Modern History Set 23 | MROY Class

Modern History Questions & Answers (Set 23)

The Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. From which regions had they originally moved? – Cuttack, Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh, and Midnapore
The civil rebellion in Awadh in 1799 was led by which deposed Nawab? – Wazir Ali Khan
Wazir Ali Khan was granted asylum by the ruler of Jaipur and later extradited on the condition that he would not be put in what? – Fetters
In the Northern Circars, Strikara Bhanj was a zamindar of which region? – Gumsur (in Ganjam)
Which oppressive collector was replaced by the British to suppress the insurrection led by Strikara Bhanj? – Snodgrass
In 1835, which son of Strikara Bhanj rose in rebellion for the second time? – Dhananjay Bhanj
In 1800, the Chero chief Bhukhan Singh rose in rebellion in which region? – Palamau
The Poligars’ resentment began when the Nawab of Arcot handed over the Carnatic Provinces and which other province? – Tinneveli
During the first phase of the Poligar rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman fled into the forests of which region? – Pudukottai
In the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion, who led the Marudus? – Marathu Pandian
After the Poligar Rebellion in October 1801, which fort was razed to the ground? – Panjalankurichi
During the 1803–1810 uprisings in Haryana, the people of which town checked the British advance? – Bhiwani
Velu Thampi addressed a gathering and openly called for taking up arms in what became known as the: – Kundara Proclamation
Lakshaman Dawa offered the first major resistance to the British from which fort? – Ajaygarh
The British bound down the hereditary chieftains in Bundelkhand by contractual obligations known as what? – Ikarnamahs
In 1819, the Kutch Rebellion intensified under which ruler? – Raja Bharmal II
The 1816 rising at Bareilly was sparked by the imposition of which tax? – Police tax
During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), which noted rebel chose to submit after being frightened to dismantle his fort? – Bhagwant Singh
What compensation did the Paikas historically enjoy for their military service? – Rent-free land tenures
The Paika Rebellion was ignited by the arrival of which tribal group from Gumsur? – The Khonds
In the 1890s, the Sardar movement turned against Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom? – The Landlords
During the Birsa Munda Revolt, the “dikus” included which distinct group? – Christian missionaries
Birsa Munda died in 1900 due to what cause? – He died of illness in prison
Muhsinuddin Ahmad, son of Haji Shariatullah, was popularly known as what? – Dudu Miyan
Titu Mir inspired tenants to rise against landlords who imposed what unusual tax? – Beard-tax
How many Moplah rebellions took place in Malabar between 1836 and 1854? – Twenty-two
Peasant participation in the 1857 Revolt was active mainly in which specific area? – Western Uttar Pradesh
As a punishment for their participation in 1857, peasants were subjected to what consequence? – Payment of an additional cess
When was the peace treaty finally signed ending the Waghera Rising? – November 1820
During the 1828 Ahom Revolt, the rebels assembled near which location to declare Gomdhar Konwar as their king? – Jorhat

MROY Class

Modern History Set 23

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📌 Modern History • Tribal Uprisings

Q.1) The Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. From which regions had they originally moved in the late 1770s and early 1780s?

Ans > Cuttack, Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh, and Midnapore

Origins and Migration: The Santhals were originally agriculturalists residing in the districts of Cuttack, Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh, and Midnapore. In the late 18th century, the British East India Company actively encouraged them to migrate from these ancestral homelands.
The British Motive: The primary objective of the British was to utilize the hardworking Santhals to clear the dense, uncharted forests of the Rajmahal Hills region. By doing so, the British intended to expand their agrarian revenue base and create a massive, settled zone known as the Damin-i-Koh.
Broken Promises: The Santhals were heavily promised fertile land and a peaceful life, but this quickly backfired. By the 1850s, the oppressive exactions of the colonial state, combined with ruthless exploitation by local moneylenders (mahajans) charging exorbitant interest, drove the Santhals into extreme poverty and debt bondage.
The Boiling Point: This profound sense of betrayal and economic strangulation eventually culminated in the massive Santhal Rebellion (Hul) of 1855, led by the legendary brothers Sidhu and Kanhu, completely destabilizing British authority in the region for months.

📌 Modern History • Civil Rebellions

Q.2) The civil rebellion in Awadh in 1799, which included the “Massacre of Benares,” was led by which deposed Nawab?

Ans > Wazir Ali Khan

A Disputed Succession: Wazir Ali Khan, the adopted son of Asaf-ud-Daula, ascended to the throne of Awadh with British support. However, his strongly independent and anti-British attitude quickly alienated the Governor-General, Sir John Shore, who subsequently declared his birth spurious and deposed him in 1798.
The Replacement Nawab: The British replaced Wazir Ali with his more compliant uncle, Saadat Ali Khan II. In return for the throne, Saadat Ali had to sign a humiliating treaty, ceding the valuable fort of Allahabad and agreeing to pay a massive annual subsidy for the maintenance of Company troops.
The Spark of Rebellion: Wazir Ali was pensioned off to Benares. When the British ordered him to relocate further away to Calcutta to limit his influence, he became deeply infuriated by the continuous humiliation and loss of his sovereign dignity.
The Benares Massacre: In January 1799, an enraged Wazir Ali and his armed guards assassinated the British Resident, George Frederick Cherry, and several other Europeans in what became infamous as the “Massacre of Benares.” He then gathered an army of thousands, plunging Awadh into a fierce but short-lived civil rebellion against colonial rule.

📌 Modern History • Awadh Uprising

Q.3) Wazir Ali Khan was granted asylum by the ruler of Jaipur and later extradited to the British on the condition that he would not be hanged nor put in what?

Ans > Fetters

Flight to Rajputana: Following the collapse of his armed rebellion in Awadh and his defeat by the British military forces under General Erskine, the fugitive Wazir Ali Khan fled westward. He eventually sought refuge in the territory of Rajputana.
Seeking Royal Asylum: He was granted temporary asylum by Raja Pratap Singh, the powerful ruler of the princely state of Jaipur. However, the British East India Company exerted immense diplomatic and military pressure on Jaipur to immediately surrender the highly wanted rebel.
Negotiating the Extradition: Reluctant to violate the traditional Rajput code of hospitality and asylum, the Raja of Jaipur refused an unconditional surrender. He negotiated strict, face-saving terms with Arthur Wellesley before handing over the deposed Nawab.
The Final Conditions: The firm conditions for extradition were that Wazir Ali Khan would never be subjected to execution (hanging) and would never be humiliated by being placed in heavy iron chains or fetters. The British agreed, and Wazir Ali spent the rest of his life confined in Fort William, Calcutta.

