organized armed revolt in 1844. Utilizing their intimate knowledge of the terrain, they successfully captured and occupied the highly strategic forts of Samangarh and Bhudargarh. The rebellion severely threatened regional stability, forcing the British to deploy regular, heavily armed troops to violently recapture the forts and crush the uprising.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Chotanagpur

Q.18) In the 1890s, the Sardar movement (Bokta Rising) in Chotanagpur turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Ans > The Landlords

The Agrarian Crisis in Chotanagpur: Throughout the 19th century, the traditional agrarian system of the Munda and Oraon tribes in Chotanagpur (specifically the Khuntkatti system of joint land ownership) was systematically destroyed by the massive influx of non-tribal outsiders. These ‘dikus’ (predominantly Hindu and Muslim landlords, and moneylenders) ruthlessly usurped tribal lands through deceit and the colonial legal system.
False Hopes in Missionaries: Initially, during the Sardar movement (also known as the Mulki Larai or the struggle for land), the tribal groups actively turned to European Christian missionaries (German and Anglican) hoping they would provide legal assistance and protection against the severe exploitation by the outside landlords. Many tribals converted to Christianity primarily seeking this political protection.
Disillusionment and Radicalization: When the missionaries ultimately failed to secure their land rights or actively stop the ongoing alienation of tribal territories, the movement became deeply disillusioned. The Sardars fiercely turned against all Europeans, as the tribals heavily suspected that the missionaries and the British colonial officials were secretly colluding with the oppressive local landlords. This profound sense of betrayal directly set the ideological stage for the more radical, anti-colonial Birsa Munda Ulgulan.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Rajmahal

Q.19) Which British magistrate of Rajmahal is reputed to have been shot by the Santhal leader Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Ans > Augustus Cleveland

Early Resistance to Colonial Encroachment: Tilka Manjhi (also widely known in local folklore as Jabra Paharia) was one of the absolute earliest tribal leaders to take up arms against the East India Company’s aggressive encroachment into the Rajmahal Hills, decades before the famous 1855 Santhal Hul. He vehemently protested the British policies of land grabbing and the exploitation of the indigenous Paharia and Santhal populations.
The Assassination of the Magistrate: To actively disrupt the colonial administration’s ‘pacification’ strategies, Tilka Manjhi organized highly effective, covert guerrilla warfare. In 1784, he successfully executed a daring, legendary attack in Bhagalpur, allegedly shooting and fatally wounding Augustus Cleveland, the prominent British Magistrate of Rajmahal, utilizing a traditional poisoned arrow launched from a banyan tree.
Brutal Suppression and Martyrdom: Cleveland’s death severely panicked the British authorities, who launched a massive, ruthless manhunt. Tilka Manjhi was eventually betrayed, captured, and subjected to a horrific public execution. According to historical accounts, he was brutally tied to horses, dragged through the streets of Bhagalpur, and publicly hanged, making him one of the earliest recognized martyrs of the Indian tribal resistance against British imperialism.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Bengal

Q.20) The most significant Chuar rebellion in 1798 was largely led by Durjan Singh. He was the dispossessed zamindar of which location?

Ans > Raipur

The Crisis in the Jungle Mahals: The series of Chuar uprisings occurred in the heavily forested Jungle Mahals region of Bengal (spanning modern Midnapore, Bankura, and Purulia). The indigenous Chuars (primarily Bhumij tribals) and their local zamindars were aggressively displaced by the East India Company’s devastating new land revenue policies, especially the resumption of their traditional rent-free paikan (police) lands following the devastating 1770 Bengal famine.
Leadership of the Dispossessed: Durjan Singh was the traditionally respected, indigenous zamindar of the Raipur estate. After being unjustly dispossessed of his ancestral lands by the harsh colonial administration for failing to meet exorbitant, newly imposed revenue demands, he became a central figure of resistance.
The 1798 Massive Uprising: Durjan Singh highly effectively organized a massive, violent army of over 1500 displaced Chuar peasants and former paiks. In 1798, they ruthlessly attacked Company establishments, burned down police stations, and killed colonial agents, completely paralyzing the local British administration in the region and forcing the government to temporarily halt their aggressive revenue collection efforts.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Bengal

Q.21) Among the leaders of the Chuar uprisings, Raja Mohan Singh was the zamindar of which area?

