Modern History Set 32 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 32 Questions & Answers

During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (December 17, 1803) marked the defeat of which Maratha clan? – Bhonsle
The Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon was signed on December 30, 1803, acknowledging the defeat of which powerful Maratha chief? – Daulatrao Scindia
By the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China ended, except for the trade of which specific commodity? – Tea
The Pindaris, whose plundering activities prompted Lord Hastings to take action leading to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, were mercenaries primarily attached to whose armies? – The Maratha armies
Following the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, which of his favorite mistresses came to the helm of affairs in Poona, though she was negatively influenced by men like Balram Seth? – Tulsi Bai
After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, the British made Pratap Singh the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was this principality? – Satara
In 1832, William Bentinck sent which Colonel to Sindh to sign a treaty allowing free passage to English traders? – Colonel Pottinger
In February 1839, under threat of superior force, the Amirs of Sindh accepted a treaty requiring them to station a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location? – Bukkar
The Amirs of Sindh were angered and charged with treason by the British due to the events and passage of troops associated with which war fought on their soil? – First Anglo-Afghan War
After the capitulation and annexation of Sindh in 1843, who was appointed as its first British governor? – Charles Napier
In 1784, the Dal Khalsa was organized into the Budha Dal (veterans) and Taruna Dal (the young) by which Sikh leader? – Kapur Singh Faizullapuria
In 1799, Ranjit Singh was appointed as the governor of Lahore by which ruler of Afghanistan? – Zaman Shah
The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the Company accepted which river as the boundary line between their respective territories? – Sutlej
The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845. The Sikhs suffered their first successive defeat on December 18, 1845, at which battle? – Mudki
Under the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846, Rani Jindan was removed as regent and replaced by a council of regency consisting of how many Sikh sardars? – Eight
The Battle of Gujarat (1849), which resulted in the final surrender of the Sikh army, was fought on the banks of which river? – Chenab
To defend the Company’s frontiers by safeguarding neighboring territories, Warren Hastings primarily followed which administrative policy? – Policy of Ring-Fence
Under Lord Wellesley’s tenure, which Indian state was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance system in September 1798? – Hyderabad
Which controversial policy allowed Governor General Lord Dalhousie to annex states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur when their rulers died without a male heir? – Doctrine of Lapse
Following the Anglo-Bhutanese conflict in 1865, the Bhutanese surrendered passes leading to Assam. These surrendered districts became highly productive areas for what? – Tea gardens
The Treaty of Sagauli in 1816 formally concluded the war between the British and which neighboring power? – The Gorkhas of Nepal
The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) concluded with the signing of which treaty, requiring Burma to cede Arakan and Tenasserim? – Treaty of Yandabo
The British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma, as a direct result of which conflict? – Second Anglo-Burmese War
Under the terms of the Treaty of Lhasa (1904) following Younghusband’s expedition, the Indian Government was to occupy which valley for 75 years as security for an indemnity? – Chumbi Valley
In reaction to the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which Governor General initiated the foreign policy of ‘Masterly Inactivity’? – John Lawrence
The Treaty of Gandamak, signed in May 1879, established a permanent British resident in Kabul. Which Afghan leader signed this treaty? – Yakub Khan
In 1893, a boundary line was drawn between Afghan and British territories to settle border disputes. What is this line known as? – Durand Line
Due to the equal participation of Hindu and Muslim ascetics, the Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800) in Eastern India is also sometimes referred to as what? – The Fakir Rebellion
In 1769, the Moamarias, who were low-caste peasants, launched a revolt that posed a potent challenge to the authority of which kings? – The Ahom kings of Assam
The 1799 ‘Massacre of Benares,’ which involved the assassination of British resident George Frederick Cherry, was carried out by the guards of which deposed Nawab of Awadh? – Wazir Ali Khan

MROY Class

Modern History Set 32

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📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars

Q.1) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (December 17, 1803) marked the defeat of which Maratha clan?

Ans > Bhonsle

Context of the War: The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) was largely a result of Governor-General Lord Wellesley’s aggressive expansionist policy and the internal divisions among the Maratha chiefs following the controversial Treaty of Bassein signed by Peshwa Baji Rao II.
Battle of Argaon: The Bhonsle forces suffered a devastating, highly decisive defeat at the hands of the British army commanded by Major General Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) at the Battle of Argaon in November 1803.
Treaty of Deogaon Terms: Signed on December 17, 1803, the treaty forced Raghoji II Bhonsle of Berar to permanently cede the entire province of Cuttack, including the crucial port of Balasore, to the British East India Company. This strategically cut off Maratha access to the eastern sea.
Subsidiary Alliance: Additionally, the Bhonsle clan was forced to cede territories west of the river Wardha and formally accept the Subsidiary Alliance system, agreeing to host a permanent British Resident (Mountstuart Elphinstone) at their court in Nagpur, effectively neutralizing their independence.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars

Q.2) The Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon was signed on December 30, 1803, acknowledging the defeat of which powerful Maratha chief?

Ans > Daulatrao Scindia

Military Collapse: Daulatrao Scindia commanded a formidable, French-trained modern army. However, this military backbone was completely broken by the British in two massive, highly bloody engagements: the Battle of Assaye (September 1803) and the Battle of Laswari (November 1803).
Territorial Losses: Following these crushing defeats, Scindia signed the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon on December 30, 1803. He was forced to cede massive territories including the fertile Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, and extensive coastal territories in Gujarat.
Mughal Emperor’s Custody: This treaty was highly significant geopolitically because it formally transferred the physical control and ‘protection’ of the blind Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, from the Marathas directly to the British, establishing the EIC as the paramount power in North India.
Further Humiliations: Scindia also had to officially recognize the controversial Treaty of Bassein, formally renounce all political and financial claims on the Peshwa, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Gaekwad of Baroda, and eventually accept a British Resident at his court.

📌 British Acts & Policies

Q.3) By the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China ended, except for the trade of which specific commodity?

Ans > Tea

The Continental System: The background to this Act involved Napoleon Bonaparte’s “Continental System” in Europe, which severely restricted British merchants from trading on the continent. Desperate for new markets, these merchants heavily lobbied the British Parliament to forcefully open the lucrative Indian trade to all private British citizens.
End of General Monopoly: Bowing to this massive industrial pressure, the Charter Act of 1813 officially ended the East India Company’s exclusive commercial monopoly over general trade in India. However, the EIC was permitted to retain its highly profitable monopoly over the tea trade and all trade with China for another 20 years.
Assertion of Crown Sovereignty: For the first time in constitutional history, the Act explicitly asserted the absolute, undisputed sovereignty of the British Crown over all the vast Indian territories acquired and held by the East India Company.
Funding for Education: The Act contained a highly notable clause allocating a sum of one lakh rupees (₹1,00,000) annually. This fund was strictly designated for the revival and promotion of literature, the encouragement of learned Indian natives, and the introduction of Western scientific knowledge in British India.