📌 Modern History • Zamindari Revolts

Q.4) In the Northern Circars, Strikara Bhanj, who refused to pay revenues in 1797 and openly rebelled in 1800, was a zamindar of which region?

Ans > Gumsur (in Ganjam)

The Northern Circars Context: The Northern Circars, located along the eastern coast of India, were among the earliest territories acquired by the British. The region was characterized by powerful, semi-independent Zamindars who maintained their own armed militias and resisted direct colonial interference.
The Rise of Strikara Bhanj: Strikara Bhanj was the influential Zamindar of Gumsur, situated in the Ganjam district. He was fiercely protective of his traditional privileges and deeply resented the British East India Company’s attempts to forcefully rationalize and increase land revenue collections.
Defiance and Default: As a direct protest against the exorbitant colonial tax demands, Strikara Bhanj deliberately withheld revenue payments starting in 1797. When the British threatened to attach his lucrative estates, he escalated his defiance from mere financial default to an organized armed rebellion by 1800.
A Sustained Uprising: Strikara Bhanj effectively utilized the dense forests and rugged terrain of Gumsur to conduct a protracted guerrilla campaign against Company troops. His rebellion highlighted the deep-seated agrarian and aristocratic discontent brewing in the Northern Circars during the early expansionist phase of the British Empire.

📌 Modern History • Colonial Administration

Q.5) Which oppressive and corrupt collector was replaced by the British in order to suppress the insurrection led by Strikara Bhanj in Ganjam?

Ans > Snodgrass

Administrative Corruption: The massive uprising in Ganjam, led by Zamindar Strikara Bhanj, was not solely driven by high taxes, but was severely exacerbated by the blatant corruption and oppressive tactics of the local British civil administration.
The Role of Snodgrass: The primary antagonist representing the Company was the local collector, a man named Snodgrass. His incredibly heavy-handed methods, illegal extortions, and complete disregard for local customs deeply alienated the Zamindars and the peasantry alike, pushing them toward armed revolt.
Strategic Replacement: Realizing that a purely military solution in the difficult terrain of Gumsur would be extremely costly and protracted, the higher British authorities in Madras decided to address the root administrative grievance as a strategic pacification measure.
Conciliation over Combat: In a bid to calm the volatile situation and politically isolate Strikara Bhanj, the British recalled the notoriously corrupt Snodgrass in 1800. This administrative reform was meant to signal a more accommodating colonial approach, though the underlying structural tensions regarding land revenue remained largely unresolved.

📌 Modern History • Gumsur Rebellion

Q.6) In 1835, which son of Strikara Bhanj rose in rebellion for the second time when the British forces occupied Gumsur and Kolaida?

Ans > Dhananjay Bhanj

A Legacy of Defiance: The spirit of resistance in the Gumsur region did not die with Strikara Bhanj. The deep-seated grievances regarding British encroachment on traditional Zamindari rights were inherited by his aggressive and capable son, Dhananjay Bhanj.
The Second Wave of Revolt: Tensions reached a boiling point once again in 1835. Dhananjay Bhanj, refusing to submit to the humiliating demands of the colonial administration, orchestrated a massive second wave of armed rebellion against the British East India Company.
Military Occupation: In response to Dhananjay’s fierce uprising, the British dispatched heavily armed military columns to the region. The Company forces aggressively marched into the territory, forcefully occupying the strategic strongholds of Gumsur and Kolaida to break the rebellion’s logistical base.
The Tragic Conclusion: The overwhelming military superiority of the British eventually fractured the rebellion. The defiant Dhananjay Bhanj was forced to flee into the unforgiving jungles, where he tragically died in December 1835, marking the end of his family’s long-standing resistance against colonial rule.

📌 Modern History • Tribal Uprisings

Q.7) In 1800, the Chero chief Bhukhan Singh rose in rebellion in which region, leading to a two-year military camp by Colonel Jones?

Ans > Palamau

The Chero Territory: The Palamau region, characterized by dense forests and difficult hilly terrain, was the traditional homeland of the fiercely independent Chero tribe. They had maintained their distinct cultural and political autonomy for centuries before British arrival.
Encroachment and Exploitation: By the turn of the 19th century, the British began aggressively pushing into Palamau, attempting to impose rigid land revenue settlements. This influx of colonial officials and outsiders drastically threatened the Chero way of life and their traditional land rights.
The Uprising of 1800: Driven by extreme economic distress and political marginalization, the Chero tribe erupted into a massive open rebellion in 1800. They were united and fiercely led by their prominent and highly respected tribal chief, Bhukhan Singh.
A Grueling Campaign: The Chero rebels utilized effective guerrilla warfare tactics in their native jungles. The British were forced to deploy Colonel Jones, who had to establish and maintain a grueling military camp for two full years in Palamau before the uprising was brutally suppressed and Bhukhan Singh was captured.

📌 Modern History • South India

Q.8) The Poligars of South India fiercely resisted the British. Their resentment began in 1781 when the Nawab of Arcot handed over the management of the Carnatic Provinces and which other province to the East India Company?

Ans > Tinneveli

The Poligar System: The Poligars (Palayakkarars) were powerful feudal chieftains in South India who had traditionally enjoyed immense regional autonomy. They collected local taxes, maintained substantial private armies, and administered justice within their respective territories.
The Nawab’s Debt: The Nawab of Arcot, heavily indebted to the British East India Company due to continuous wars and extravagant spending, found himself unable to repay his massive financial obligations. This financial weakness gave the British immense leverage.
The Treaty of 1781: In a deeply consequential move, the Nawab signed a treaty in 1781, formally handing over the total civil and revenue administration of the Carnatic Provinces and the lucrative province of Tinneveli directly to the East India Company.
Loss of Sovereignty: This administrative transfer was the fundamental root of the conflict. The British, seeking maximum revenue extraction, immediately sought to disarm the Poligars and strip them of their traditional tax-collecting rights, treating these once-proud chieftains as mere subordinate landlords, thus sparking a massive, decades-long rebellion.

