Modern History Set 130 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 130 – Questions & Answers

The ‘Cornwallis Code’ of 1793 was based on which principle? – The separation of revenue administration from judicial administration
Which Governor-General suppressed the ‘Thuggee’ cult with Captain William Sleeman? – Lord William Bentinck
Who was the Governor-General when Sindh was annexed in 1843? – Lord Ellenborough
The policy of “Masterly Inactivity” regarding Afghanistan is associated with which Viceroy? – Sir John Lawrence
Which Viceroy organized the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877? – Lord Lytton
The Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) was passed under whom? – Lord Curzon
The Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) took place under which Viceroy? – Lord Dufferin
Who guided the actual planning of the Permanent Settlement (1793)? – John Shore
Who initially experimented with the Ryotwari System in Baramahal? – Captain Alexander Read
Who was the primary architect of the Mahalwari System in 1822? – Holt Mackenzie
Which city served as the main operational base of the Wahabi Movement? – Patna
Who was the leader of the Kuka Movement deported to Rangoon in 1872? – Baba Ram Singh
Who led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922? – Alluri Sitarama Raju
The Sanyasi Rebellion was immortalized in which novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee? – Anandamath
Who initiated the Indigo Revolt (1859-60) in the Nadia district? – Digambar Biswas and Bishnucharan Biswas
Who were the primary targets of the Deccan Riots of 1875? – Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders
In which region did the Eka Movement (1921–22) take place? – Awadh (Uttar Pradesh)
Who was elected as the first President of the All India Kisan Sabha in 1936? – Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
What was the specific demand of the Tebhaga Movement (1946)? – A two-thirds share of the crop for themselves
The Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle was directed against which landlords? – Deshmukhs
Where was the second passenger railway line opened in 1854? – Howrah to Hooghly
Where was TISCO established in 1907? – Jamshedpur (Sakchi)
Who established the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company in 1854? – Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar
Where was the first modern Jute mill established in India in 1855? – Rishra
Who propounded the “Drain of Wealth” theory? – Dadabhai Naoroji
Who authored The Economic History of India (1901)? – Romesh Chandra Dutt
The First Indian Factory Act (1881) prohibited the employment of children below what age? – 7 years
The Second Indian Factory Act of 1891 was passed during the viceroyalty of whom? – Lord Lansdowne
The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 made which action illegal? – Sympathetic strikes and strikes meant to coerce the government
Who was the first President of the AITUC founded in 1920? – Lala Lajpat Rai

MROY Class

Modern History Set 130

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📌 British Administration • Reforms

Q.1) The ‘Cornwallis Code’ of 1793 was a landmark in British Indian administration because it was primarily based on which principle?

Ans > The separation of revenue administration from judicial administration

Separation of Powers: The Cornwallis Code (1793) established a clear demarcation between the revenue collection duties of the District Collector and their judicial powers, effectively stripping the Collector of all magisterial authority.
Preventing Abuse: This separation of powers was heavily driven by the need to prevent systemic corruption and the abuse of power, as previously, revenue collectors often utilized their supreme judicial authority to violently oppress local peasants and exact exorbitantly higher revenues for personal gain.
Europeanization: Cornwallis deeply distrusted Indian officials, leading to the complete Europeanization of the higher administrative and judicial services. The code permanently excluded Indians from holding any significant positions in the newly structured bureaucracy.
Judicial Hierarchy: The legal framework established regular civil courts (Diwani Adalats) and criminal courts (Faujdari Adalats) organized in a strict hierarchical system, establishing the principle of the sovereignty of law, although it heavily favored the land-owning Zamindars.

📌 Social Reforms • Governor-General

Q.2) Which British Governor-General is credited with the suppression of the ‘Thuggee’ cult in central and northern India with the help of Captain William Sleeman?

Ans > Lord William Bentinck

The Thuggee Threat: Lord William Bentinck (Governor-General from 1828-1835) launched a massive and highly organized campaign against the ‘Thugs’, a secretive, inter-religious cult of hereditary robbers and assassins who preyed on wealthy travelers along major Indian trade routes.
Modus Operandi: The Thugs were notorious for befriending caravans, gaining their trust, and then murdering them simultaneously by strangulation using a yellow cloth known as a ‘rumal’, before burying the bodies in mass, hidden graves.
Captain Sleeman’s Role: William Henry Sleeman was appointed to lead the newly created Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1835. He utilized a sophisticated, widespread intelligence network and turned captured Thugs into approvers (informants) to dismantle the intricate leadership structure of the cult.
Massive Crackdown: The campaign resulted in the capture, trial, execution, or imprisonment of over 3,000 Thugs, effectively eradicating the organized menace by the late 1830s and cementing Bentinck’s legacy as a major social reformer alongside his abolition of Sati.

📌 Expansion • British Empire

Q.3) In 1843, the British annexed Sindh into the British Empire following a military campaign led by Sir Charles Napier. Who was the Governor-General of India at that time?

Ans > Lord Ellenborough

Context of Annexation: Lord Ellenborough was the Governor-General when the British arbitrarily conquered and annexed the province of Sindh in 1843, a move largely seen as an aggressive attempt to secure the strategic Indus River route and compensate for the humiliating British defeat in the First Anglo-Afghan War.
The Role of Napier: Sir Charles Napier was the military commander tasked with dealing with the Amirs (rulers) of Sindh. He deliberately provoked a conflict, defeating the Amirs decisively at the battles of Miani and Dubba, despite the Amirs having previously signed multiple treaties of friendship with the East India Company.
Unprovoked Aggression: The annexation was heavily criticized even by prominent contemporary British officials and lawmakers in London as an unprovoked, blatant act of imperial aggression driven by Napier’s personal ambition and Ellenborough’s hawkish policies.
The Famous Pun: Napier is famously (though perhaps apocryphally) said to have sent a one-word telegram back to his superiors after the conquest: “Peccavi,” which is Latin for “I have sinned,” acting as a clever, boastful pun meaning “I have Sindh.”

📌 Foreign Policy • Frontier Wars

Q.4) The policy of “Masterly Inactivity” regarding Afghanistan, which aimed to avoid unnecessary interference in Afghan internal affairs, is most closely associated with which Viceroy?