Ans > Juriah

A Widespread, Decentralized Revolt: The Chuar rebellion was not isolated to a single event or a solitary leader; rather, it was a massive, highly decentralized coalition of numerous displaced local chiefs and marginalized tribal peasants fiercely fighting against the monolithic British revenue system over several decades.
Role of Local Chieftains: Local leaders like Raja Mohan Singh, the prominent zamindar of the Juriah estate, played an absolutely crucial role in sustaining the momentum of the rebellion. When his own traditional land rights and economic stability were threatened by the new colonial laws, he actively mobilized local resistance.
Coordinated Guerrilla Warfare: Leaders like Raja Mohan Singh, operating alongside figures like Durjan Singh, utilized their intimate knowledge of the Jungle Mahals terrain to execute highly effective, coordinated guerrilla warfare. Their combined actions severely disrupted East India Company communications, trade routes, and revenue collection efforts across a vast swath of western Bengal, making the Chuar uprisings one of the most prolonged early anti-colonial resistance movements.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Tamar

Q.22) The 1798 Tamar Revolt, led by Bholanath Sahay, was firmly suppressed by a British expedition led by which officer?

Ans > Lt. Cooper

Root Causes of the Tamar Upsurge: The tribal populations (primarily Oraon and Munda) of the Tamar region in Chotanagpur rose in violent rebellion multiple times (notably in 1789, 1794, and 1798). These uprisings were primarily protesting against the incredibly faulty alignment of the British revenue system, which systematically dismantled their traditional land rights and actively facilitated the massive influx of exploitative non-tribal Hindu landlords (dikus) into their ancestral territories.
The 1798 Escalation: The discontent reached a boiling point in 1798. Under the unifying leadership of Bholanath Sahay, the rebellion grew significantly in scale and violence, directly threatening British administrative control and the safety of the newly installed landlords in the region.
Military Suppression by Lt. Cooper: Recognizing the severe threat to their revenue apparatus, the British administration dispatched a major, heavily armed military expedition specifically tasked with crushing the revolt. This expedition, decisively led by Lt. Cooper, utilized superior firepower to brutally suppress the uprising, though the underlying agrarian grievances ensured that the Tamar region would remain highly volatile for decades to come.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Santhals

Q.23) The massive Santhal Rebellion of 1855–56 took place after the Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of which region?

Ans > Rajmahal

The Creation of Damin-i-Koh: In a strategic effort to drastically increase agricultural revenue, the British heavily persuaded the Santhals to migrate from their traditional homelands, clear dense forests, and settle in a specifically demarcated area called the Damin-i-Koh, located at the foothills of the Rajmahal hills (in present-day Jharkhand). The British falsely promised them secure land rights and economic prosperity.
Horrific Exploitation and the Spark of Rebellion: Soon after settling and clearing the land, the Santhals faced crippling, systematic exploitation. Bengali and Marwari moneylenders (mahajans) charged exorbitant interest rates (up to 500%), corrupt police (darogas) constantly harassed them, and the colonial courts consistently ruled against them. This profound economic and social injustice culminated in the massive 1855 Hul (rebellion).
The Scale and Suppression of the Hul: Led by the visionary brothers Sido and Kanhu Murmu, who declared a divine order to rebel, the uprising was massive, mobilizing over 60,000 armed Santhals. They systematically targeted moneylenders, colonial officials, and railway engineers. The British were deeply shocked by the scale and had to deploy massive military forces, heavily utilizing martial law, artillery, and even elephants to brutally crush the rebellion, eventually leading to the creation of the protected Santhal Pargana district.

📌 Tribal Uprisings • Mundas

Q.24) The Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), aimed at establishing a Munda Raj, was also known by what term meaning ‘Great Tumult’?