📌 Maratha Empire

Q.4) The Pindaris, whose plundering activities prompted Lord Hastings to take action leading to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, were mercenaries primarily attached to whose armies?

Ans > The Maratha armies

Nature of the Pindaris: The Pindaris were highly mobile bands of irregular, unpaid cavalry mercenaries. Armed heavily with spears and swords, they historically acted as the foraging and looting vanguard attached to the massive Maratha armies, creating chaos ahead of the main Maratha forces.
Rise of Raiding: Following the massive weakening of the Maratha confederacy after the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Pindaris lost their regular employment and state protection. Consequently, they began independently and heavily raiding British territories and allied states in Central India to sustain themselves.
Key Leadership: The Pindari hordes were led by prominent, ruthless commanders including Chitu, Karim Khan, and Wasil Muhammad. Their devastating, fast-moving raids caused widespread anarchy and massive economic destruction, prompting Governor-General Lord Hastings to launch a massive military eradication campaign against them in 1817.
Trigger for the Final War: The aggressive British military campaign to hunt down the Pindaris deliberately violated the sovereign borders of several Maratha chiefs who secretly sympathized with the mercenaries. This blatant violation served as the direct, immediate trigger for the Third Anglo-Maratha War, which ultimately destroyed the Maratha Empire.

📌 Maratha Empire

Q.5) Following the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, which of his favorite mistresses came to the helm of affairs in Poona, though she was negatively influenced by men like Balram Seth?

Ans > Tulsi Bai

Ascension of Tulsi Bai: Jaswantrao Holkar, the fierce ruler of Indore who had initially successfully resisted the British military, tragically descended into insanity and died in 1811. Following his death, his highly intelligent and ambitious favorite mistress, Tulsi Bai, took over the complex administration of the Holkar state.
Regency and Factionalism: Tulsi Bai acted as the official regent for the minor heir, Malharrao Holkar II. Although she possessed notable administrative capabilities, her rule was severely compromised and weakened by intense court factionalism and the negative influence of corrupt, self-serving advisors like Balram Seth.
The Military Crisis: The massive Holkar army, largely unpaid, mutinous, and highly sympathetic to the Pindari mercenaries, was clamoring for war against the British. Tulsi Bai, seeking political stability and protection, secretly negotiated with the British to accept a subsidiary alliance.
Assassination and Defeat: Discovering her secret diplomatic negotiations, the radical anti-British military faction in the Holkar camp actively rebelled. On the very eve of the decisive Battle of Mahidpur (1817), they brutally assassinated Tulsi Bai. The headless, disorganized Holkar army subsequently suffered a crushing defeat against the British forces.

📌 British Conquests

Q.6) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, the British made Pratap Singh the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was this principality?

Ans > Satara

End of the Peshwas: Following the conclusive Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818), the British completely abolished the powerful title of the Peshwa. Baji Rao II was pensioned off to an estate in Bithur (near Kanpur), officially dismantling the complex political structure of the Maratha confederacy.
Creation of a Buffer State: To pacify deep-seated Maratha sentiments and politically legitimize their massive conquests, the British skillfully carved out a small, landlocked principality around the city of Satara from the former Peshwa’s vast western dominions.
Restoration of the Chhatrapati: They strategically installed Pratap Singh, a direct biological descendant of the legendary Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, as the titular ruler of Satara. This was a brilliant diplomatic move orchestrated by Mountstuart Elphinstone to showcase British respect for the original Maratha royal house while simultaneously destroying the usurping Brahmin Peshwas.
The First Victim of Lapse: The newly created state of Satara remained under strict, suffocating British supervision. Eventually, in 1848, Satara gained the tragic distinction of becoming the very first state to be ruthlessly annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the infamous “Doctrine of Lapse” when its ruler died without a natural male heir.

📌 Sindh Annexation

Q.7) In 1832, William Bentinck sent which Colonel to Sindh to sign a treaty allowing free passage to English traders?

Ans > Colonel Pottinger

Strategic Importance of Sindh: The region of Sindh held immense strategic importance for the British, primarily due to the highly navigable Indus River. Fearing aggressive Russian expansion in Central Asia, the British desperately wanted to secure Sindh as a buffer zone and a lucrative inland trade route.
The Diplomatic Mission: In 1832, Governor-General Lord William Bentinck deliberately dispatched Colonel Henry Pottinger to negotiate a crucial commercial treaty with the Amirs (rulers) of Sindh, who were inherently highly suspicious of British imperial motives in the region.
Opening the Indus: The resulting Treaty of 1832 was a massive commercial victory for the British. It successfully forced the Amirs to officially open up the roads of Sindh and the vital Indus River to English merchants and travelers, effectively breaking the historical isolation of the region.
Prohibitions and Promises: To appease the worried Amirs, the treaty contained strict, explicit clauses prohibiting the passage of armed British naval vessels or the transportation of military stores via the Indus River. It also explicitly forbade English merchants from settling permanently in Sindh—promises the British would later conveniently violate.

📌 Sindh Annexation

Q.8) In February 1839, under threat of superior force, the Amirs of Sindh accepted a treaty requiring them to station a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Ans > Bukkar

The Afghan War Context: Driven by the highly aggressive, Russophobic forward policies of Lord Auckland and the onset of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War, the British urgently needed to secure their massive military communication and supply lines running directly through the territory of Sindh.
Coercion of the Amirs: In February 1839, the British military arrived in Sindh in overwhelming, intimidating force. They explicitly threatened the ruling Amirs of Sindh with complete destruction and deposition if they did not immediately agree to a highly unequal, dictated subsidiary treaty.
Stationing the Forces: This coerced treaty forced the Amirs to pay a crippling three lakh rupees annually for the maintenance of a British subsidiary military force. This force was to be strategically and permanently stationed at the commercial hub of Shikarpur and the highly defensible island fortress of Bukkar on the Indus River.
Loss of Independence: This 1839 treaty effectively stripped the Amirs of their sovereign independence, turning Sindh into a heavily supervised British protectorate. It explicitly barred the Amirs from engaging in any foreign diplomatic negotiations or correspondence without the explicit knowledge and consent of the East India Company.