📌 Modern History • Poligar Rebellion

Q.9) During the first phase of the Poligar rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was defeated by the Company forces and fled into the forests of which region?

Ans > Pudukottai

The First Poligar War: The legendary Veerapandiya Kattabomman, the Poligar of Panchalankurichi, became the most prominent face of resistance during the first phase of the Poligar Rebellion (1799). He fiercely refused to pay the humiliating tribute demanded by the British collector, Colin Jackson.
The Siege of Panchalankurichi: After Kattabomman openly defied the colonial administration, the British dispatched a massive military force under Major Bannerman. A brutal and bloody siege ensued at the heavily fortified fort of Panchalankurichi, forcing Kattabomman to abandon the stronghold.
Flight to the Jungles: Seeking to regroup and continue his guerrilla war against the massive British military machinery, the defeated Kattabomman and his closest loyal followers fled eastward, hiding in the dense and inhospitable forests of the Pudukottai region.
Betrayal and Execution: Tragically, Kattabomman’s sanctuary was compromised. He was betrayed by the British-aligned Raja of Pudukottai, who captured the fugitive chief and handed him over to the colonial authorities. Kattabomman was subsequently hanged from a tamarind tree in Kayathar in late 1799, becoming a lasting martyr for Indian independence.

📌 Modern History • South India

Q.10) In the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion (1801), the fugitives led by Oomathurai joined the rebellion of the ‘Marudus’. Who led the Marudus?

Ans > Marathu Pandian

The Second Poligar War: Despite the brutal execution of Veerapandiya Kattabomman in 1799, the anti-British sentiment in South India did not die. The rebellion reignited violently in 1801, representing a much broader and more organized anti-colonial coalition.
The Escape of Oomathurai: The catalyst for this second phase was the daring prison escape of Oomathurai, the fiercely loyal and mute brother of the late Kattabomman. He rallied the surviving fugitives and successfully rebuilt the ruined fort of Panchalankurichi in mere days.
The Grand Coalition: Realizing they could not defeat the British alone, Oomathurai’s forces forged a powerful military alliance with the ongoing rebellion in the neighboring Sivaganga region, creating a united southern front against the East India Company.
Leadership of the Marudus: This Sivaganga rebellion was famously led by the ‘Marudu Brothers’—Vellai Marudu and his younger, highly capable brother, Marathu Pandian. Together, they issued the famous ‘Jambu Dweepa Proclamation’, openly calling on all Indians, regardless of caste or religion, to unite and completely expel the European powers from the subcontinent.

📌 Modern History • Poligar Rebellion

Q.11) After the suppression of the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion in October 1801, which fort was razed to the ground and its name expunged from district documents?

Ans > Panjalankurichi

The Heart of Resistance: The fort of Panjalankurichi (Panchalankurichi) was far more than just a military stronghold; it was the powerful, beating heart of the Poligar resistance. It was the ancestral seat of Veerapandiya Kattabomman and the symbol of South Indian defiance.
A Bitter Military Struggle: During the second phase of the rebellion in 1801, Oomathurai miraculously rebuilt the fort. The British were forced to lay a massive, bloody siege to it once again, suffering extremely high casualties before their heavy artillery finally breached the mud walls.
Total British Vengeance: After finally capturing the fort and brutally executing the rebel leaders, the British authorities decided that military victory was not enough. They sought total psychological domination over the local population to prevent any future uprisings.
Erasing History: In an act of profound vindictiveness, the British completely razed the Panjalankurichi fort to the ground, plowed the site with salt, and officially expunged the very name of the fort and the town from all district maps and administrative documents, hoping to permanently erase its memory.

📌 Modern History • Northern Uprisings

Q.12) During the 1803–1810 uprisings in the Haryana region, the people of which town managed to check the British advance briefly before heavy artillery breached its walls?

Ans > Bhiwani

Context of the Uprisings: Following their victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the British East India Company rapidly acquired extensive new territories in the Haryana region in 1803. However, establishing actual administrative control proved incredibly difficult.
Fierce Agrarian Resistance: The local populations, consisting largely of fiercely independent agrarian and martial communities (like the Jats and Rajputs), deeply resented the sudden imposition of foreign colonial administration and the highly extractive British land revenue systems.
The Flashpoint of Bhiwani: This widespread resentment culminated in a series of continuous, violent uprisings stretching from 1803 to 1810. The strategically located town of Bhiwani emerged as a major, heavily fortified flashpoint of this regional defiance against British expansion.
The Siege and Breach: The brave local defenders of Bhiwani managed to successfully halt the advance of the highly trained British military forces for a brief period, demonstrating remarkable tactical resilience. Ultimately, the British were forced to deploy heavy siege artillery to violently breach the thick walls of the town, leading to a brutal suppression.

📌 Modern History • Travancore

Q.13) During Diwan Velu Thampi’s revolt (1808–09) against the East India Company, he addressed a gathering and openly called for taking up arms in what became known as the:

Ans > Kundara Proclamation

Interference in Travancore: The princely state of Travancore was forced into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British. The overbearing British Resident, Colonel Macaulay, began aggressively interfering in the internal administration, causing severe financial strain and deep resentment within the royal court.
The Diwan’s Defiance: Velu Thampi Dalawa, the highly capable and patriotic Prime Minister (Diwan) of Travancore, fiercely opposed Macaulay’s high-handedness. When diplomatic efforts failed to reduce the massive financial tribute demanded by the British, Velu Thampi decided that armed rebellion was the only honorable path.
The Call to Arms: In January 1809, Velu Thampi addressed a massive gathering of his people at Kundara. He issued a deeply emotional and highly nationalistic public manifesto, explicitly detailing the existential threats posed by British colonial rule to their religion, customs, and state sovereignty.
The Kundara Proclamation: This historic address, famously known as the Kundara Proclamation, was an open and passionate call to arms. It successfully mobilized thousands of Nairs and other martial classes to rise up and violently attack British garrisons, briefly shaking the foundations of colonial power in Kerala.

📌 Modern History • Bundelkhand

Q.14) During the disturbances in Bundelkhand (1808–12), Lakshaman Dawa offered the first major resistance to the British. He was the killadar (fort commander) of which fort?