Ans > Ulgulan

The Concept of the Ulgulan: The massive, highly organized uprising led by the charismatic young tribal leader Birsa Munda against the British colonial administration and the exploitative local ‘dikus’ (outsiders) was famously and historically known as the Ulgulan. This Mundari term translates literally to the ‘Great Tumult’ or ‘The Great Commotion’, accurately reflecting the massive scale and disruptive nature of the rebellion.
Dual Objectives: Religious and Political: The movement was uniquely both a religious purification drive and a fierce political insurgency. Birsa established a new syncretic sect (Birsait) seeking to purge tribal society of perceived impurities and superstitions. Politically, his explicit, revolutionary goal was to forcibly drive out all British officials, missionaries, and exploitative landlords to establish a completely independent Munda Raj (Munda rule) under his leadership.
Violent Clashes and Long-Term Impact: The Ulgulan began with coordinated, violent guerrilla attacks on Christmas Eve in 1899, heavily targeting churches and police stations. The movement climaxed at the fierce Battle of Sail Rakab, where British forces utilized heavy firepower against tribal bows and arrows. Birsa was eventually captured and died mysteriously in Ranchi jail in 1900. However, the sheer ferocity of the Ulgulan forced the British to eventually pass the landmark Chotanagpur Tenancy Act in 1908, explicitly designed to protect tribal land rights.

📌 Historiography • Perspectives

Q.25) According to the Cambridge School of historiography, the fundamental contradiction under colonial rule was not between imperialism and the Indian people, but among whom?

Ans > The Indians themselves

Rejecting Nationalist Narratives: The Cambridge School of Indian historiography (prominently featuring historians like Anil Seal, John Gallagher, and Gordon Johnson) controversially and explicitly downplays the exploitative, economically ruinous nature of British imperialism. They fundamentally reject the traditional nationalist narrative that the Indian freedom struggle was a unified, ideologically driven movement against foreign colonial rule.
The Theory of Elite Factionalism: Instead, they posit that the absolute fundamental contradiction during the colonial era was not between the British and the Indians, but rather among the Indians themselves. They argue that what appeared as ‘nationalism’ was largely a convenient political cover for fierce, self-serving factional struggles among localized Indian elites, castes, and religious groups fiercely competing with one another for power, resources, and British administrative patronage.
Criticism from Other Schools: This perspective is often termed ‘animal politics’ as it strips the movement of its ideological and patriotic core. The Cambridge School has been widely and fiercely criticized by Marxist and Subaltern historians, who argue that this view deliberately ignores the massive economic exploitation of colonial rule, completely dismisses the genuine mass participation of peasants and workers, and acts as an intellectual apologia for British imperialism.

📌 Colonial Economy • French EIC

Q.26) Unlike the English East India Company, the French trading company was largely owned by the State. The French monarch held more than what percentage share in it?

Ans > 60 per cent

Contrasting Corporate Structures: The English East India Company was a highly autonomous, purely private joint-stock enterprise, driven primarily by profit-seeking merchants and wealthy shareholders who dictated policy independent of the British Parliament (until later regulatory acts). In stark contrast, the French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes), founded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1664, was designed from its inception as a deeply state-controlled, bureaucratic enterprise.
Monarchical Domination and Funding: The French monarch, King Louis XIV, directly held more than 60 percent of the company’s total financial shares. The remaining shares were largely forced upon reluctant courtiers and wealthy nobles. Because it lacked genuine private investment, the company was constantly, heavily dependent on direct subsidies and loans from the French royal treasury to maintain its operations.
The Cost of Bureaucracy: This rigid state control proved to be a fatal strategic weakness in India. The French Company suffered from massive bureaucratic delays, as every major political or military decision had to be approved by ministers in Paris, who often prioritized European continental wars over Indian colonial expansion. This lack of operational flexibility and independent financial strength directly led to their eventual, decisive defeat by the agile British during the Carnatic Wars.

📌 Colonial Economy • Banking

Q.27) To fund its wars and outspend rivals like France, Britain successfully utilized the world’s first central bank to sell government debt. What was this bank called?

Ans > The Bank of England

The Financial Revolution: Founded in 1694 by William Paterson, primarily to rebuild the shattered English navy after a disastrous defeat by the French, the Bank of England is universally recognized as one of the world’s first modern central banks. Its creation initiated a massive ‘Financial Revolution’ that fundamentally transformed British state finance and global power dynamics.
The Power of National Debt: The Bank’s most revolutionary innovation was the systematization of the ‘national debt’. By reliably selling government debt (in the form of bonds) to the public and guaranteeing regular interest payments, the Bank allowed the British state to borrow massive, unprecedented sums of money at incredibly low interest rates, entirely bypassing the limitations of royal taxation.
Funding Global Imperial Dominance: This highly efficient financial engine provided Britain with an insurmountable strategic advantage over rivals like France. Despite having a smaller population and overall economy than France, Britain could consistently outspend them in prolonged global colonial conflicts. This massive financial leverage directly funded the English East India Company’s military conquests, maintaining their vast armies and navies, and securing complete imperial dominance in India.