📌 Sindh Annexation

Q.9) The Amirs of Sindh were angered and charged with treason by the British due to the events and passage of troops associated with which war fought on their soil?

Ans > First Anglo-Afghan War

Violation of Treaties: During the massive First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842), the British heavily and deliberately violated the treaties of 1832 and 1839. They aggressively marched the massive “Army of the Indus” directly through Sindh’s sovereign territory, forcefully demanding supplies, camels, and money from the Amirs.
Passivity of the Amirs: The Amirs, despite their deep anger and the immense financial ruin caused by the constant British military demands, largely remained passive. They did not actively attack the highly vulnerable British supply lines running through their territory during the war.
Need for Imperial Prestige: When the British suffered a catastrophic, deeply humiliating defeat in Afghanistan in 1842 (where an entire army was annihilated), they desperately needed a quick, decisive military victory elsewhere to restore their heavily damaged imperial prestige and deterrence in India.
Fabricated Charges: Governor-General Lord Ellenborough and his aggressive commander Sir Charles Napier falsely accused the Amirs of harboring treasonable intentions and secretly conspiring against the British during the Afghan disasters. This completely fabricated charge of treason was used as the direct, cynical pretext to provoke a war and annex Sindh.

📌 Sindh Annexation

Q.10) After the capitulation and annexation of Sindh in 1843, who was appointed as its first British governor?

Ans > Charles Napier

Provoking the War: Sir Charles Napier, a highly aggressive and ruthless British general, was sent to Sindh with full civil and military authority. He deliberately goaded the Amirs into war by aggressively forcing them to accept a humiliating, territory-stripping new treaty in early 1843.
Military Decimation: When the fiercely loyal Baloch tribesmen predictably retaliated by attacking the British residency, Napier launched a devastating military campaign. He decisively and brutally defeated the Amirs’ much larger forces at the Battle of Miani (February 1843) and the Battle of Dubba (March 1843).
Formal Annexation: Following these absolute military victories, the independent territory of Sindh was formally annexed to the British Empire in August 1843. General Charles Napier was highly rewarded for his aggression by being appointed as the very first British Governor of the newly conquered province.
The “Peccavi” Telegram: The annexation of Sindh was widely criticized even by contemporary British politicians as an act of naked, unjustified imperial aggression. Napier himself infamously recognized the moral bankruptcy of his actions, reportedly sending a punning one-word telegram to his superiors in London: “Peccavi” (Latin for “I have sinned,” a pun on “I have Sindh”).

📌 Sikh Empire

Q.11) In 1784, the Dal Khalsa was organized into the Budha Dal (veterans) and Taruna Dal (the young) by which Sikh leader?

Ans > Kapur Singh Faizullapuria

Post-Banda Bahadur Persecution: After the brutal execution of the great warrior Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716, the Sikh community faced severe, relentless persecution by the Mughal governors of Punjab. To survive, they decentralized and organized themselves into small, highly mobile roving warrior bands called jathas.
The Title of Nawab: In 1733, the Mughal government temporarily attempted to pacify the rebellious Sikhs by offering a lucrative jagir (land grant) and the prestigious title of ‘Nawab’ to their recognized leader. The Sikh congregation unanimously chose Kapur Singh Faizullapuria, a highly respected and humble warrior, to accept this title on their behalf.
Formation of Dal Khalsa: Realizing the desperate need for a unified military structure against both Mughal oppression and looming Afghan invasions by Ahmad Shah Abdali, Nawab Kapur Singh reorganized the scattered jathas into a massive, central fighting force officially known as the Dal Khalsa in 1748.
Strategic Division: He brilliantly structured the Dal Khalsa into two distinct, highly functional wings: the Budha Dal (the army of veterans, tasked strictly with protecting holy gurdwaras and managing community affairs) and the Taruna Dal (the army of the young, forming the aggressive, active combat vanguard).

📌 Sikh Empire

Q.12) In 1799, Ranjit Singh was appointed as the governor of Lahore by which ruler of Afghanistan?

Ans > Zaman Shah

The Fragmented Punjab: In the late 18th century, Punjab was politically fragmented into twelve independent Sikh Misls (military confederacies) that were constantly warring among themselves for territory. Meanwhile, the Afghan ruler Zaman Shah Durrani was making repeated, devastating invasions into northern India.
The Lost Cannons: During Zaman Shah’s massive invasion in 1798-1799, he was forced to abruptly return to Kabul to quell a severe domestic rebellion. While hastily crossing the flooded Jhelum River, he lost several of his most valuable heavy artillery cannons in the deep mud.
Ranjit Singh’s Opportunity: The young, highly ambitious, and politically astute Ranjit Singh, leader of the Sukerchakia Misl, saw a golden opportunity. He successfully extricated the heavy Afghan cannons from the river and safely transported them all the way back to Zaman Shah in Kabul.
Legitimizing the Empire: Deeply impressed by Ranjit Singh’s logistical capability and political shrewdness, Zaman Shah rewarded him heavily in 1799. He officially granted Ranjit Singh the prestigious title of ‘Raja’ and appointed him as the legitimate Afghan governor of Lahore, laying the legal foundation for the vast Sikh Empire.

📌 Sikh Empire

Q.13) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the Company accepted which river as the boundary line between their respective territories?

Ans > Sutlej

The Cis-Sutlej Crisis: Maharaja Ranjit Singh aggressively expanded his empire south of the Sutlej River, seeking to unify all Sikhs. This deeply alarmed the cis-Sutlej Sikh chiefs (rulers of states like Patiala, Nabha, and Jind) who quickly appealed to the British East India Company for military protection.
Geopolitical Fears: At the exact same time, the British were highly paranoid about a potential joint Franco-Russian invasion of India marching through Persia and Afghanistan. To secure their northwestern frontier, they desperately needed a strong, friendly buffer state and sent Charles Metcalfe to Lahore in 1809 to negotiate a defensive alliance.
Fixing the Boundary: The resulting Treaty of Amritsar (1809) was a diplomatic compromise. It established the Sutlej River as the permanent, strict boundary between the rapidly expanding Sikh Empire and the British East India Company’s territories, halting a direct military clash.
Freedom to Expand North: This crucial treaty forced Ranjit Singh to permanently halt his cherished southward expansion into the cis-Sutlej states. However, it effectively gave him a completely free hand to massively expand his empire northwards, westwards, and into Kashmir, Peshawar, and Multan without any British interference.