Ans > Sir John Lawrence

The Core Principle: Initiated by Sir John Lawrence (Viceroy from 1864 to 1869), the policy of “Masterly Inactivity” explicitly advocated for strict British non-interference in the internal tribal and succession struggles of Afghanistan.
Lessons from the Past: The British had learned a profoundly bitter lesson from the catastrophic First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842). Lawrence realized that occupying the hostile Afghan terrain was financially draining, militarily disastrous, and ultimately futile for British interests.
Succession Crisis: When the Afghan ruler Dost Mohammad died in 1863, a violent war of succession broke out among his sons (Sher Ali, Afzal Khan, and Azam Khan). Lawrence strictly refused to back any faction militarily, maintaining that the British would simply recognize whichever leader emerged victorious and established de facto control.
Strategic Buffer: The ultimate goal of this policy was to foster a strong, independent, and friendly Afghanistan to serve as a natural buffer state against the rapidly expanding Russian Empire in Central Asia, contrasting sharply with the aggressive “Forward Policy” later adopted by Lord Lytton.

📌 Viceroys • British Imperialism

Q.5) Which Viceroy organized the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the “Empress of India” (Kaiser-i-Hind) while a severe famine raged in the country?

Ans > Lord Lytton

The Imperial Assemblage: Lord Lytton organized the highly extravagant Delhi Durbar in January 1877 to officially proclaim Queen Victoria’s assumption of the imperial title “Empress of India” (Kaiser-i-Hind), following the passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 in the British Parliament.
Stark Contrast to Reality: The immense, unchecked expenditure on the Durbar’s pomp, fireworks, and banquets caused widespread, deep resentment among the Indian populace, as it occurred concurrently with the devastating Great Famine of 1876–1878 that was ravaging southern and western India.
Massive Death Toll: While millions of peasants in Madras, Bombay, and Mysore were dying of starvation due to crop failures and draconian British revenue policies, Lytton deliberately ignored the crisis to focus entirely on the imperial spectacle in Delhi.
Rise of Nationalism: The callousness of Lytton’s administration during this period, famously highlighted by early Indian vernacular press and nationalist leaders, deeply alienated the Indian intelligentsia and inadvertently fueled the rapid growth of the early Indian national movement.

📌 Economic Policies • Viceroys

Q.6) The controversial ‘Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act’ (1899), which put India on a gold standard, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Ans > Lord Curzon

Implementation of the Standard: Passed under the administration of Lord Curzon, this crucial economic act officially shifted the Indian monetary system from a purely silver standard to a Gold Exchange Standard, based on the recommendations of the Fowler Committee.
The Exchange Rate: The legislation made British gold coins (the sovereign) legal tender in India and artificially fixed the exchange rate of the Indian rupee at an exact ratio of 15 rupees to one British gold sovereign.
Benefiting British Interests: The policy was primarily designed to stabilize the currency for British investors, colonial administrators remitting salaries back home, and European traders, shielding them from the rapid global depreciation of silver prices occurring at the time.
Detriment to Indian Economy: However, it often worked to the severe detriment of Indian agricultural exporters and the peasantry. The artificial deflation of the rupee’s value hurt Indian exports in the global market, while peasants, who traditionally hoarded their savings in silver bullion, saw their real wealth drastically reduced overnight.

📌 Imperial Wars • Annexation

Q.7) The Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885), which resulted in the complete annexation of Upper Burma into the British Indian Empire, took place under which Viceroy?

Ans > Lord Dufferin

The Final Annexation: Lord Dufferin authorized the rapid and aggressive military campaign that ultimately led to the total capture of the Burmese capital at Mandalay and the forced exile of the last Burmese monarch, King Thibaw.
Geopolitical Paranoia: The war was primarily driven by deep-seated British fears regarding growing French diplomatic and commercial influence in Indochina, as King Thibaw had recently attempted to negotiate favorable trade and railway treaties directly with Paris.
Corporate Pretext: The immediate pretext for the invasion was a massive fine imposed by the Burmese king on the powerful British-owned Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation for allegedly extracting teak wood far beyond their contracted limits. Dufferin used this corporate dispute to issue an unacceptable ultimatum to the King.
The Aftermath: While the formal military campaign lasted barely two weeks, the British faced a protracted, highly costly, and bloody guerrilla insurgency for the next decade as they attempted to fully pacify the rural Burmese countryside and integrate the massive territory into British India.

📌 Land Revenue • Permanent Settlement

Q.8) The Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793) was introduced by Lord Cornwallis, but the actual planning and revenue assessment were heavily guided by which British official?

Ans > John Shore

The Mastermind: Sir John Shore, who served as the President of the Board of Revenue (and later succeeded Cornwallis as Governor-General), played the most critical role in calculating the historical revenue data and fiercely advocating for the permanent fixation of the land tax.
The Great Debate: Shore engaged in a famous administrative debate with James Grant regarding who actually owned the proprietary rights to the soil in Bengal. Shore successfully argued that the Zamindars, by historical custom, were the rightful owners, provided they met their revenue obligations to the state.
The Revenue Split: Under this system, the revenue demand was fixed in perpetuity. The state claimed an exorbitant 10/11th share of the collected rental value, leaving a mere 1/11th share as the legal remuneration for the Zamindar’s efforts.
The Sunset Law: The system strictly enforced the notorious ‘Sunset Law,’ which stipulated that if a Zamindar failed to pay the massive fixed revenue by sunset on a specified date, his entire estate would be ruthlessly auctioned off, leading to the rise of absentee landlords from Calcutta.

📌 Land Revenue • Ryotwari

Q.9) The Ryotwari System, under which land revenue was settled directly with the peasant (ryot), was initially experimented with in the Baramahal region by whom?