Ans > Ajaygarh

The Conquest of Bundelkhand: The British East India Company acquired the rugged, highly militarized region of Bundelkhand through the Treaty of Bassein (1802). However, actual subjugation of the territory was a massive challenge, as the region was dotted with numerous impregnable hill forts held by independent chieftains.
The Initial Defiance: The numerous petty chiefs of Bundelkhand violently resisted British attempts to impose a centralized administration and regular revenue collection. The first major, organized resistance to this colonial encroachment was mounted by a resilient leader named Lakshaman Dawa.
The Stronghold of Ajaygarh: Lakshaman Dawa was the killadar (fort commander) of the highly strategic and heavily fortified hill fort of Ajaygarh. He utilized the fort’s natural defenses and rugged surrounding terrain to fiercely defy British military ultimatums.
The Siege and Capture: Lakshaman Dawa’s defiance forced the British to launch a major military campaign. After a protracted and difficult siege that tested British military engineering, the fort of Ajaygarh was finally captured in 1809, though the broader unrest in Bundelkhand continued for years.

📌 Modern History • Treaties

Q.15) To end the continuous disturbances in Bundelkhand, the British bound down the hereditary chieftains by a series of contractual obligations known as what?

Ans > Ikarnamahs

A Strategy of Exhaustion: Between 1808 and 1812, the British faced near-constant, exhausting guerrilla warfare from the numerous chieftains (Bundelas and Rajputs) operating from the dense forests and hill forts of the Bundelkhand region.
Failure of Pure Force: The British colonial administration quickly realized that achieving absolute military conquest and direct administration over such a deeply fragmented and highly militarized landscape would be disastrously expensive in terms of both money and soldiers’ lives.
The Diplomatic Solution: To pacify the volatile region, the British shifted to a strategy of political accommodation. They decided to formally recognize the traditional rights and landholdings of the various hereditary chieftains in exchange for their absolute loyalty and regular tribute.
Implementing the Ikarnamahs: This political settlement was achieved by forcing the chieftains to sign binding contractual deeds of obligation, known locally as ‘Ikarnamahs’. These documents legally bound the chiefs to keep the peace, surrender fugitives, and recognize British paramountcy, effectively ending the chaotic disturbances.

📌 Modern History • Western India

Q.16) In 1819, the Kutch Rebellion intensified when which ruler raised Arab and African troops with the intention of removing the British from his territory?

Ans > Raja Bharmal II

British Interference in Kutch: The strategic region of Kutch, located in western India, became a target of British expansion following a treaty in 1816. The East India Company quickly began interfering in the internal succession and administrative affairs of the state, causing deep resentment among the ruling elite.
The Rebellion of Raja Bharmal II: The sitting ruler, Raja Bharmal II, was fiercely independent and profoundly angered by the overbearing dictates of the British Resident. Refusing to be a mere puppet, he decided to militarily challenge the encroaching colonial power.
Raising Foreign Mercenaries: Knowing his local forces were insufficient to defeat the British army, Raja Bharmal II aggressively escalated the conflict in 1819. He heavily recruited fierce foreign mercenaries, primarily Arab and African troops, to bolster his ranks and forcibly expel the British from Kutch.
Defeat and Deposition: Despite his ambitious military preparations, the British reacted swiftly and decisively. They defeated Raja Bharmal II’s mercenary forces, captured the ruler, and officially deposed him, placing his infant son on the throne to ensure a compliant administration under British control.

📌 Modern History • Tax Riots

Q.17) The 1816 rising at Bareilly was immediately sparked by the imposition of which tax, arousing the indignation of the citizens?

Ans > Police tax

Urban Discontent: While many early uprisings were agrarian or led by displaced royalty, the 1816 Bareilly rising was a distinctively urban phenomenon. The citizens of this major North Indian city were already aggrieved by the general highhandedness of the British colonial administration.
The Provocation: The immediate spark for the massive civic unrest was the sudden and highly unpopular imposition of a new municipal tax. This “Chaukidari” or Police Tax was levied directly on the citizens to forcefully fund the colonial police magistrates.
A Question of Dignity: The citizens, particularly the prominent Muslim elite, viewed the tax not just as an economic burden, but as a severe insult to their civic dignity. The harsh, often humiliating methods used by the subordinate officials to collect the tax further inflamed public anger.
The Armed Escalation: The civil disobedience rapidly escalated into open violence under the leadership of a respected local religious figure, Mufti Muhammad Aiwaz. Thousands of armed citizens clashed with the provincial British military forces, resulting in hundreds of casualties before the heavy-handed rebellion was crushed.

📌 Modern History • Hathras Upsurge

Q.18) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), Dayaram defended the fort. Which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government after being frightened to dismantle his fort?

Ans > Bhagwant Singh

The Talukdari Resistance: In the newly acquired Doab region, the British sought to bypass the powerful local Talukdars (landlords) and establish direct revenue settlements with the village headmen. This aggressive policy threatened to financially ruin the Talukdars and strip them of their regional power.
The Defiance of Dayaram: Dayaram, the incredibly wealthy and powerful Talukdar of Hathras, refused to accept these ruinous terms. He retreated into his massive, heavily armed fort, considered one of the strongest in India, and fiercely defied a massive British military siege in 1817.
The Dilemma of the Raja of Mursan: Observing the massive scale of the British military deployment against Hathras, which included heavy siege artillery, other regional Talukdars faced a critical choice between suicidal resistance and humiliating submission.
Pragmatic Submission: Bhagwant Singh, the prominent Raja of Mursan and another noted rebel who had initially opposed the British, chose the pragmatic route. Deeply frightened by the sheer destructive power leveled against Hathras, he unconditionally submitted to the government and agreed to dismantle his own fortifications to survive.

📌 Modern History • Paika Rebellion

Q.19) The Paikas of Odisha, who rebelled in 1817, were the traditional landed militia. What compensation did they historically enjoy for their military service?