📌 Anglo-Sikh Wars

Q.14) The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845. The Sikhs suffered their first successive defeat on December 18, 1845, at which battle?

Ans > Mudki

Post-Ranjit Singh Chaos: The death of the “Lion of Punjab,” Maharaja Ranjit Singh, in 1839 plunged the massive Sikh Empire into absolute political chaos, characterized by bloody palace assassinations and the rising, unchecked, and highly aggressive power of the Khalsa army.
Crossing the Rubicon: Provoked by aggressive British military buildups near their sovereign border, and secretly manipulated by their own corrupt commanders who wanted the uncontrollable army weakened by the British, the Sikh Khalsa forces crossed the Sutlej River in December 1845, formally triggering the First Anglo-Sikh War.
The Clash at Mudki: The very first major military engagement of this brutal war took place at the Battle of Mudki on December 18, 1845. The fiercely fighting, highly trained Khalsa army faced the British forces commanded by the veteran Sir Hugh Gough.
Treachery at the Top: Despite fighting with incredible bravery and inflicting extremely heavy casualties on the British forces, the Sikhs suffered a bitter defeat. This was primarily due to the shocking, pre-planned treachery of their top commanders, Lal Singh and Tej Singh, who deliberately abandoned the battlefield to ensure their own political survival.

📌 Anglo-Sikh Wars

Q.15) Under the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846, Rani Jindan was removed as regent and replaced by a council of regency consisting of how many Sikh sardars?

Ans > Eight

The Initial Treaty of Lahore: The First Anglo-Sikh War initially concluded with the Treaty of Lahore (March 1846), which severely reduced the massive Sikh army, imposed a heavy war indemnity, and annexed the fertile Jullundur Doab. However, Maharani Jindan Kaur was allowed to remain as regent for her minor son, Dalip Singh.
Pretext for Total Control: The British were highly unsatisfied with this loose arrangement. When a rebellion broke out in Kashmir (secretly instigated by the Sikh Prime Minister Lal Singh against the British-backed Dogra ruler Gulab Singh), the British aggressively used it as an excuse to rewrite the terms of peace.
The Draconian New Treaty: In December 1846, the British forced the highly restrictive Treaty of Bhairowal upon the weakened Lahore Durbar. This treaty completely stripped Maharani Jindan Kaur of all political power, physically removing her as the ruling regent and heavily pensioning her off.
The Council of Eight: She was replaced by a newly created Council of Regency, composed of exactly eight prominent Sikh Sardars. Most importantly, this council functioned entirely under the absolute direction, veto power, and control of the British Resident, Sir Henry Lawrence, effectively making Punjab a British puppet state.

📌 Anglo-Sikh Wars

Q.16) The Battle of Gujarat (1849), which resulted in the final surrender of the Sikh army, was fought on the banks of which river?

Ans > Chenab

The Multan Rebellion: The heavy-handed British administration in Punjab and the humiliating treatment of Maharani Jindan sparked widespread resentment among the Khalsa. This simmering anger exploded into open revolt led by Mulraj in Multan, effectively triggering the highly destructive Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849).
A Brutal Campaign: The war featured some of the bloodiest and most fiercely contested engagements in British Indian history. This notably includes the horrific Battle of Chillianwala, which was practically a disastrous stalemate for the British forces, severely shaking their military confidence.
The Battle of Guns: The final, decisive showdown occurred at the Battle of Gujarat on February 21, 1849. Fought near the banks of the Chenab River, it is historically renowned as the ‘Battle of Guns’ because it was primarily won through an overwhelming, massive British artillery bombardment that shattered the Sikh lines.
Total Annexation: The Sikh Khalsa army was utterly devastated at Gujarat and formally surrendered a few days later at Rawalpindi, laying down their arms. Following this crushing defeat, Governor-General Lord Dalhousie permanently annexed the entire Punjab into the British Empire, removing the minor Maharaja Dalip Singh from the throne.

📌 British Policies

Q.17) To defend the Company’s frontiers by safeguarding neighboring territories, Warren Hastings primarily followed which administrative policy?

Ans > Policy of Ring-Fence

Geopolitical Threats: During the crucial tenure of Warren Hastings (1773-1785), the East India Company was physically surrounded by powerful, highly aggressive Indian adversaries, primarily the Marathas and the kingdom of Mysore, while constantly facing the threat of devastating Afghan invasions from the northwest.
Creating Buffer Zones: To protect the core, highly profitable British possessions (Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa), Hastings aggressively implemented the ‘Policy of Ring-Fence’. This strategic doctrine aimed to create highly defended buffer zones immediately around the Company’s most vulnerable frontiers.
Defending the Allies: The primary method of this policy was to heavily garrison and militarily defend the borders of neighboring allied states rather than their own. For example, Hastings aggressively deployed British troops to defend the borders of the Nawab of Awadh against the Marathas and Rohillas.
The Financial Genius: The massive, crippling expenses for this heavy military defense were entirely borne by the allied state (Awadh). By defending this outer ring, the British successfully kept the actual, destructive fighting away from their own valuable territories, laying the strategic foundation for Wellesley’s later Subsidiary Alliance.

📌 British Policies

Q.18) Under Lord Wellesley’s tenure, which Indian state was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance system in September 1798?

Ans > Hyderabad

Wellesley’s Imperial Mandate: Lord Wellesley arrived in India in 1798 with a clear, highly aggressive mandate to expand British paramountcy and completely eradicate all dangerous French influence from Indian courts during the absolute height of the Napoleonic Wars.
The Perfected System: He perfected the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ system—a highly restrictive, deeply manipulative political and military treaty that systematically reduced independent Indian states to a position of absolute, crippling subordination to the East India Company.
The Desperate Nizam: The Nizam of Hyderabad, terrified of the rapidly growing Maratha power that had recently defeated him, and unable to reliably pay his own massive French-trained army commanders, was the very first Indian ruler to fall into this trap, formally signing the Alliance in September 1798.
Loss of Sovereignty: Under the draconian terms, the Nizam dismissed his entire French-trained battalion, agreed to permanently host a massive British subsidiary force at his capital at his own immense expense, and surrendered his right to conduct independent foreign relations. In return, the British promised to protect him.

📌 British Policies

Q.19) Which controversial policy allowed Governor General Lord Dalhousie to annex states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur when their rulers died without a male heir?