Ans > Captain Alexander Read

Initial Experimentation: The Ryotwari system was first conceptualized and practically tested by Captain Alexander Read in 1792 in the Baramahal district, a territory newly acquired by the British from Tipu Sultan following the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Direct Settlement: Realizing that vast regions of southern India lacked large, established Zamindari estates, Read and his famous assistant, Thomas Munro, devised a system to bypass intermediaries and settle the land revenue directly with the individual cultivator (the ‘ryot’).
System Expansion: Thomas Munro later refined this experimental model and firmly established the Ryotwari system across the vast expanses of the Madras and Bombay Presidencies during his tenure as Governor, conducting detailed field measurements and soil quality assessments.
Peasant Exploitation: Despite the illusion of peasant ownership, the system proved deeply exploitative. The government effectively acted as a giant, uncompromising Zamindar, setting the revenue demand exceedingly high (often 50% of the gross produce), which drove millions of ryots into severe debt and the clutches of local moneylenders.

📌 Land Revenue • Mahalwari

Q.10) In 1822, the Mahalwari System was introduced in the North-Western Provinces and parts of Central India. Who was the primary architect of this system?

Ans > Holt Mackenzie

The Architect of the Regulation: Holt Mackenzie, a prominent official in the territorial department, drafted the highly complex Regulation VII of 1822, which laid the formal legal and administrative foundation for the Mahalwari system.
Recognizing Village Communities: Mackenzie recognized the unique socio-agrarian structure of the North-Western Provinces (the Ganga-Yamuna Doab), where land was traditionally held jointly by robust village communities (Bhaichara) rather than by individual peasants or large feudal lords.
The Assessment Mechanism: Instead of settling revenue with individuals, the government settled the tax demand collectively with the entire village estate (the ‘Mahal’). The village headman, known as the Lambardar, was made legally responsible for collecting the revenue from all co-sharers and paying it to the state treasury.
Initial Failure and Revision: Mackenzie’s initial system failed catastrophically because the state demanded a ruinous 80% of the rental value, causing widespread agricultural collapse. The system was later heavily revised and simplified by William Bentinck in 1833 under the guidance of R.M. Bird, who lowered the demand to a still-heavy 66%.

📌 Religious & Political Movements

Q.11) The Wahabi Movement in India was a militant Islamic revivalist campaign that sought to restore Islamic supremacy. Which city served as its main operational base in India?

Ans > Patna

Origins and Ideology: Founded by Syed Ahmed of Rae Bareli, the movement was heavily inspired by the puritanical teachings of Abdul Wahab of Arabia. Its primary ideological goal was to purify Indian Islam and convert India from Dar-ul-Harb (land of infidels) back to Dar-ul-Islam.
The Patna Headquarters: While Syed Ahmed operated primarily in the North-West Frontier, the city of Patna emerged as the sophisticated, secretive headquarters for the movement’s extensive pan-Indian operations under highly capable local leaders like Vilayat Ali and Inayat Ali.
The Underground Network: From Patna, the Wahabis established a massive, covert network across Bengal, Bihar, and the Deccan. They systematically collected funds and recruited zealous volunteers, funneling them thousands of miles to their militant base at Sithana to fight religious wars (Jihad).
Anti-British Struggle: Originally directing their militant attacks against the Sikh kingdom of Ranjit Singh in Punjab, the Wahabis turned fiercely anti-British following the British annexation of Punjab. The colonial state considered them a massive threat, leading to severe suppression through the famous Wahabi sedition trials of the 1860s and 1870s.

📌 Peasant & Religious Rebellions

Q.12) The Kuka Movement in Punjab started as a religious purification campaign but transformed into a political struggle. Its leader was deported to Rangoon in 1872. Who was he?

Ans > Baba Ram Singh

Early Origins: The movement, also formally known as the Namdhari sect, was originally founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Saheb) in Western Punjab with the strict aim of purging Sikhism of caste rigidities, idol worship, and superstitious practices.
Political Transformation: The movement gained massive political momentum and a highly organized structure under the charismatic leadership of Baba Ram Singh. Following the total British annexation of Punjab, the Kukas rapidly transformed from religious reformers into fierce anti-imperialist political rebels.
Early Non-Cooperation: Decades before Mahatma Gandhi popularized the strategy, Baba Ram Singh fiercely advocated absolute non-cooperation with the colonial state. He commanded his followers to boycott British-run schools, law courts, imported foreign clothing, and even the official British postal and telegraph systems.
Brutal Suppression: The British viewed the Kuka organization as a direct threat to imperial security. Following a minor uprising over cow slaughter in Malerkotla in 1872, the British retaliated with horrifying brutality, famously executing 65 captured Kukas by blowing them from cannons without any trial, and exiling Baba Ram Singh to a prison in Rangoon.

📌 Tribal Uprisings

Q.13) The Rampa Rebellion of 1922 was a major tribal uprising against the oppressive British forest laws in the Godavari Agency. Who led this charismatic rebellion?

Ans > Alluri Sitarama Raju

The Charismatic Leader: Alluri Sitarama Raju, although not a tribal himself by birth, deeply immersed himself in the culture of the Koya and Chenchu tribes of the Madras Presidency, mobilizing them to wage a highly effective, sustained guerrilla war against heavily armed British police forces.
The Core Grievances: The massive rebellion was primarily fueled by the deeply exploitative Madras Forest Act of 1882. This draconian law severely restricted the tribes’ traditional ‘Podu’ (slash-and-burn) cultivation methods, denied them access to minor forest produce, and systematically forced them into brutal, unpaid labor (Vetti) for colonial road construction projects.
Guerrilla Tactics: Raju proved to be a masterful tactician. He led highly coordinated, daring raids on remote British police stations (such as those in Chintapalle and Krishnadevipeta) specifically to loot modern firearms and ammunition, paralyzing the local colonial administration for over two years.
The Tragic End: Despite launching a massive manhunt utilizing the specialized Malabar Special Police, the British struggled to catch him due to his massive local support. Raju was finally captured through deception in 1924, tied to a tree, and extrajudicially shot dead, permanently etching his name in the folklore of Andhra Pradesh.

📌 Early Rebellions • Literature

Q.14) The Sanyasi Rebellion, one of the earliest uprisings against British rule, was immortalized in which classic Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?