Ans > Rent-free land tenures

The Role of the Paikas: For centuries, the Paikas served as the traditional, highly respected landed militia of the region of Khurda in Odisha. They acted as a standing martial force, protecting the King of Khurda and maintaining regional stability during peacetime.
The Jagir System: In strict compensation for their hereditary military service and loyalty, the Paikas did not receive a regular cash salary. Instead, they historically enjoyed vast tracts of rent-free land tenures, known as Jagir lands, which formed the absolute foundation of their economic survival and social prestige.
The British Conquest: The geopolitical landscape shifted violently when the British East India Company conquered Odisha in 1803. The British rapidly deposed the King of Khurda and began a ruthless overhaul of the region’s traditional agrarian and revenue systems.
The Economic Catastrophe: Seeking to maximize land revenue, the new colonial administration brutally resumed (confiscated) the rent-free Jagir lands of the Paikas, subjecting them to extortionate new tax assessments. This sudden, catastrophic loss of their livelihood and status was the primary driver of the massive 1817 Paika Rebellion.

📌 Modern History • Odisha Uprisings

Q.20) The Paika Rebellion of 1817 was ignited by the arrival of a body of which tribal group from Gumsur into the Khurda territory?

Ans > The Khonds

A Powder Keg of Discontent: By 1817, the Khurda region of Odisha was a massive powder keg. The Paika militia had been financially ruined by British land resumption, and the general peasantry was suffering immensely under extortionate salt taxes and a corrupt colonial police force.
The Need for a Spark: While the deep-seated grievances were present and the region was ripe for revolt, the disenfranchised Paikas, led by their former military commander Bakshi Jagabandhu, lacked the immediate catalyst to ignite open armed rebellion against the powerful British.
The Arrival of the Tribals: The crucial spark was provided by an external force. A large, highly agitated body of around 400 armed Khond tribals crossed over from the neighboring Gumsur region and marched into the Khurda territory.
The Outbreak of Rebellion: The arrival of the fierce Khond tribals, who were themselves protesting oppressive British policies, acted as the immediate catalyst. The Khonds and the desperate Paikas swiftly joined forces, launching massive, violent attacks on British police stations and administrative buildings, officially beginning the Paika Rebellion.

📌 Modern History • Chotanagpur

Q.21) The Bokta Rising (or Sardari Larai) took place in Chotanagpur. In the 1890s, the Sardar movement turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Ans > The Landlords

The Roots of the Sardar Movement: The Sardari Larai, emerging in the Chotanagpur plateau, was initially a peaceful, agrarian struggle. The Munda and Oraon tribal leaders (Sardars) sought to legally reclaim their ancestral lands (Bhuinhari lands) that had been systematically stolen by outsider landlords (Zamindars and Thikadars).
Faith in the System: For decades, the Sardars placed their faith in the British legal system and Christian missionaries. They believed that by converting to Christianity and petitioning the colonial courts, the just British officials would protect them from the rampant exploitation of the Zamindars.
The Ultimate Betrayal: This faith was shattered by the 1890s. The lengthy legal battles proved futile, as the colonial courts consistently ruled in favor of the wealthy landlords who held the forged deeds. The tribals realized the legal system was structurally rigged against them.
A Violent Shift: Deeply disillusioned, the Sardar movement violently shifted its focus. They turned against all Europeans, specifically the Christian missionaries and British officials, convinced that these groups were actively conspiring and colluding with the oppressive local landlords to destroy tribal autonomy.

📌 Modern History • Birsa Munda

Q.22) During the Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), the rebels directed their violence against the “dikus”, which included landlords, contractors, police, and which other distinct group?

Ans > Christian missionaries

The Concept of “Dikus”: Birsa Munda’s massive rebellion, known as the ‘Ulgulan’ (Great Tumult), was centered around purifying Munda society and expelling all exploitative outsiders. These outsiders were collectively termed “dikus,” representing the forces destroying the traditional tribal way of life.
The Economic Targets: The primary targets of tribal violence were the economic oppressors: the Hindu and Muslim moneylenders (mahajans) who charged ruinous interest, the Zamindars who stole ancestral lands, and the colonial police who violently enforced the landlords’ will.
The Cultural Threat: However, the concept of the “diku” extended beyond mere economic exploitation. Birsa Munda viewed the influx of foreign religion and culture as an equally existential threat to the spiritual fabric and unity of the Munda people.
Targeting the Missionaries: Consequently, the rebels explicitly directed widespread violence against Christian missionaries and their churches. The missionaries were deeply resented for denigrating traditional tribal beliefs and were viewed as ideological agents intrinsically aligned with the oppressive British colonial state.

📌 Modern History • Tribal Leaders

Q.23) Birsa Munda, who aimed at establishing a Munda Raj and led the ‘Ulgulan’, died in 1900 due to what cause?

Ans > He died of illness in prison

The Height of the Ulgulan: Under the charismatic and messianic leadership of Birsa Munda, the Munda tribes of the Chotanagpur region launched a massive, fierce guerrilla war against the British Empire in late 1899, aiming to establish an independent “Munda Raj.”
The British Crackdown: The British responded to the uprising with overwhelming military force. Following the decisive and bloody battle at Sail Rakab hill in January 1900, where hundreds of tribal men, women, and children were massacred, the rebellion was effectively broken.
Capture in the Forest: A massive manhunt was launched for the fugitive leader. In March 1900, Birsa Munda was finally captured while he was sleeping in the dense Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur, betrayed by locals for a monetary reward.
A Tragic End in Jail: He was heavily chained and incarcerated in the Ranchi central jail. On June 9, 1900, the 25-year-old legendary tribal leader mysteriously died. While the British officially recorded the cause of death as cholera, widespread and persistent rumors suggested he was quietly poisoned by colonial authorities to prevent him from becoming a living martyr.

📌 Modern History • Peasant Movements

Q.24) The Faraizi sect, which supported tenants against zamindars in Bengal, was founded by Haji Shariatullah. His son, Muhsinuddin Ahmad, was popularly known as what?