Ans > Doctrine of Lapse

The Ultimate Annexation Tool: The ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was a highly controversial, blatantly expansionist annexation policy aggressively and ruthlessly utilized by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) to rapidly absorb Indian princely states directly into the British Empire.
Rejecting Hindu Tradition: According to ancient, traditional Hindu law and custom, a king without a biological son had the absolute, recognized right to adopt a male heir to succeed him on the throne. The Doctrine of Lapse explicitly and legally rejected this centuries-old religious and political tradition.
The “Dependent” State Clause: Dalhousie declared that if the ruler of a “dependent” state (a state that was created by, or directly politically subordinate to, the East India Company) died without a natural, biological male heir, the state would automatically “lapse” back to the paramount British power.
Catalyst for Rebellion: Using this legally dubious, highly offensive doctrine, Dalhousie ruthlessly annexed several major states, including Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854). This widespread, unjust confiscation of kingdoms was a primary catalyst for the massive Revolt of 1857.

📌 British Conquests

Q.20) Following the Anglo-Bhutanese conflict in 1865, the Bhutanese surrendered passes leading to Assam. These surrendered districts became highly productive areas for what?

Ans > Tea gardens

The Duar War: The Anglo-Bhutanese War, also known historically as the Duar War, was fought in 1864-1865. The primary cause of the conflict was a bitter dispute over the control and taxation of the highly strategic “Duars” (mountain passes) that physically connected Bhutan to the plains of Assam and Bengal.
British Commercial Greed: The British, aggressively expanding their highly profitable commercial agricultural interests in the northeast, desperately wanted to secure these highly fertile, well-irrigated tracts from Bhutanese raids.
The Treaty of Sinchula: After a brief, entirely one-sided military campaign, the defeated Bhutanese were forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Sinchula in November 1865. Under the strict treaty terms, Bhutan was forced to permanently surrender the 18 Bengal and Assam Duars to the British Empire in exchange for a meager annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees.
Birth of the Tea Industry: The British rapidly realized the immense agricultural potential of these newly annexed, highly fertile, and well-drained sloping lands. They aggressively deforested and transformed the surrendered districts into massive, incredibly lucrative commercial tea gardens, firmly establishing the world-famous Assam and Dooars tea industries that generated immense wealth for London.

📌 British Conquests

Q.21) The Treaty of Sagauli in 1816 formally concluded the war between the British and which neighboring power?

Ans > The Gorkhas of Nepal

The Border Clashes: The aggressive, highly successful southward expansion of the fiercely militaristic Gorkha Kingdom of Nepal directly clashed with the northward expansion of the British East India Company along the poorly defined border of Awadh and Bihar, leading to the bloody Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816).
A Difficult Mountain War: Initially, the British suffered surprisingly heavy casualties and several humiliating defeats in the harsh, unfamiliar mountainous terrain against the incredibly brave and tactically superior Gorkha soldiers. However, under the brilliant command of General David Ochterlony, the British eventually gained the upper hand, forcing the Gorkhas to sue for peace.
Harsh Treaty Terms: The conflict officially concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Sagauli in 1816. The terms were highly detrimental to Nepal, forcing them to permanently cede massive, strategically vital territories including Kumaon, Garhwal, and large, fertile tracts of the Terai region to the British.
The Gorkha Legacy: Furthermore, Nepal was forced to withdraw entirely from Sikkim and accept a permanent British Resident in their capital, Kathmandu. Deeply impressed by their incredible martial prowess and loyalty, the British also began formally recruiting Gorkha soldiers into the British Indian Army, a famous military tradition that continues robustly today.

📌 Anglo-Burmese Wars

Q.22) The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) concluded with the signing of which treaty, requiring Burma to cede Arakan and Tenasserim?

Ans > Treaty of Yandabo

The Threat to Bengal: The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) was deliberately triggered by the aggressive, unchecked expansion of the powerful Burmese Empire into the border states of Assam, Arakan, and Manipur, posing a direct, unacceptable military threat to the core British frontiers in Bengal.
A Disastrously Expensive War: The war was incredibly long, brutal, and historically the most expensive military campaign for the British up to that point. Thousands of British and Indian soldiers died miserably, not just in fierce combat, but primarily from severe tropical diseases, malnutrition, and logistical failures in the dense Burmese jungles.
The Capitulation of Ava: After the heavily reinforced British naval and land forces successfully advanced dangerously close to the Burmese royal capital of Ava, the terrified King of Burma finally capitulated. The bloody war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo in February 1826.
Crippling Terms: Under the harsh treaty terms, Burma was forced to permanently cede the highly crucial coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British, absolutely abandon all political claims on Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia, accept a permanent British Resident in Ava, and pay a massive, crippling financial indemnity of one million pounds sterling.

📌 Anglo-Burmese Wars

Q.23) The British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma, as a direct result of which conflict?

Ans > Second Anglo-Burmese War

Commercial Imperialism: By 1852, British commercial interests in massive timber extraction (teak) and maritime trade in Burma had grown significantly. Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, a highly aggressive imperialist, was extremely eager for any convenient excuse to expand British territory along the entire Burmese coastline.
A Manufactured War: The Second Anglo-Burmese War was entirely unprovoked and deliberately manufactured. It was instigated by Dalhousie over extremely petty commercial disputes and minor, allegedly unjust fines levied on two British merchant sea captains by the local Burmese governor of the port city of Rangoon.
Swift Military Action: Unlike the disastrously long first war, the British naval and military forces struck incredibly quickly and decisively. Using modern steamships and superior artillery, they easily captured the key, highly lucrative port cities of Rangoon, Bassein, and Prome with very minimal British casualties.
Landlocking an Empire: Refusing to negotiate a formal peace treaty with the defeated Burmese King, Lord Dalhousie simply issued a unilateral imperial proclamation permanently annexing the entire rich province of Lower Burma, known as Pegu. This highly strategic annexation entirely cut off the Burmese Empire from the sea, completely landlocking the remaining weakened kingdom.

📌 Frontier Policies

Q.24) Under the terms of the Treaty of Lhasa (1904) following Younghusband’s expedition, the Indian Government was to occupy which valley for 75 years as security for an indemnity?