Ans > Anandamath

The Historical Context: The Sanyasi and Fakir Rebellion occurred in Bengal in the late 18th century, erupting in the tragic aftermath of the devastating Bengal Famine of 1770 and the brutally harsh revenue extraction policies of the newly powerful East India Company.
The Rebels: The uprising was a unique coalition of economically displaced peasants, demobilized soldiers from former nawab armies, and large bands of wandering religious ascetics (Sanyasis and Fakirs) who united to violently raid Company treasuries, factories, and the estates of loyalist Zamindars. Key leaders included figures like Majnum Shah and Bhavani Pathak.
The Literary Masterpiece: Bankim Chandra Chatterjee used this turbulent historical period as the dramatic setting for his highly influential 1882 novel, Anandamath. The book masterfully blended fierce political nationalism with deep Hindu religious devotion, depicting a secret brotherhood of warrior monks fighting to liberate the motherland.
The Anthem of Freedom: Anandamath is historically most significant because it introduced the iconic poem and song “Vande Mataram” (I bow to thee, Mother). This powerful verse rapidly became the ultimate, unifying battle cry for the entire Indian national freedom movement over the subsequent decades.

📌 Agrarian Revolts • Bengal

Q.15) The historic Indigo Revolt (1859-60) in Bengal, protesting the coercive cultivation of indigo, was initiated by which two leaders in the Nadia district?

Ans > Digambar Biswas and Bishnucharan Biswas

The Spark of Rebellion: The Biswas brothers of Chaugacha village in the Nadia district fearlessly led the local ryots in the very first massive, coordinated refusal to take fraudulent cash advances (dadon) or sow indigo crops for the powerful European planters.
The Coercive System: The European planters utilized extreme physical violence, kidnapping, and corrupt colonial magistrates to force Bengali peasants to grow indigo—which heavily depleted soil nutrients—instead of desperately needed food crops, completely destroying the local agrarian economy.
Support from the Intelligentsia: The “Nil Bidroha” (Indigo Revolt) was entirely non-violent but remarkably successful, largely because it garnered massive support from the urban Bengali intelligentsia. Journalists like Harish Chandra Mukherjee wrote fiery editorials exposing the planters’ brutality in the Hindu Patriot.
Literary Impact and Success: Dinabandhu Mitra’s deeply moving Bengali play, Nil Darpan, brilliantly captured the horrific plight of the peasants, creating a massive public outcry. The sheer scale of the strike forced the British government to appoint the Indigo Commission of 1860, which ruled in favor of the peasants and effectively ended the coercive plantation system in Bengal.

📌 Agrarian Revolts • Maharashtra

Q.16) The Deccan Riots of 1875 were an agrarian revolt by the peasants of Maharashtra. Who were the primary targets of this uprising?

Ans > Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders

Economic Triggers: The uprising in the Poona and Ahmednagar districts was triggered by a sudden crash in global agricultural prices following the end of the American Civil War, which occurred simultaneously with a steep, 50% hike in British land revenue demands.
The Target of Fury: Unlike earlier revolts directed primarily at the colonial state or European planters, the Deccan riots specifically targeted outsider moneylenders (Sahukars), mostly from the Marwari and Gujarati communities, who had ensnared the local peasantry in inescapable debt traps.
Misuse of the Legal System: The Sahukars weaponized the rigid, complex British civil legal system to systematically dispossess illiterate peasants of their ancestral lands through fraudulent accounting and heavily skewed mortgage decrees.
The Method of Protest: The peasants initially organized total social boycotts against the moneylenders. When this failed, they specifically attacked the Sahukars’ houses and shops, not to loot wealth, but specifically to burn and destroy the oppressive debt bonds, account books, and mortgage decrees. The state responded by passing the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act of 1879.

📌 Peasant Movements • 1920s

Q.17) The Eka Movement (1921–22) was a major peasant uprising demanding the conversion of produce rent into cash rent. In which region did this take place?

Ans > Awadh (Uttar Pradesh)

Emergence and Location: The Eka (Unity) movement emerged in late 1921 across the northern districts of Hardoi, Bahraich, and Sitapur in the Awadh region, heavily influenced by the broader political atmosphere created by the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.
Leadership from the Margins: Unlike many earlier movements led by urban intellectuals, the Eka movement was spearheaded primarily by Madari Pasi, a low-caste rural leader, which pushed the agrarian struggle in a far more radical and militant direction.
Core Agrarian Grievances: The peasants were severely oppressed by the extraction of rent that was often 50% higher than the officially recorded rates, the brutal, systemic practice of forced unpaid labor (begar) by the Taluqdars, and arbitrary, illegal cesses (Nazrana).
The Eka Oath: The movement was characterized by mass gatherings where peasants took a solemn, religious oath (signifying Eka or Unity) to pay only the recorded rent, refuse forced labor, demand formal rent receipts, and resist the physical violence of the landlords. The British eventually crushed the movement through severe police brutality by early 1922.

📌 National Peasant Organizations

Q.18) The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was established in 1936 in Lucknow to coordinate peasant movements across India. Who was elected as its first President?

Ans > Swami Sahajanand Saraswati

National Integration: The AIKS was formally established in April 1936, coinciding with the Indian National Congress session in Lucknow. It marked the crucial historical moment when deeply fragmented, regional peasant struggles were finally integrated into a cohesive, massive national platform.
The Leadership Duo: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, a fiery ascetic and the pioneering founder of the powerful Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, was overwhelmingly elected as the organization’s first President. N.G. Ranga, the prominent pioneer of the peasant movement in the Andhra region, served as its first General Secretary.
A Radical Manifesto: The AIKS adopted a radically progressive, anti-imperialist, and deeply anti-feudal manifesto. Their core political and economic demands included the complete abolition of the Zamindari system, a massive reduction in land revenue rates, and the institutionalization of affordable agricultural credit.
Influence on Congress: The massive political pressure generated by the mobilized ranks of the AIKS heavily forced the Indian National Congress to finally adopt a comprehensive, pro-peasant agrarian program during its famous Faizpur session, fundamentally shifting the economic focus of the freedom struggle.

📌 Pre-Independence Uprisings • Bengal

Q.19) The Tebhaga Movement (1946) was a militant campaign by sharecroppers demanding a larger share of the harvest. What was their specific demand?