Ans > Dudu Miyan

Origins of the Faraizi Movement: The Faraizi movement was initially founded in Eastern Bengal by Haji Shariatullah in 1818. Its original purpose was purely religious—urging the Muslim peasantry to give up un-Islamic practices and return to the strict, fundamental duties (Faraiz) of Islam.
A Shift to Politics: However, the movement underwent a radical transformation under the leadership of Haji Shariatullah’s son, Muhsinuddin Ahmad, who was universally and popularly known as Dudu Miyan. He shifted the movement’s focus from religious reform to aggressive agrarian politics.
Defending the Peasantry: Dudu Miyan recognized the extreme exploitation of the poor Muslim peasantry by the wealthy Hindu Zamindars and European indigo planters. He famously proclaimed that “land belongs to God,” thereby declaring the Zamindari exactions fundamentally illegal and immoral.
Organizing the Resistance: To protect the tenants from forced evictions and illegal taxes, Dudu Miyan organized a powerful, well-disciplined paramilitary force of clubmen (Lathials). He established a parallel administration in rural Bengal, successfully leading widespread agrarian strikes against the oppressive landlords.

📌 Modern History • Bengal Uprisings

Q.25) Mir Nithar Ali (Titu Mir) inspired Muslim tenants to rise against British indigo planters and Hindu landlords who imposed a specific, unusual tax on the Faraizis. What was this tax?

Ans > Beard-tax

Titu Mir’s Influence: Mir Nithar Ali, famously known as Titu Mir, was a disciple of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. He emerged as a powerful leader of the Wahabi/Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya movement in rural Bengal, organizing the deeply impoverished Muslim peasantry against systematic exploitation.
The Dual Threat: Titu Mir’s followers faced a dual threat: extreme economic exploitation by the European indigo planters who forced them to grow unprofitable cash crops, and severe social harassment by the local Hindu Zamindars who deeply feared the growing unity of the Muslim tenants.
The Provocative Tax: Seeking to humiliate and financially break Titu Mir’s deeply religious followers, a prominent local Zamindar named Krishnadeva Rai levied an incredibly provocative and highly discriminatory tax. He imposed a specific “beard-tax” (a tax on wearing a beard) strictly on the Islamic peasants.
The Outbreak of Violence: This direct assault on their religious identity and economic survival was the final straw. It sparked a massive, violent uprising. Titu Mir famously constructed a massive bamboo fortress (Banser Kella) at Narkelbaria, where he and his followers fiercely, but ultimately unsuccessfully, battled British artillery in 1831.

📌 Modern History • Malabar Uprisings

Q.26) According to the text, how many Moplah rebellions took place in the Malabar region between 1836 and 1854 due to revenue hikes and official oppression?

Ans > Twenty-two

The Moplah Demographics: The Moplahs (or Mappilas) were primarily impoverished Muslim agricultural tenants and cultivators living in the Malabar region of northern Kerala. They worked the land under a deeply oppressive agrarian system dominated by high-caste Hindu landlords, known as Jenmis.
The British Intervention: When the British East India Company took control of Malabar, their new legal and revenue systems heavily favored the Jenmis. The British recognized the landlords as absolute owners of the land, completely ignoring the traditional rights of the Moplah tenants and allowing for massive revenue hikes and brutal, forced evictions.
A Cycle of Violence: Driven to absolute desperation by extreme poverty, lack of legal recourse, and religious zealotry, the Moplahs resorted to violence. They frequently assassinated oppressive landlords and attacked colonial officials in suicidal missions, seeking martyrdom.
Decades of Unrest: The scale of the agrarian crisis was staggering. According to historical records, the severe revenue hikes and official oppression resulted in an astonishing twenty-two separate, highly violent Moplah uprisings between the years 1836 and 1854 alone.

📌 Modern History • 1857 Revolt

Q.27) According to the text, peasant participation in the 1857 Revolt was active mainly in which specific area?

Ans > Western Uttar Pradesh

Beyond a Sepoy Mutiny: While the Great Revolt of 1857 was undeniably sparked by the grievances of the sepoys (soldiers) of the Bengal Army, it rapidly evolved into a massive, broad-based civil rebellion, fueled by deep-seated civilian discontent.
The Agrarian Crisis: The most significant civilian participation came from the peasantry. The British land revenue policies, particularly the incredibly harsh Summary Settlement of 1856 in Awadh, had overtaxed the cultivators and ruthlessly dispossessed the traditional Talukdars (landlords), destroying the rural economic fabric.
The Epicenter of Peasant Revolt: This massive agrarian anger exploded most violently in specific geographic regions. Peasant participation in the 1857 Revolt was highly active and widespread mainly across Awadh and the districts of Western Uttar Pradesh.
A United Front: In these areas, the peasants actively joined forces with the mutinous sepoys (who were essentially “peasants in uniform”) and the disgruntled local nobility, creating a powerful, united front that successfully overthrew British administration in the countryside for nearly a year.

📌 Modern History • 1857 Aftermath

Q.28) As a punishment for their active participation in the 1857 revolt, peasants in some regions were subjected to what consequence by the British?

Ans > Payment of an additional cess

The Brutal Reconquest: Following the massive uprisings of 1857, the British Crown forces launched a ruthless campaign to reconquer the lost territories. The suppression of the revolt was marked by extreme violence, summary executions, and the burning of entire villages suspected of harboring rebels.
Beyond Military Vengeance: The British colonial administration, however, did not stop at mere military retribution and hangings. They sought to financially cripple the rural populations that had dared to challenge the empire, ensuring they could never fund another uprising.
Financial Retribution: As a deliberate, long-term punishment for their active participation in the rebellion, the peasants in several heavily revolted regions were subjected to severe economic penalties by the victorious colonial state.
The Additional Cess: The primary method of this financial vengeance was the forced payment of an “additional cess” (a punitive extra tax). This crippling financial burden was levied collectively upon entire villages, pushing the already devastated peasantry deeper into debt and extreme poverty for decades after the revolt.

📌 Modern History • Regional Resistance

Q.29) During the Waghera Rising (1818–20), the Waghera chiefs of Okha Mandal made inroads into British territory. When was the peace treaty finally signed ending this conflict?

Ans > November 1820

The Okha Mandal Region: The Wagheras were a fiercely independent, martial community residing in the remote Okha Mandal region of the Kathiawar peninsula in Gujarat. They had a long history of resisting external political control.
The Root of Conflict: Following the end of the Maratha wars, the British East India Company began aggressively backing the Gaekwad of Baroda in his attempts to extract heavy, forced tributes from the local chiefs of Kathiawar, deeply angering the Wagheras.
The Armed Uprising: Driven by these oppressive financial exactions, the Waghera chiefs launched a violent armed rising in 1818. Refusing to simply defend their lands, they proactively made aggressive military inroads into the surrounding British-held territories, causing significant disruption.
The Final Pacification: The British were forced to launch sustained military operations to contain the Waghera threat. Realizing the difficulty of totally subjugating the region by force, a diplomatic resolution was sought. The conflict formally ended when a peace treaty was finally signed in November 1820.