📌 Press & Literature • Newspapers

Q.28) The first newspaper in India, The Bengal Gazette, was published in 1780. Who published it?

Ans > James Augustus Hickey

The Pioneer of the Indian Press: James Augustus Hickey, a fiercely independent and often controversial Irishman, launched *Hicky’s Bengal Gazette* (also known as the Original Calcutta General Advertiser) on January 29, 1780. This two-page weekly publication holds the immense historical distinction of being the very first printed newspaper in the entire Indian subcontinent, marking the absolute birth of modern journalism in the region.
Exposing Colonial Corruption: Hickey utilized the newspaper as a powerful, highly vocal platform for investigative journalism. He was fiercely critical of the massive corruption, extortion, and nepotism rampant within the English East India Company. Crucially, he repeatedly published scandalous details regarding the private lives and unethical administrative actions of top colonial officials, including the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and Chief Justice Elijah Impey.
Suppression and Legacy: Hastings, deeply infuriated by the relentless attacks, retaliated fiercely. He first established a rival, state-sponsored newspaper (the India Gazette) to undercut Hickey’s business, and subsequently sued him for libel. Hickey was heavily fined and imprisoned, and in 1782, his printing press was officially seized, shutting down the paper. However, his defiant actions laid the critical foundation for the long, arduous struggle for a free press in India.

📌 Art & Culture • 1857 Revolt

Q.29) Thomas Jones Barker’s 1859 painting, depicting the heroism of the British during the 1857 revolt, is titled what?

Ans > Relief of Lucknow

The Role of Imperial Propaganda: Following the massive trauma and near-collapse of colonial authority during the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the British administration heavily utilized visual arts to reshape the narrative. British painters deliberately capitalized on public sentiment in England by creating highly romanticized, heroic depictions of the conflict, serving as powerful pieces of Victorian imperial propaganda.
Depicting the Triumphant Saviors: Thomas Jones Barker’s highly famous 1859 painting, explicitly titled *The Relief of Lucknow*, perfectly exemplifies this trend. The painting masterfully glorifies the highly dramatic rescue of the besieged British garrison inside the Lucknow Residency by military forces commanded by Colin Campbell.
Masking Brutality with Heroism: The artwork strategically centers on the triumphant meeting of the prominent British generals—Havelock, Outram, and Campbell—portraying them as invincible, calm saviors emerging victorious from chaos. This specific framing was designed to immediately restore domestic confidence in the British military, project an aura of absolute moral superiority, and completely mask the horrific, brutal reprisals and massacres the British forces committed against Indian civilians during the reconquest.

📌 Literature • Nationalism

Q.30) The first important writer of the literary genre of the novel in Bengal, who authored the semi-historical novel Anandamath (1882), was whom?

Ans > Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Pioneer of the Modern Indian Novel: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is universally regarded and historically celebrated as the absolute pioneer of the modern Indian novel. Despite serving as a Deputy Magistrate in the British civil service, he was a fierce cultural nationalist. His extensive writings heavily influenced and catalyzed the profound literary and cultural renaissance in 19th-century Bengal.
The Significance of Anandamath: His highly influential 1882 semi-historical novel, *Anandamath* (The Abbey of Bliss), is set against the dramatic backdrop of the devastating Bengal famine of 1770 and the subsequent Sannyasi Rebellion. The novel heavily romanticized the armed struggle of ascetic warriors against Muslim rulers and their British allies, promoting a strong sense of militant Hindu nationalism.
Vande Mataram and Revolutionary Impact: Most crucially, the novel contained the deeply evocative Sanskrit-Bengali poem *Vande Mataram* (I bow to thee, Mother). This specific poem rapidly became the defining, unifying anthem of the Indian freedom struggle, particularly during the Swadeshi movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905. The novel profoundly influenced an entire generation of revolutionary terrorists in Bengal, and the poem eventually attained the exalted status of India’s national song.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 42