Ans > A two-thirds share of the crop for themselves

The Feudal Exploitation: Organized primarily by the Communist Party of India’s peasant front (the Kisan Sabha) in Bengal, the movement was a massive rebellion by impoverished sharecroppers (bargadars). They protested against the deeply unjust traditional system where they had to surrender fully half their total harvest to absentee landlords (jotedars) while bearing all the immense costs of cultivation themselves.
The Floud Commission: The peasants based their fierce demands directly on the official recommendations of the government-appointed Land Revenue Commission (the Floud Commission), which had stated that sharecroppers were legally entitled to a larger share of the produce.
The Meaning of Tebhaga: “Tebhaga” literally translates to “three parts.” The militant peasants demanded that the harvested crop be divided into three shares, with an absolute two-thirds staying with the cultivator, and only one-third going to the landlord as rent.
Mass Participation: The movement was historically significant for the massive, fearless participation of Rajbanshi tribals, Muslim peasants, and particularly women (who formed militant squads known as Nari Bahini). They faced brutal police firings and massive state repression before the movement eventually fractured due to the chaos of the impending Bengal partition.

📌 Post-War Struggles • South India

Q.20) The massive Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946–1951) was directed against the autocratic rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and which class of oppressive landlords?

Ans > Deshmukhs

The Dual Enemy: This massive, communist-led armed uprising was directed simultaneously against the incredibly autocratic, reactionary regime of the Nizam of Hyderabad and his deeply entrenched, highly oppressive class of feudal landlords, known locally as Deshmukhs or Doras.
Feudal Brutality: These Deshmukhs controlled tens of thousands of acres of prime agricultural land and wielded absolute judicial and police power over the villages. They routinely extracted illegal taxes, seized peasant lands, and brutally enforced the dehumanizing system of ‘Vetti’ (forced, unpaid slave labor).
Guerrilla Warfare: Organized heavily by the Andhra Mahasabha and the Communist Party of India, the desperate peasants formed highly trained armed guerrilla squads (Dalams). This remains arguably the largest and most militant peasant uprising in modern Indian history.
Massive Success and Integration: Before the Indian Army finally intervened through Operation Polo in 1948 to integrate the princely state into the Indian Union, the guerrillas had successfully liberated over 3,000 villages, redistributed over a million acres of land to the landless, and established functional parallel village governments (soviets).

📌 Infrastructure • Railways

Q.21) The first passenger railway line in India ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853. Where was the second passenger railway line opened in 1854?

Ans > Howrah to Hooghly

Imperial Infrastructure: Under the aggressive expansionist policies of Lord Dalhousie, the British government heavily subsidized private British companies to rapidly construct a massive railway network across India. The primary goal was to facilitate the extraction of raw materials and the rapid movement of military troops, not to benefit the Indian public.
Eastern Expansion: While the Great Indian Peninsula Railway launched the highly famous Bombay-Thane line in April 1853, the East Indian Railway Company launched the crucial second line just over a year later, on August 15, 1854.
The Route’s Significance: This new line, representing the first railway in Eastern India, spanned a distance of exactly 24 miles from Howrah to Hooghly in the Bengal Presidency.
Strategic Connection: This specific route was strategically vital for the colonial economy, as it laid the foundational tracks intended to eventually connect the incredibly rich coalfields of Raniganj and the vast, fertile agricultural plains of the Ganges directly to the massive export docks of the colonial capital in Calcutta.

📌 Economic History • Industries

Q.22) A major milestone in India’s indigenous industrial development occurred in 1907 with the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in which city?

Ans > Jamshedpur (Sakchi)

The Visionary Pioneer: Realizing the grand, decades-old vision of his pioneering father Jamsetji Tata, Sir Dorabji Tata formally established the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in 1907. This marked a monumental watershed moment, representing the very first major, fully indigenous heavy industry venture in India, breaking the total British monopoly.
The Perfect Location: The massive steel plant was strategically constructed in the remote, obscure tribal village of Sakchi in the Singhbhum district of Bihar (now in modern-day Jharkhand). The location was absolutely perfect, situated directly between incredibly rich deposits of high-grade iron ore, vast coal seams, and ensuring an endless water supply from the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers.
Renaming the City: In profound recognition of Jamsetji Tata’s immense contribution to Indian industrialization, the rapidly expanding industrial township of Sakchi was officially renamed Jamshedpur by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford in 1919.
War Effort and Survival: TISCO proved utterly indispensable to the British Empire’s survival during World War I, supplying absolutely massive quantities of steel rails for critical military campaigns in Mesopotamia, proving to the world that Indian-owned heavy industry could compete globally on quality and scale.

📌 Economic History • Textiles

Q.23) The first successful mechanized cotton textile mill in India, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was established in 1854 by which Parsi entrepreneur?

Ans > Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar

The Dawn of Indian Industrialization: While the British had systematically destroyed India’s world-famous traditional handloom sector over the previous century, it was native Indian entrepreneurs who eventually fought back to build a modern, mechanized textile industry. While an earlier, highly unsuccessful attempt was made near Calcutta in 1818, the true commercial foundation was laid in 1854.
The Pioneer: Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar, an incredibly visionary and wealthy Parsi merchant, courageously established the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company in 1854, marking the true beginning of the industrial revolution on the Indian subcontinent.
Indigenous Capital Control: This development was economically crucial. Unlike the expansive railway network, the lucrative tea plantations, or the massive jute industry which were all entirely financed and controlled by British capital, the cotton textile industry in Bombay (and later Ahmedabad) was overwhelmingly funded, aggressively managed, and rapidly expanded by native Indian merchants (primarily from the Parsi, Gujarati, and Jain communities).
Political Impact: The massive financial success of these mills created a highly powerful, fiercely independent indigenous capitalist class that would later provide the crucial financial muscle and logistical backing for the Swadeshi movement and the broader Indian National Congress.

📌 Economic History • Jute

Q.24) The first modern Jute mill in India was established in 1855 at which location on the banks of the Hooghly River?