📌 Modern History • Assam Uprisings

Q.30) During the 1828 Ahom Revolt in Assam, the rebels assembled near which location to formally declare Gomdhar Konwar as their king?

Ans > Jorhat

The Treaty of Yandabo: Following the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), the British expelled the Burmese from Assam. Initially, the British had promised the local Ahom nobility that they would withdraw from the region once peace was established.
Broken Promises: After the war, the British brazenly broke their promise. Instead of restoring Ahom sovereignty, the East India Company decided to annex Assam, stripping the traditional Ahom aristocracy of their lands, privileges, and political power.
The 1828 Rebellion: This blatant betrayal and loss of independence infuriated the Ahom nobles. In 1828, they organized a major armed revolt against the expanding British colonial administration in an attempt to reclaim their kingdom.
The Crowning at Jorhat: To legitimize their struggle, the Ahom rebels and their supporters assembled in a massive gathering near the historical city of Jorhat. There, they formally declared the royal prince, Gomdhar Konwar, as their rightful king, though the British military swiftly and brutally crushed the uprising shortly after.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 23

Santhal Origins: Originally moved from Cuttack, Dhalbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh, Midnapore.
Awadh 1799: Wazir Ali Khan led a fierce civil rebellion and the Benares massacre.
Wazir Ali Asylum: Extradited from Jaipur with the strict condition of no fetters.
Northern Circars: Strikara Bhanj was the defiant zamindar of Gumsur.
Ganjam Collector: Corrupt collector Snodgrass was replaced to pacify the rebellion.
Gumsur 1835: Dhananjay Bhanj led the second wave of rebellion.
Palamau 1800: Bhukhan Singh led the Chero tribe’s uprising.
Poligar Trigger: Resentment sparked when the Nawab handed Tinneveli management to the Company.
Poligar Retreat: Veerapandiya Kattabomman fled into the Pudukottai forests.
Marudu Leadership: The 1801 Marudu rebellion was led by Marathu Pandian.
Razed Fort: Panjalankurichi fort was completely destroyed by the British.
Haryana 1803: The town of Bhiwani violently checked the British advance.
Velu Thampi: His open call to arms was the Kundara Proclamation.
Bundelkhand: Lakshaman Dawa commanded the fort of Ajaygarh.
British Control: Bound Bundelkhand chieftains with Ikarnamahs (contractual deeds).
Kutch 1819: Raja Bharmal II hired Arab and African troops to fight the British.
Bareilly 1816: Riots sparked instantly by the imposition of a Police tax.
Hathras 1817: Bhagwant Singh, Raja of Mursan, submitted and dismantled his fort.
Paika Privileges: Paikas historically enjoyed rent-free land tenures.
Paika Catalyst: Ignited by the arrival of the Khonds from Gumsur.
Bokta Rising: Sardar movement attacked Europeans suspected of colluding with Landlords.
Birsa Munda Targets: Violence against ‘dikus’ specifically included Christian missionaries.
Birsa’s Death: Died tragically of illness in a British prison in 1900.
Faraizi Leader: Muhsinuddin Ahmad was popularly known as Dudu Miyan.
Titu Mir’s Revolt: Provoked by Hindu landlords imposing a discriminatory Beard-tax.
Moplah Rebellions: Twenty-two separate uprisings in Malabar between 1836-1854.
1857 Peasants: Active participation primarily clustered in Western Uttar Pradesh.
1857 Punishment: Rebellious peasants were punished with an additional tax cess.
Waghera Rising: Ended when a formal peace treaty was signed in November 1820.
Ahom 1828: Rebels assembled in Jorhat to declare Gomdhar Konwar as their king.

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Modern History Set 23

Q.1) The Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. From which regions had they originally moved in the late 1770s and early 1780s?

Q.2) The civil rebellion in Awadh in 1799, which included the “Massacre of Benares,” was led by which deposed Nawab?

Q.3) Wazir Ali Khan was granted asylum by the ruler of Jaipur and later extradited to the British on the condition that he would not be hanged nor put in what?

Q.4) In the Northern Circars, Strikara Bhanj, who refused to pay revenues in 1797 and openly rebelled in 1800, was a zamindar of which region?

Q.5) Which oppressive and corrupt collector was replaced by the British in order to suppress the insurrection led by Strikara Bhanj in Ganjam?

Q.6) In 1835, which son of Strikara Bhanj rose in rebellion for the second time when the British forces occupied Gumsur and Kolaida?

Q.7) In 1800, the Chero chief Bhukhan Singh rose in rebellion in which region, leading to a two-year military camp by Colonel Jones?

Q.8) The Poligars of South India fiercely resisted the British. Their resentment began in 1781 when the Nawab of Arcot handed over the management of the Carnatic Provinces and which other province to the East India Company?

Q.9) During the first phase of the Poligar rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was defeated by the Company forces and fled into the forests of which region?

Q.10) In the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion (1801), the fugitives led by Oomathurai joined the rebellion of the ‘Marudus’. Who led the Marudus?

Q.11) After the suppression of the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion in October 1801, which fort was razed to the ground and its name expunged from district documents?

Q.12) During the 1803–1810 uprisings in the Haryana region, the people of which town managed to check the British advance briefly before heavy artillery breached its walls?

Q.13) During Diwan Velu Thampi’s revolt (1808–09) against the East India Company, he addressed a gathering and openly called for taking up arms in what became known as the:

Q.14) During the disturbances in Bundelkhand (1808–12), Lakshaman Dawa offered the first major resistance to the British. He was the killadar (fort commander) of which fort?

Q.15) To end the continuous disturbances in Bundelkhand, the British bound down the hereditary chieftains by a series of contractual obligations known as what?

Q.16) In 1819, the Kutch Rebellion intensified when which ruler raised Arab and African troops with the intention of removing the British from his territory?