Tribal Uprisings (East/Northeast): Moamarias (Assam), Santhals (Rajmahal), Mundas (Ulgulan), Chuars (Raipur/Juriah), Tamar Revolt.
Civil Rebellions (South): Vizianagaram Tribute, Poligars (Kattabomman/Panjalankurichi), Gumsur (Strikara/Dhananjaya Bhanj), Parlakimedi (Narayan Deo).
Civil Rebellions (North/West): Awadh (Wazir Ali Khan), Bareilly (Mufti Aiwaz), Hathras (Dayaram), Haryana Bhatti Rajputs, Surat Salt riots.
Paika & Gadkari Revolts: Paikas lost rent-free lands in Odisha; Gadkaris captured Samangarh in Kolhapur.
Colonial Economy & State: Bank of England funded British wars; French Company was 60% state-owned.
Historiography: Cambridge School emphasizes elite factionalism over genuine anti-imperialism.
Press & Literature: James Augustus Hickey published the first newspaper (Bengal Gazette); Bankim Chandra Chatterjee wrote Anandamath (Vande Mataram).
Colonial Art: Thomas Jones Barker’s painting ‘Relief of Lucknow’ glorified British actions in 1857.

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Modern History Set 42

Q.1) The Moamarias, who launched a potent challenge against the Ahom kings of Assam in 1769, belonged to which social group?

Q.2) During the 1794 revolt of the Raja of Vizianagaram, the East India Company demanded a tribute of how much money?

Q.3) Following the “Massacre of Benares” in 1799, Wazir Ali Khan fled to Butwal and was granted asylum by the ruler of which state before his extradition?

Q.4) Strikara Bhanj, who openly rebelled against the British in 1800, was the prominent zamindar of which region in the Ganjam district?

Q.5) In the Gumsur uprising of 1807–08, which son of Strikara Bhanj forced his father to leave the estate and later rebelled against the English?

Q.6) In 1800, Colonel Jones camped for two years in Palamau and Sarguja to suppress a rebellion led by which Chero chief?

Q.7) Kattabomman Nayakan, who valiantly led the Poligar insurrection between 1795 and 1799, was the poligar of which estate?

Q.8) The second, more violent phase of the Poligar Rebellion started in February 1801 when imprisoned poligars were able to escape from which fort?

Q.9) Between 1803 and 1805, the poligars of North Arcot rose in rebellion because they were deprived of their traditional right to collect which fees?

Q.10) In the western Haryana region (1803–1810), Muslim Bhatti Rajputs organized opposition against the British under the leadership of Khan Bahadur Khan and whom else?

Q.11) During the Bundelkhand disturbances (1808–12), Darya Singh offered resistance to the British as the killadar (commander) of which fort?

Q.12) During the Parlakimedi Outbreak, the resistance of Narayan Deo forced the British to dispatch an army under which commander in 1768?

Q.13) The 1816 uprising at Bareilly, initially sparked by a police tax, took on a religious hue when which venerated old man submitted a petition to the magistrate?

Q.14) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), while Dayaram fiercely defended his fort, which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government?

Q.15) The Paikas of Odisha enjoyed rent-free land tenures for their military service. Who was their leader during the 1817 rebellion?

Q.16) The Surat Salt Agitations of 1844 erupted due to the government’s decision to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Q.17) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844 in Kolhapur, occupied the Bhudargarh fort and which other fort?

Q.18) In the 1890s, the Sardar movement (Bokta Rising) in Chotanagpur turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Q.19) Which British magistrate of Rajmahal is reputed to have been shot by the Santhal leader Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Q.20) The most significant Chuar rebellion in 1798 was largely led by Durjan Singh. He was the dispossessed zamindar of which location?

Q.21) Among the leaders of the Chuar uprisings, Raja Mohan Singh was the zamindar of which area?

Q.22) The 1798 Tamar Revolt, led by Bholanath Sahay, was firmly suppressed by a British expedition led by which officer?

Q.23) The massive Santhal Rebellion of 1855–56 took place after the Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of which region?

Q.24) The Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), aimed at establishing a Munda Raj, was also known by what term meaning ‘Great Tumult’?

Q.25) According to the Cambridge School of historiography, the fundamental contradiction under colonial rule was not between imperialism and the Indian people, but among whom?

Q.26) Unlike the English East India Company, the French trading company was largely owned by the State. The French monarch held more than what percentage share in it?