Ans > Rishra

The Foundation of the Industry: The very first modern, fully mechanized jute spinning mill in India was established in 1855 at Rishra, a small town located near Serampore in Bengal, situated perfectly on the banks of the Hooghly River.
The British Founder: The mill was established by George Acland, a former British coffee planter from Ceylon, who cleverly brought advanced jute spinning machinery directly from Dundee, Scotland—the global center of jute manufacturing at the time.
The Global Catalyst: The Crimean War (1853-56) served as a massive catalyst for the industry. The war completely blocked the supply of Russian flax and hemp to European markets, creating a sudden, massive global demand for Bengal’s abundant raw jute as a cheap, durable packaging material (specifically for gunny bags to transport grain and cotton globally).
A European Monopoly: Concentrated almost entirely along the banks of the Hooghly near Calcutta, the jute industry rapidly became a phenomenally profitable enterprise. However, unlike the Indian-owned cotton mills in Bombay, the lucrative jute sector remained almost exclusively a strict monopoly of highly powerful European (mostly Scottish) managing agencies until well after independence, heavily exploiting the local migrant labor force.

📌 Economic Critique • Nationalism

Q.25) Which early nationalist leader systematically propounded the “Drain of Wealth” theory in his seminal book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India?

Ans > Dadabhai Naoroji

The Architect of Economic Nationalism: Dadabhai Naoroji, universally revered as the “Grand Old Man of India,” fundamentally altered the entire intellectual trajectory of the Indian national movement by formulating the devastating ‘Drain of Wealth’ theory, systematically outlined in his monumental 1901 book, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.
The Statistical Proof: Moving beyond mere political grievances, Naoroji utilized meticulous, undeniable statistical data to prove that a massive, continuous portion of India’s total national wealth was being unilaterally and systematically transferred to Britain without any reciprocal economic or material return.
The Mechanics of the Drain: He painstakingly detailed how this massive drain occurred primarily through mechanisms like ‘Home Charges’ (which included the exorbitant pensions of British officials, massive interest payments on railway debts, and the entire operating cost of the India Office in London) as well as deeply exploitative, unrequited colonial exports.
Destroying the Imperial Myth: This profound economic critique utterly destroyed the long-standing moral justification of the benevolent British “civilizing mission.” It provided the irrefutable intellectual foundation that armed subsequent generations of freedom fighters with the economic rationale necessary to demand total independence.

📌 Economic Critique • Literature

Q.26) Which prominent Indian nationalist and economic historian authored the two-volume seminal work The Economic History of India (1901)?

Ans > Romesh Chandra Dutt

The Scholar Administrator: Romesh Chandra Dutt (R.C. Dutt) was a highly distinguished, retired Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer who had served in the highest echelons of the colonial administration, later serving as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1899.
The Monumental Work: In 1901, he published his massive, highly influential two-volume magnum opus, The Economic History of India. This work remains one of the most critical foundational texts in the study of colonial economics.
Documenting the Destruction: Dutt provided a devastating, heavily researched, and data-driven historical analysis. He meticulously detailed exactly how early East India Company policies, specifically their exorbitant, ruinous land revenue demands and deeply unfair internal transit duties, systematically destroyed indigenous Indian agriculture and the world-renowned artisanal manufacturing sector.
The Triumvirate of Critique: Alongside Dadabhai Naoroji and Mahadeo Govind Ranade, Dutt formed the core triumvirate of early Indian economic nationalists. Together, they successfully shifted the focus of the early freedom struggle away from mere demands for increased political representation, pointing directly toward the severe, ongoing economic exploitation and the resulting mass poverty gripping the subcontinent.

📌 Labor Laws • Factory Acts

Q.27) To regulate the working conditions of child laborers, the First Indian Factory Act was passed in 1881. It prohibited the employment of children below what age?

Ans > 7 years

The First Regulatory Step: Enacted during the tenure of the liberal Viceroy Lord Ripon, the First Indian Factory Act of 1881 was the colonial government’s earliest, highly hesitant attempt to legally regulate the brutal, unregulated working conditions in modern Indian industries.
The Core Provisions: The act strictly prohibited the employment of children below the incredibly young age of 7 years in any factory. Furthermore, it legally restricted the working hours of children aged between 7 and 12 to a maximum of 9 hours per day, while mandating that they receive at least four holidays per month.
Limited Scope: The legislation was severely limited in its scope. It only applied strictly to large factories employing more than 100 workers and utilizing mechanical power, meaning thousands of smaller workshops remained completely unregulated. Furthermore, it completely ignored the horrific plight of adult male and female workers.
Hidden Motives: Interestingly, the massive political pressure to pass this humanitarian act did not come primarily from India, but from powerful British textile magnates in Lancashire. They were deeply worried that the totally unregulated, cheap Indian child labor gave the newly emerging Bombay cotton mills an “unfair” competitive advantage in the global market.

📌 Labor Laws • Second Act

Q.28) The Second Indian Factory Act of 1891, which provided a weekly holiday for all workers and regulated women’s working hours, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Ans > Lord Lansdowne

Expanding the Regulations: Responding to mounting, intense pressure from British textile competitors and early, pioneering Indian labor activists like N.M. Lokhande, the colonial government passed the Second Factory Act in 1891 during the viceroyalty of Lord Lansdowne.
Broader Coverage: This new act significantly expanded its regulatory coverage, applying now to all factories employing 50 or more workers (down from the previous threshold of 100), thereby bringing far more industrial units under legal scrutiny.
New Protections: It crucially raised the absolute minimum age for child labor from 7 to 9 years. For the first time, it restricted women’s working hours to a maximum of 11 hours per day, mandating a 1.5-hour rest interval. Most importantly for the broader workforce, it finally instituted a mandatory weekly holiday for all industrial workers.
The Glaring Exception: Despite these progressive steps on paper, both the 1881 and 1891 Factory Acts contained a massive, deliberate loophole: they did absolutely nothing to regulate the horrific, slave-like conditions of workers trapped in the highly lucrative, British-owned tea and coffee plantations in Assam and the South, where abuse remained rampant.

📌 Trade Unions • Repressive Acts

Q.29) The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 severely restricted the working-class movement by making which of the following illegal?