Q.17) The 1816 rising at Bareilly was immediately sparked by the imposition of which tax, arousing the indignation of the citizens?

Q.18) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), Dayaram defended the fort. Which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government after being frightened to dismantle his fort?

Q.19) The Paikas of Odisha, who rebelled in 1817, were the traditional landed militia. What compensation did they historically enjoy for their military service?

Q.20) The Paika Rebellion of 1817 was ignited by the arrival of a body of which tribal group from Gumsur into the Khurda territory?

Q.21) The Bokta Rising (or Sardari Larai) took place in Chotanagpur. In the 1890s, the Sardar movement turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Q.22) During the Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), the rebels directed their violence against the “dikus”, which included landlords, contractors, police, and which other distinct group?

Q.23) Birsa Munda, who aimed at establishing a Munda Raj and led the ‘Ulgulan’, died in 1900 due to what cause?

Q.24) The Faraizi sect, which supported tenants against zamindars in Bengal, was founded by Haji Shariatullah. His son, Muhsinuddin Ahmad, was popularly known as what?

Q.25) Mir Nithar Ali (Titu Mir) inspired Muslim tenants to rise against British indigo planters and Hindu landlords who imposed a specific, unusual tax on the Faraizis. What was this tax?

Q.26) According to the text, how many Moplah rebellions took place in the Malabar region between 1836 and 1854 due to revenue hikes and official oppression?

Q.27) According to the text, peasant participation in the 1857 Revolt was active mainly in which specific area?

Q.28) As a punishment for their active participation in the 1857 revolt, peasants in some regions were subjected to what consequence by the British?

Q.29) During the Waghera Rising (1818–20), the Waghera chiefs of Okha Mandal made inroads into British territory. When was the peace treaty finally signed ending this conflict?

Q.30) During the 1828 Ahom Revolt in Assam, the rebels assembled near which location to formally declare Gomdhar Konwar as their king?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 23

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Q.1) The Santhals were persuaded by the British to settle in the foothills of Rajmahal. From which regions had they originally moved in the late 1770s and early 1780s?

Q.2) The civil rebellion in Awadh in 1799, which included the “Massacre of Benares,” was led by which deposed Nawab?

Q.3) Wazir Ali Khan was granted asylum by the ruler of Jaipur and later extradited to the British on the condition that he would not be hanged nor put in what?

Q.4) In the Northern Circars, Strikara Bhanj, who refused to pay revenues in 1797 and openly rebelled in 1800, was a zamindar of which region?

Q.5) Which oppressive and corrupt collector was replaced by the British in order to suppress the insurrection led by Strikara Bhanj in Ganjam?

Q.6) In 1835, which son of Strikara Bhanj rose in rebellion for the second time when the British forces occupied Gumsur and Kolaida?

Q.7) In 1800, the Chero chief Bhukhan Singh rose in rebellion in which region, leading to a two-year military camp by Colonel Jones?

Q.8) The Poligars of South India fiercely resisted the British. Their resentment began in 1781 when the Nawab of Arcot handed over the management of the Carnatic Provinces and which other province to the East India Company?

Q.9) During the first phase of the Poligar rebellion, Veerapandiya Kattabomman was defeated by the Company forces and fled into the forests of which region?

Q.10) In the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion (1801), the fugitives led by Oomathurai joined the rebellion of the ‘Marudus’. Who led the Marudus?

Q.11) After the suppression of the second phase of the Poligar Rebellion in October 1801, which fort was razed to the ground and its name expunged from district documents?

Q.12) During the 1803–1810 uprisings in the Haryana region, the people of which town managed to check the British advance briefly before heavy artillery breached its walls?

Q.13) During Diwan Velu Thampi’s revolt (1808–09) against the East India Company, he addressed a gathering and openly called for taking up arms in what became known as the:

Q.14) During the disturbances in Bundelkhand (1808–12), Lakshaman Dawa offered the first major resistance to the British. He was the killadar (fort commander) of which fort?

Q.15) To end the continuous disturbances in Bundelkhand, the British bound down the hereditary chieftains by a series of contractual obligations known as what?

Q.16) In 1819, the Kutch Rebellion intensified when which ruler raised Arab and African troops with the intention of removing the British from his territory?

Q.17) The 1816 rising at Bareilly was immediately sparked by the imposition of which tax, arousing the indignation of the citizens?

Q.18) During the upsurge in Hathras (1817), Dayaram defended the fort. Which other noted rebel, the Raja of Mursan, chose to submit to the government after being frightened to dismantle his fort?

Q.19) The Paikas of Odisha, who rebelled in 1817, were the traditional landed militia. What compensation did they historically enjoy for their military service?

Q.20) The Paika Rebellion of 1817 was ignited by the arrival of a body of which tribal group from Gumsur into the Khurda territory?

Q.21) The Bokta Rising (or Sardari Larai) took place in Chotanagpur. In the 1890s, the Sardar movement turned against all Europeans because they were suspected of colluding with whom?

Q.22) During the Birsa Munda Revolt (1899–1900), the rebels directed their violence against the “dikus”, which included landlords, contractors, police, and which other distinct group?

Q.23) Birsa Munda, who aimed at establishing a Munda Raj and led the ‘Ulgulan’, died in 1900 due to what cause?

Q.24) The Faraizi sect, which supported tenants against zamindars in Bengal, was founded by Haji Shariatullah. His son, Muhsinuddin Ahmad, was popularly known as what?

Q.25) Mir Nithar Ali (Titu Mir) inspired Muslim tenants to rise against British indigo planters and Hindu landlords who imposed a specific, unusual tax on the Faraizis. What was this tax?

Q.26) According to the text, how many Moplah rebellions took place in the Malabar region between 1836 and 1854 due to revenue hikes and official oppression?

Q.27) According to the text, peasant participation in the 1857 Revolt was active mainly in which specific area?

Q.28) As a punishment for their active participation in the 1857 revolt, peasants in some regions were subjected to what consequence by the British?

Q.29) During the Waghera Rising (1818–20), the Waghera chiefs of Okha Mandal made inroads into British territory. When was the peace treaty finally signed ending this conflict?

Q.30) During the 1828 Ahom Revolt in Assam, the rebels assembled near which location to formally declare Gomdhar Konwar as their king?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 23

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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