Ans > Chumbi Valley

The Great Game Paranoia: In 1903-1904, fueled by intense, largely unfounded paranoia that the rival Russian Empire was establishing secret, dangerous diplomatic influence in the isolated nation of Tibet, Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a heavily armed, unprovoked military expedition to Lhasa, commanded by Colonel Francis Younghusband.
The Massacre at Guru: The deeply religious Tibetan forces, armed only with antiquated matchlocks, amulets, and swords, were brutally and effortlessly slaughtered by modern British Maxim machine guns at the massacre of Guru. The British forces successfully and illegally marched into the forbidden city of Lhasa in August 1904.
The Dictated Treaty: The Dalai Lama fled to Mongolia in terror, and the remaining desperate Tibetan officials were forced at gunpoint to sign the deeply humiliating Treaty of Lhasa. Tibet agreed to open multiple trade marts to the British, respect the Sikkim border, and strictly refuse any concessions to foreign powers (meaning Russia).
The Chumbi Occupation: Most severely, Tibet was hit with a crippling, impossible financial indemnity of 75 lakh rupees. As a physical guarantee for the payment of this massive sum, the Indian Government was legally authorized to militarily occupy the highly strategic Chumbi Valley (the vital, lucrative trade route between Sikkim and Tibet) for a period of 75 years.

📌 Foreign Policy

Q.25) In reaction to the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which Governor General initiated the foreign policy of ‘Masterly Inactivity’?

Ans > John Lawrence

The Afghan Trauma: The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) under the aggressive policies of Lord Auckland was an unmitigated military and political disaster. An entire British army of 16,000 soldiers and camp followers was completely annihilated during the freezing retreat from Kabul, completely destroying the myth of British invincibility in India.
A Shift in Strategy: Following this immense trauma and loss of prestige, the British Indian government desperately sought to avoid any further highly costly, unpredictable entanglements in the volatile tribal politics of Afghanistan. This cautious, non-interventionist approach became officially formalized as the policy of ‘Masterly Inactivity’.
The Architect of Patience: Championed primarily by Governor-General John Lawrence (1864–1869), the policy mandated strict, absolute non-interference in the brutal, ongoing wars of succession occurring between various Afghan princes. He strictly refused to militarily or financially support any specific claimant to the throne during their civil wars.
Pragmatic Recognition: The core principle of Masterly Inactivity was that the British would simply recognize whoever emerged victorious from the bloodshed as the de facto Amir. This recognition was provided on the strict condition that the new Amir maintained peace along the Indian border and strictly prevented any rival foreign powers (especially Russia) from gaining diplomatic influence in Kabul.

📌 Anglo-Afghan Wars

Q.26) The Treaty of Gandamak, signed in May 1879, established a permanent British resident in Kabul. Which Afghan leader signed this treaty?

Ans > Yakub Khan

The Forward Policy: The Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) was deliberately triggered by the highly aggressive “Forward Policy” of Viceroy Lord Lytton. He arrogantly demanded that Amir Sher Ali accept a British diplomatic mission in Kabul while the Amir was already, under duress, entertaining a Russian envoy.
The Fall of Kabul: When the British forces predictably invaded in massive numbers, Sher Ali fled the capital and subsequently died. His son, Yakub Khan, realized the absolute futility of further military resistance and sued for peace to save his rapidly crumbling kingdom from total destruction.
Surrender of Sovereignty: In May 1879, Yakub Khan signed the deeply humiliating Treaty of Gandamak. Under this treaty, Afghanistan essentially surrendered its status as a sovereign, independent nation, agreeing to conduct its entire foreign policy strictly and exclusively according to the advice of the British government.
The Catalyst for Uprising: Crucially, Yakub Khan was forced to accept a permanent British Resident (Sir Louis Cavagnari) in Kabul. The treaty also forced the cession of highly strategic border districts (like the Khyber Pass) to the British. The immense Afghan anger over this deeply insulting treaty led to a massive uprising that brutally assassinated Cavagnari just months later, restarting the war.

📌 Border Agreements

Q.27) In 1893, a boundary line was drawn between Afghan and British territories to settle border disputes. What is this line known as?

Ans > Durand Line

The Need for Demarcation: By the late 19th century, the British felt an urgent, strategic need to permanently fix the precise boundary between their Indian Empire and Afghanistan. This was to prevent constant, highly expensive tribal skirmishes and clearly define their absolute sphere of influence against any further Russian expansion southward.
The Diplomatic Mission: In 1893, the British government sent a high-level diplomatic mission headed by the civil servant Sir Mortimer Durand to negotiate a permanent border settlement with the powerful Afghan Amir, Abdur Rahman Khan, commonly known as the ‘Iron Amir’.
Fixing the Spheres: The resulting agreement established the ‘Durand Line’, a 2,640 km long, poorly surveyed and hastily drawn demarcation line. It officially mapped the absolute limit of the respective political spheres of influence between British India (specifically the volatile North-West Frontier Province, now in Pakistan) and the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
A Legacy of Conflict: The Durand Line is historically highly controversial and deeply resented because it was drawn with absolutely zero regard for local demographics. It deliberately bisected the traditional, historical homelands of the fiercely independent ethnic Pashtun tribes, leaving half in Afghanistan and half under British control, creating deep geopolitical tensions that heavily persist today.

📌 Regional Revolts

Q.28) Due to the equal participation of Hindu and Muslim ascetics, the Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800) in Eastern India is also sometimes referred to as what?

Ans > The Fakir Rebellion

Economic Devastation: Following the massive, devastating Bengal Famine of 1770 (which wiped out a third of the population) and the incredibly harsh, exploitative economic revenue policies of the East India Company, widespread displacement, starvation, and deep anger occurred across eastern India.
A Diverse Uprising: The Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800) was a prolonged, massive, and highly violent peasant uprising. The ranks of the rebels swelled exponentially with disbanded soldiers from local Nawabs, ruined zamindars (landlords), and desperate, starving peasants who had lost everything.
Religious Leadership: The rebellion was uniquely spearheaded by wandering religious ascetics who heavily relied on charitable alms from the local rural population—a practice the British had aggressively banned. It saw incredible, fiercely united participation from both Hindu sanyasis (primarily martial Dasnami Naga ascetics) and Muslim fakirs (primarily Madari Sufi ascetics).
United Resistance: Because the Muslim fakirs, heavily led by brilliant guerrilla figures like Majnu Shah, fought shoulder-to-shoulder with the Hindu sanyasis (like Bhavani Pathak) against the British forces for decades, historians frequently refer to the entire conflict interchangeably as the Sanyasi-Fakir Rebellion. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s famous, highly influential nationalist novel ‘Anandamath’ is based on this massive uprising.

📌 Regional Revolts

Q.29) In 1769, the Moamarias, who were low-caste peasants, launched a revolt that posed a potent challenge to the authority of which kings?