Ans > Sympathetic strikes and strikes meant to coerce the government

The Rise of Working-Class Radicalism: The late 1920s witnessed a massive, unprecedented surge in militant labor strikes across major Indian industrial hubs (most notably the massive Bombay textile strike). These movements were increasingly being organized and radicalized by early communist leaders and powerful new unions like the Girni Kamgar Union.
The Imperial Crackdown: Deeply terrified by the rising specter of Bolshevism and working-class solidarity threatening colonial infrastructure, the British government enacted the draconian Trade Disputes Act of 1929 to crush the momentum of the labor movement.
Banning Solidarity: The most severe provision of the legislation made all ‘sympathetic strikes’ strictly illegal. This meant workers in one industry (e.g., railways) could no longer legally strike in solidarity to support the demands of workers in a completely different industry (e.g., textiles), heavily crippling the movement’s power.
Protecting the State: Furthermore, the act mandated a compulsory 14-day advance written notice for any strike in essential public utility services (like railways, postal services, and water supply) and broadly criminalized any massive labor action that the state deemed was intended to ‘coerce’ or intimidate the government.

📌 Labor Movement • Institutions

Q.30) To provide a consolidated national platform for the growing labor movement, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in Bombay in 1920. Who was its first President?

Ans > Lala Lajpat Rai

The Birth of a National Union: The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formally founded on October 31, 1920, in Bombay. This monumental event marked the formal institutionalization of the deeply fragmented Indian labor movement on a massive, unified national scale.
The Global Catalyst: While driven deeply by the severe post-WWI economic crisis hitting Indian workers and the ideological inspiration of the 1917 Russian Revolution, the immediate catalyst for its formation was the pressing need to elect a formal, recognized representative for Indian labor at the newly formed International Labour Organization (ILO) of the League of Nations.
Leadership of the Lion of Punjab: The legendary nationalist leader, Lala Lajpat Rai, presided over its massive inaugural session. He was overwhelmingly elected as its first President, bringing immense political weight and credibility to the nascent labor organization.
Merging Struggles: In his powerful presidential address, Lajpat Rai successfully linked the everyday economic struggles of the industrial working class (wages, hours, conditions) with the broader, massive political demand for national independence, drawing heavy support from early socialist and communist leaders like S.A. Dange and N.M. Joshi, effectively merging the labor movement with the freedom struggle.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 130

Cornwallis Code (1793): Separated revenue and judicial powers to prevent abuse.
William Bentinck: Eradicated the Thuggee cult with Captain William Sleeman.
Lord Ellenborough: Annexed Sindh in 1843 via Sir Charles Napier.
Sir John Lawrence: Initiated the ‘Masterly Inactivity’ policy towards Afghanistan.
Lord Lytton: Held the 1877 Delhi Durbar despite severe famine conditions.
Lord Curzon: Passed the 1899 Coinage Act putting India on a gold standard.
Lord Dufferin: Annexed Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885).
John Shore: The main architect behind the Permanent Settlement’s assessments.
Alexander Read: First tested the Ryotwari system in the Baramahal region.
Holt Mackenzie: Drafted the regulations for the Mahalwari System in 1822.
Wahabi Movement: Operated primarily out of Patna for their anti-British jihad.
Kuka Movement: Led by Baba Ram Singh, who was deported to Rangoon in 1872.
Alluri Sitarama Raju: Led the charismatic Rampa Rebellion in 1922.
Anandamath: Bankim Chandra’s novel that immortalized the Sanyasi Rebellion.
Indigo Revolt (1859): Ignited by Digambar and Bishnucharan Biswas in Bengal.
Deccan Riots (1875): Targeted outsider Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders.
Eka Movement: Erupted in Awadh demanding conversion of produce rent to cash.
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati: Elected first President of the AIKS in 1936.
Tebhaga Movement: Sharecroppers demanded a 2/3 share of their harvest.
Telangana Struggle: Armed rebellion directed against the Nizam’s Deshmukhs.
Early Railways: Second line opened in 1854 from Howrah to Hooghly.
TISCO (1907): Established in Sakchi (Jamshedpur) as India’s first heavy industry.
Cotton Mills: Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar started the first successful Bombay mill (1854).
Jute Mills: The first modern jute mill was established at Rishra (1855).
Drain of Wealth: Formulated by Dadabhai Naoroji to expose British exploitation.
R.C. Dutt: Wrote the seminal “The Economic History of India” in 1901.
Factory Act 1881: Prohibited child labor below 7 years of age.
Factory Act 1891: Passed by Lord Lansdowne, giving a weekly holiday.
Trade Disputes Act (1929): Banned sympathetic and coercive strikes.
AITUC (1920): Formed in Bombay with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first President.

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Modern History Set 130

Q.1) The ‘Cornwallis Code’ of 1793 was a landmark in British Indian administration because it was primarily based on which principle?

Q.2) Which British Governor-General is credited with the suppression of the ‘Thuggee’ cult in central and northern India with the help of Captain William Sleeman?

Q.3) In 1843, the British annexed Sindh into the British Empire following a military campaign led by Sir Charles Napier. Who was the Governor-General of India at that time?

Q.4) The policy of “Masterly Inactivity” regarding Afghanistan, which aimed to avoid unnecessary interference in Afghan internal affairs, is most closely associated with which Viceroy?

Q.5) Which Viceroy organized the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the “Empress of India” (Kaiser-i-Hind) while a severe famine raged in the country?

Q.6) The controversial ‘Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act’ (1899), which put India on a gold standard, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Q.7) The Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885), which resulted in the complete annexation of Upper Burma into the British Indian Empire, took place under which Viceroy?

Q.8) The Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793) was introduced by Lord Cornwallis, but the actual planning and revenue assessment were heavily guided by which British official?

Q.9) The Ryotwari System, under which land revenue was settled directly with the peasant (ryot), was initially experimented with in the Baramahal region by whom?

Q.10) In 1822, the Mahalwari System was introduced in the North-Western Provinces and parts of Central India. Who was the primary architect of this system?

Q.11) The Wahabi Movement in India was a militant Islamic revivalist campaign that sought to restore Islamic supremacy. Which city served as its main operational base in India?