Q.27) To fund its wars and outspend rivals like France, Britain successfully utilized the world’s first central bank to sell government debt. What was this bank called?

Q.28) The first newspaper in India, The Bengal Gazette, was published in 1780. Who published it?

Q.29) Thomas Jones Barker’s 1859 painting, depicting the heroism of the British during the 1857 revolt, is titled what?

Q.30) The first important writer of the literary genre of the novel in Bengal, who authored the semi-historical novel Anandamath (1882), was whom?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 42

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Q.1) The Moamarias, who launched a potent challenge against the Ahom kings of Assam in 1769, belonged to which social group?

Q.2) During the 1794 revolt of the Raja of Vizianagaram, the East India Company demanded a tribute of how much money?

Q.3) Following the “Massacre of Benares” in 1799, Wazir Ali Khan fled to Butwal and was granted asylum by the ruler of which state before his extradition?

Q.4) Strikara Bhanj, who openly rebelled against the British in 1800, was the prominent zamindar of which region in the Ganjam district?

Q.5) In the Gumsur uprising of 1807–08, which son of Strikara Bhanj forced his father to leave the estate and later rebelled against the English?

Q.6) In 1800, Colonel Jones camped for two years in Palamau and Sarguja to suppress a rebellion led by which Chero chief?

Q.7) Kattabomman Nayakan, who valiantly led the Poligar insurrection between 1795 and 1799, was the poligar of which estate?

Q.8) The second, more violent phase of the Poligar Rebellion started in February 1801 when imprisoned poligars were able to escape from which fort?

Q.9) Between 1803 and 1805, the poligars of North Arcot rose in rebellion because they were deprived of their traditional right to collect which fees?

Q.10) In the western Haryana region (1803–1810), Muslim Bhatti Rajputs organized opposition against the British under the leadership of Khan Bahadur Khan and whom else?

Q.11) During the Bundelkhand disturbances (1808–12), Darya Singh offered resistance to the British as the killadar (commander) of which fort?

Q.12) During the Parlakimedi Outbreak, the resistance of Narayan Deo forced the British to dispatch an army under which commander in 1768?

Q.13) The 1816 uprising at Bareilly, initially sparked by a police tax, took on a religious hue when which venerated old man submitted a petition to the magistrate?

Q.14) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), while Dayaram fiercely defended his fort, which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government?

Q.15) The Paikas of Odisha enjoyed rent-free land tenures for their military service. Who was their leader during the 1817 rebellion?

Q.16) The Surat Salt Agitations of 1844 erupted due to the government’s decision to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to what amount?

Q.17) The Gadkaris, who rose in revolt in 1844 in Kolhapur, occupied the Bhudargarh fort and which other fort?

Q.18) In the 1890s, the Sardar movement (Bokta Rising) in Chotanagpur turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Q.19) Which British magistrate of Rajmahal is reputed to have been shot by the Santhal leader Tilka Manjhi in 1784?

Q.20) The most significant Chuar rebellion in 1798 was largely led by Durjan Singh. He was the dispossessed zamindar of which location?

Q.21) Among the leaders of the Chuar uprisings, Raja Mohan Singh was the zamindar of which area?

Q.22) The 1798 Tamar Revolt, led by Bholanath Sahay, was firmly suppressed by a British expedition led by which officer?

Q.23) The massive Santhal Rebellion of 1855–56 took place after the Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of which region?

Q.24) The Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), aimed at establishing a Munda Raj, was also known by what term meaning ‘Great Tumult’?

Q.25) According to the Cambridge School of historiography, the fundamental contradiction under colonial rule was not between imperialism and the Indian people, but among whom?

Q.26) Unlike the English East India Company, the French trading company was largely owned by the State. The French monarch held more than what percentage share in it?

Q.27) To fund its wars and outspend rivals like France, Britain successfully utilized the world’s first central bank to sell government debt. What was this bank called?

Q.28) The first newspaper in India, The Bengal Gazette, was published in 1780. Who published it?

Q.29) Thomas Jones Barker’s 1859 painting, depicting the heroism of the British during the 1857 revolt, is titled what?

Q.30) The first important writer of the literary genre of the novel in Bengal, who authored the semi-historical novel Anandamath (1882), was whom?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 42

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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