Ans > The Ahom kings of Assam

The Moamaria Sect: The Moamarias were primarily low-caste peasants and marginalized tribal groups in Assam who were staunch, devoted followers of the Moamaria Sattra. This was a highly popular, egalitarian Vaishnavite religious sect that explicitly rejected the rigid, oppressive caste hierarchies supported by the state.
Religious Persecution: By the late 18th century, the orthodox Ahom Kings of Assam, who were heavily influenced by powerful, elite Sakta priests, began severely persecuting the egalitarian Moamaria followers. They repeatedly insulted their spiritual gurus and demanded forced labor, leading to massive, simmering social unrest.
The Eruption of Rebellion: Driven to the brink by relentless religious persecution, extreme social discrimination, and heavy, unjust taxation, the Moamarias launched a massive, armed popular rebellion in 1769. The revolt was incredibly potent; the rebels successfully captured the capital city and temporarily, completely deposed the ruling Ahom King.
The Fall of Assam: The rebellion completely devastated the region’s economy and administration for decades. The desperate Ahom King eventually appealed to the British East India Company for urgent military assistance. Although the British temporarily intervened to crush the revolt, the incredibly bloody, decades-long civil war fatally weakened the ancient Ahom Kingdom, eventually paving the direct way for the devastating Burmese invasion and subsequent British annexation of Assam.

📌 Assassinations & Revolts

Q.30) The 1799 “Massacre of Benares,” which involved the assassination of British resident George Frederick Cherry, was carried out by the guards of which deposed Nawab of Awadh?

Ans > Wazir Ali Khan

The Succession Crisis: Following the death of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula of Awadh in 1797, his adopted son Wazir Ali Khan was officially placed on the throne. However, Wazir Ali immediately displayed highly independent political tendencies and strong anti-British sentiments, deeply alarming the East India Company.
The British Coup: Governor-General Sir John Shore directly intervened in Awadh’s internal politics, conveniently declaring Wazir Ali’s birth illegitimate. The British aggressively deposed him in 1798 and installed his uncle, Saadat Ali Khan II—a highly pliable, obedient puppet who immediately signed away half his kingdom—on the throne of Awadh.
The Final Humiliation: The deposed Wazir Ali was granted a financial pension and strictly ordered to reside under surveillance in Benares (Varanasi). In early 1799, the British Resident in Benares, George Frederick Cherry, officially informed Wazir Ali that he was being forcibly relocated much further away to Calcutta for ‘security reasons’.
The Bloody Revolt: Deeply enraged by this final, unacceptable humiliation, Wazir Ali and his heavily armed, fiercely loyal guards visited Cherry’s house under the guise of a breakfast meeting and brutally assassinated him, along with several other Europeans. This shocking event, historically known as the “Massacre of Benares,” sparked a brief but highly intense regional revolt before Wazir Ali was eventually captured and imprisoned in an iron cage for the rest of his life.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 32

Anglo-Maratha Wars: The Treaty of Deogaon (1803) marked the defeat of the Bhonsle clan.
Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon: Signed in 1803 acknowledging the massive defeat of Daulatrao Scindia.
Charter Act 1813: Ended the East India Company monopoly, except for trade in Tea and with China.
Pindaris: Plundering mercenaries primarily attached to the Maratha armies.
Maratha Politics: Tulsi Bai, mistress of Jaswantrao Holkar, became regent of the Holkar state.
Satara Principality: Created by the British for Pratap Singh after dissolving the Maratha confederacy in 1818.
Sindh Annexation: Colonel Pottinger sent by William Bentinck to sign a trade treaty in 1832.
Subsidiary Force in Sindh: Under an 1839 treaty, British stationed forces at Shikarpur and Bukkar.
Pretext for Sindh Annexation: Amirs charged with treason due to the First Anglo-Afghan War.
Sindh Governor: Charles Napier became the very first British governor of annexed Sindh in 1843.
Sikh Empire: Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organized the Dal Khalsa into Budha Dal and Taruna Dal.
Rise of Ranjit Singh: Appointed governor of Lahore in 1799 by Zaman Shah of Afghanistan.
Treaty of Amritsar (1809): Fixed the Sutlej River as the boundary between the Sikhs and the British.
First Anglo-Sikh War: The Sikhs suffered their first major defeat at the Battle of Mudki (1845).
Treaty of Bhairowal: Formed a council of regency consisting of Eight Sikh sardars in 1846.
Battle of Gujarat (1849): The final battle of the Anglo-Sikh wars was fought on the Chenab River.
British Strategy: Warren Hastings actively followed the administrative Policy of Ring-Fence.
Subsidiary Alliance: Hyderabad was the absolute first Indian state to accept it in 1798.
Doctrine of Lapse: Allowed Lord Dalhousie to strictly annex states without a biological male heir.
Anglo-Bhutanese War (1865): Surrendered Duar passes became massive centers for Tea gardens.
Treaty of Sagauli (1816): Concluded the Anglo-Nepalese war with the Gorkhas of Nepal.
Treaty of Yandabo (1826): Required Burma to completely cede Arakan and Tenasserim.
Second Anglo-Burmese War: Directly led to the complete British occupation of Pegu.
Younghusband Expedition: Resulted in the British occupying the Chumbi Valley for 75 years.
Masterly Inactivity: The pragmatic foreign policy initiated by John Lawrence toward Afghanistan.
Treaty of Gandamak (1879): Signed by Afghan leader Yakub Khan, accepting a British Resident.
Durand Line (1893): The boundary formally drawn between British and Afghan territories.
Sanyasi Revolt: Also referred to historically as The Fakir Rebellion due to diverse participation.
Moamaria Revolt (1769): Low-caste peasants challenged the authority of the Ahom kings of Assam.
Massacre of Benares (1799): Led by the heavily armed guards of the deposed Wazir Ali Khan.

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Modern History Set 32

Q.1) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (December 17, 1803) marked the defeat of which Maratha clan?

Q.2) The Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon was signed on December 30, 1803, acknowledging the defeat of which powerful Maratha chief?

Q.3) By the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China ended, except for the trade of which specific commodity?

Q.4) The Pindaris, whose plundering activities prompted Lord Hastings to take action leading to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, were mercenaries primarily attached to whose armies?

Q.5) Following the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, which of his favorite mistresses came to the helm of affairs in Poona, though she was negatively influenced by men like Balram Seth?

Q.6) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, the British made Pratap Singh the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was this principality?