Q.12) The Kuka Movement in Punjab started as a religious purification campaign but transformed into a political struggle. Its leader was deported to Rangoon in 1872. Who was he?

Q.13) The Rampa Rebellion of 1922 was a major tribal uprising against the oppressive British forest laws in the Godavari Agency. Who led this charismatic rebellion?

Q.14) The Sanyasi Rebellion, one of the earliest uprisings against British rule, was immortalized in which classic Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?

Q.15) The historic Indigo Revolt (1859-60) in Bengal, protesting the coercive cultivation of indigo, was initiated by which two leaders in the Nadia district?

Q.16) The Deccan Riots of 1875 were an agrarian revolt by the peasants of Maharashtra. Who were the primary targets of this uprising?

Q.17) The Eka Movement (1921–22) was a major peasant uprising demanding the conversion of produce rent into cash rent. In which region did this take place?

Q.18) The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was established in 1936 in Lucknow to coordinate peasant movements across India. Who was elected as its first President?

Q.19) The Tebhaga Movement (1946) was a militant campaign by sharecroppers demanding a larger share of the harvest. What was their specific demand?

Q.20) The massive Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946–1951) was directed against the autocratic rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and which class of oppressive landlords?

Q.21) The first passenger railway line in India ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853. Where was the second passenger railway line opened in 1854?

Q.22) A major milestone in India’s indigenous industrial development occurred in 1907 with the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in which city?

Q.23) The first successful mechanized cotton textile mill in India, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was established in 1854 by which Parsi entrepreneur?

Q.24) The first modern Jute mill in India was established in 1855 at which location on the banks of the Hooghly River?

Q.25) Which early nationalist leader systematically propounded the “Drain of Wealth” theory in his seminal book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India?

Q.26) Which prominent Indian nationalist and economic historian authored the two-volume seminal work The Economic History of India (1901)?

Q.27) To regulate the working conditions of child laborers, the First Indian Factory Act was passed in 1881. It prohibited the employment of children below what age?

Q.28) The Second Indian Factory Act of 1891, which provided a weekly holiday for all workers and regulated women’s working hours, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Q.29) The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 severely restricted the working-class movement by making which of the following illegal?

Q.30) To provide a consolidated national platform for the growing labor movement, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in Bombay in 1920. Who was its first President?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 130

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Q.1) The ‘Cornwallis Code’ of 1793 was a landmark in British Indian administration because it was primarily based on which principle?

Q.2) Which British Governor-General is credited with the suppression of the ‘Thuggee’ cult in central and northern India with the help of Captain William Sleeman?

Q.3) In 1843, the British annexed Sindh into the British Empire following a military campaign led by Sir Charles Napier. Who was the Governor-General of India at that time?

Q.4) The policy of “Masterly Inactivity” regarding Afghanistan, which aimed to avoid unnecessary interference in Afghan internal affairs, is most closely associated with which Viceroy?

Q.5) Which Viceroy organized the grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the “Empress of India” (Kaiser-i-Hind) while a severe famine raged in the country?

Q.6) The controversial ‘Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act’ (1899), which put India on a gold standard, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Q.7) The Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885), which resulted in the complete annexation of Upper Burma into the British Indian Empire, took place under which Viceroy?

Q.8) The Permanent Settlement of Bengal (1793) was introduced by Lord Cornwallis, but the actual planning and revenue assessment were heavily guided by which British official?

Q.9) The Ryotwari System, under which land revenue was settled directly with the peasant (ryot), was initially experimented with in the Baramahal region by whom?

Q.10) In 1822, the Mahalwari System was introduced in the North-Western Provinces and parts of Central India. Who was the primary architect of this system?

Q.11) The Wahabi Movement in India was a militant Islamic revivalist campaign that sought to restore Islamic supremacy. Which city served as its main operational base in India?

Q.12) The Kuka Movement in Punjab started as a religious purification campaign but transformed into a political struggle. Its leader was deported to Rangoon in 1872. Who was he?

Q.13) The Rampa Rebellion of 1922 was a major tribal uprising against the oppressive British forest laws in the Godavari Agency. Who led this charismatic rebellion?

Q.14) The Sanyasi Rebellion, one of the earliest uprisings against British rule, was immortalized in which classic Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?

Q.15) The historic Indigo Revolt (1859-60) in Bengal, protesting the coercive cultivation of indigo, was initiated by which two leaders in the Nadia district?

Q.16) The Deccan Riots of 1875 were an agrarian revolt by the peasants of Maharashtra. Who were the primary targets of this uprising?

Q.17) The Eka Movement (1921–22) was a major peasant uprising demanding the conversion of produce rent into cash rent. In which region did this take place?

Q.18) The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was established in 1936 in Lucknow to coordinate peasant movements across India. Who was elected as its first President?

Q.19) The Tebhaga Movement (1946) was a militant campaign by sharecroppers demanding a larger share of the harvest. What was their specific demand?

Q.20) The massive Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946–1951) was directed against the autocratic rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad and which class of oppressive landlords?

Q.21) The first passenger railway line in India ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853. Where was the second passenger railway line opened in 1854?

Q.22) A major milestone in India’s indigenous industrial development occurred in 1907 with the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in which city?

Q.23) The first successful mechanized cotton textile mill in India, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was established in 1854 by which Parsi entrepreneur?

Q.24) The first modern Jute mill in India was established in 1855 at which location on the banks of the Hooghly River?

Q.25) Which early nationalist leader systematically propounded the “Drain of Wealth” theory in his seminal book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India?

Q.26) Which prominent Indian nationalist and economic historian authored the two-volume seminal work The Economic History of India (1901)?

Q.27) To regulate the working conditions of child laborers, the First Indian Factory Act was passed in 1881. It prohibited the employment of children below what age?

Q.28) The Second Indian Factory Act of 1891, which provided a weekly holiday for all workers and regulated women’s working hours, was passed during the viceroyalty of whom?

Q.29) The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 severely restricted the working-class movement by making which of the following illegal?

Q.30) To provide a consolidated national platform for the growing labor movement, the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in Bombay in 1920. Who was its first President?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 130

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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