Q.7) In 1832, William Bentinck sent which Colonel to Sindh to sign a treaty allowing free passage to English traders?

Q.8) In February 1839, under threat of superior force, the Amirs of Sindh accepted a treaty requiring them to station a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Q.9) The Amirs of Sindh were angered and charged with treason by the British due to the events and passage of troops associated with which war fought on their soil?

Q.10) After the capitulation and annexation of Sindh in 1843, who was appointed as its first British governor?

Q.11) In 1784, the Dal Khalsa was organized into the Budha Dal (veterans) and Taruna Dal (the young) by which Sikh leader?

Q.12) In 1799, Ranjit Singh was appointed as the governor of Lahore by which ruler of Afghanistan?

Q.13) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the Company accepted which river as the boundary line between their respective territories?

Q.14) The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845. The Sikhs suffered their first successive defeat on December 18, 1845, at which battle?

Q.15) Under the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846, Rani Jindan was removed as regent and replaced by a council of regency consisting of how many Sikh sardars?

Q.16) The Battle of Gujarat (1849), which resulted in the final surrender of the Sikh army, was fought on the banks of which river?

Q.17) To defend the Company’s frontiers by safeguarding neighboring territories, Warren Hastings primarily followed which administrative policy?

Q.18) Under Lord Wellesley’s tenure, which Indian state was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance system in September 1798?

Q.19) Which controversial policy allowed Governor General Lord Dalhousie to annex states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur when their rulers died without a male heir?

Q.20) Following the Anglo-Bhutanese conflict in 1865, the Bhutanese surrendered passes leading to Assam. These surrendered districts became highly productive areas for what?

Q.21) The Treaty of Sagauli in 1816 formally concluded the war between the British and which neighboring power?

Q.22) The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) concluded with the signing of which treaty, requiring Burma to cede Arakan and Tenasserim?

Q.23) The British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma, as a direct result of which conflict?

Q.24) Under the terms of the Treaty of Lhasa (1904) following Younghusband’s expedition, the Indian Government was to occupy which valley for 75 years as security for an indemnity?

Q.25) In reaction to the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which Governor General initiated the foreign policy of ‘Masterly Inactivity’?

Q.26) The Treaty of Gandamak, signed in May 1879, established a permanent British resident in Kabul. Which Afghan leader signed this treaty?

Q.27) In 1893, a boundary line was drawn between Afghan and British territories to settle border disputes. What is this line known as?

Q.28) Due to the equal participation of Hindu and Muslim ascetics, the Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800) in Eastern India is also sometimes referred to as what?

Q.29) In 1769, the Moamarias, who were low-caste peasants, launched a revolt that posed a potent challenge to the authority of which kings?

Q.30) The 1799 “Massacre of Benares,” which involved the assassination of British resident George Frederick Cherry, was carried out by the guards of which deposed Nawab of Awadh?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 32

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Q.1) During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Deogaon (December 17, 1803) marked the defeat of which Maratha clan?

Q.2) The Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon was signed on December 30, 1803, acknowledging the defeat of which powerful Maratha chief?

Q.3) By the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company’s monopoly of trade in China ended, except for the trade of which specific commodity?

Q.4) The Pindaris, whose plundering activities prompted Lord Hastings to take action leading to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, were mercenaries primarily attached to whose armies?

Q.5) Following the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, which of his favorite mistresses came to the helm of affairs in Poona, though she was negatively influenced by men like Balram Seth?

Q.6) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, the British made Pratap Singh the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was this principality?

Q.7) In 1832, William Bentinck sent which Colonel to Sindh to sign a treaty allowing free passage to English traders?

Q.8) In February 1839, under threat of superior force, the Amirs of Sindh accepted a treaty requiring them to station a British subsidiary force at Shikarpur and which other location?

Q.9) The Amirs of Sindh were angered and charged with treason by the British due to the events and passage of troops associated with which war fought on their soil?

Q.10) After the capitulation and annexation of Sindh in 1843, who was appointed as its first British governor?

Q.11) In 1784, the Dal Khalsa was organized into the Budha Dal (veterans) and Taruna Dal (the young) by which Sikh leader?

Q.12) In 1799, Ranjit Singh was appointed as the governor of Lahore by which ruler of Afghanistan?

Q.13) The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) between Ranjit Singh and the Company accepted which river as the boundary line between their respective territories?

Q.14) The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845. The Sikhs suffered their first successive defeat on December 18, 1845, at which battle?

Q.15) Under the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846, Rani Jindan was removed as regent and replaced by a council of regency consisting of how many Sikh sardars?

Q.16) The Battle of Gujarat (1849), which resulted in the final surrender of the Sikh army, was fought on the banks of which river?

Q.17) To defend the Company’s frontiers by safeguarding neighboring territories, Warren Hastings primarily followed which administrative policy?

Q.18) Under Lord Wellesley’s tenure, which Indian state was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance system in September 1798?

Q.19) Which controversial policy allowed Governor General Lord Dalhousie to annex states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur when their rulers died without a male heir?

Q.20) Following the Anglo-Bhutanese conflict in 1865, the Bhutanese surrendered passes leading to Assam. These surrendered districts became highly productive areas for what?

Q.21) The Treaty of Sagauli in 1816 formally concluded the war between the British and which neighboring power?

Q.22) The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) concluded with the signing of which treaty, requiring Burma to cede Arakan and Tenasserim?

Q.23) The British occupied Pegu, the only remaining coastal province of Burma, as a direct result of which conflict?

Q.24) Under the terms of the Treaty of Lhasa (1904) following Younghusband’s expedition, the Indian Government was to occupy which valley for 75 years as security for an indemnity?

Q.25) In reaction to the disasters of the First Anglo-Afghan War, which Governor General initiated the foreign policy of ‘Masterly Inactivity’?

Q.26) The Treaty of Gandamak, signed in May 1879, established a permanent British resident in Kabul. Which Afghan leader signed this treaty?

Q.27) In 1893, a boundary line was drawn between Afghan and British territories to settle border disputes. What is this line known as?

Q.28) Due to the equal participation of Hindu and Muslim ascetics, the Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800) in Eastern India is also sometimes referred to as what?

Q.29) In 1769, the Moamarias, who were low-caste peasants, launched a revolt that posed a potent challenge to the authority of which kings?

Q.30) The 1799 “Massacre of Benares,” which involved the assassination of British resident George Frederick Cherry, was carried out by the guards of which deposed Nawab of Awadh?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 32

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