Modern History Set 112 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 112 Questions & Answers

Following the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj underwent its first major split in 1866. Keshub Chandra Sen formed the ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’, while the original faction was led by Debendranath Tagore under what name? – Adi Brahmo Samaj
The ‘Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha’ was founded in 1851 to initiate socio-religious reforms within which specific Indian community? – The Parsi community
The Deoband Movement was established in 1866 in Uttar Pradesh as an orthodox Islamic revivalist movement. Who were its principal founders? – Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
Which reform movement was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, aiming to defend Islam through rational arguments and promoting a syncretic approach? – Ahmadiyya Movement
The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 before moving its headquarters to India. Who were its original founders? – Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott
The ‘Social Service League’ was established in Bombay to secure better living and working conditions for the masses. It was founded by which prominent labor leader? – N.M. Joshi
The ‘Seva Sadan’, which specialized in taking care of exploited and discarded women of all castes, was founded in 1885 by which Parsi social reformer? – Behramji M. Malabari
The Persian language journal Mirat-ul-Akbar (Mirror of News), which played a crucial role in shaping early public opinion, was founded by whom? – Raja Rammohan Roy
The Gujarati fortnightly Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller), launched in 1851 to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote social reform, was started by whom? – Dadabhai Naoroji
The Indian Mirror, the first Indian English-language daily newspaper, was founded in 1861 by Devendranath Tagore and which other prominent figure? – Manmohan Ghosh
During the Swadeshi Movement, the ‘Dawn Society’ was established to promote nationalist education and indigenous industries. Who was its founder? – Satish Chandra Mukherjee
The ‘Anti-Circular Society’ was formed in 1905 to protest the infamous Carlyle Circular. Who founded this society? – Sachindra Prasad Bose
To promote indigenous education during the Swadeshi Movement, the Bengal National College was set up in 1906. Who served as its first principal? – Aurobindo Ghosh
In 1835, English was declared the official medium of higher education in India following the acceptance of a famous “Minute” authored by whom? – Thomas Babington Macaulay
Which commission, appointed in 1902 during Lord Curzon’s tenure, recommended tighter government control over universities, leading to the controversial Indian Universities Act of 1904? – Raleigh Commission
Which commission was appointed in 1917 specifically to investigate the problems of Calcutta University, subsequently recommending a 12-year school course followed by a 3-year degree? – Sadler Commission
The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (Nai Talim), which emphasized learning through manual productive work, was formulated in 1937 under the inspiration of whom? – Mahatma Gandhi
The ‘Anushilan Samiti’, a premier revolutionary secret society in Bengal, was founded in Calcutta in 1902 by whom? – Pramathanath Mitra (P. Mitra)
In 1906, the inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti started a highly influential revolutionary weekly which openly preached armed rebellion. What was its name? – Yugantar
The Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1908) involved an attempt to assassinate the unpopular British magistrate Douglas Kingsford. Which two young revolutionaries carried out this attack? – Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
Following the Muzaffarpur incident, the British police raided a bomb-making facility, leading to the famous Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908). Who was the primary target of this trial, later brilliantly defended by C.R. Das? – Aurobindo Ghosh
The daring Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) involved throwing a bomb at Viceroy Lord Hardinge as he entered the new capital. Who masterminded this assassination attempt? – Rash Behari Bose
In 1909, an Indian revolutionary assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London to protest British atrocities in India. Who was the assassin? – Madan Lal Dhingra
The Kakori Train Robbery (1925) was a meticulously planned operation to seize government funds for revolutionary activities. Which organization executed this plan? – Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
To protest the draconian Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Act, two revolutionaries threw a harmless bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1929. They were Bhagat Singh and whom? – Batukeshwar Dutt
The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) was a brilliantly executed revolutionary attack in Bengal. Who led this daring raid under the banner of the ‘Indian Republican Army’? – Surya Sen
The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’, initially founded as ‘Mitra Mela’ in 1899, was established by whom? – V.D. Savarkar and Ganesh Savarkar
In 1940, to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, General Michael O’Dwyer was assassinated at Caxton Hall in London by which Indian revolutionary? – Udham Singh
During the Quit India Movement of 1942, a famous parallel government known as the “Prati Sarkar” was established, which functioned successfully for years. Where was it located? – Satara (Maharashtra)
Which prominent nationalist leader, often referred to as the ‘Heroine of the 1942 movement’, famously hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan during the Quit India Movement? – Aruna Asaf Ali

MROY Class

Modern History Set 112

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📌 Social Reform • Brahmo Samaj

Q.1) Following the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj underwent its first major split in 1866. Keshub Chandra Sen formed the ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’, while the original faction was led by Debendranath Tagore under what name?

Ans > Adi Brahmo Samaj

The Context of the 1866 Schism: Following the passing of Raja Rammohan Roy in 1833, the Brahmo Samaj experienced a period of stagnation until Debendranath Tagore actively joined in 1842, successfully merging his intellectual Tattvabodhini Sabha into it. A new dynamic emerged when the highly charismatic, young leader Keshub Chandra Sen joined the movement in 1858.
Ideological Friction: Major ideological differences quickly surfaced between the two leaders. Keshub Chandra Sen aggressively championed highly radical social reforms, fiercely advocating for inter-caste marriages, widow remarriage, the total abolition of the purdah system, and the rapid promotion of women’s education. Furthermore, Sen drew heavy inspiration from Christianity and universalism, distancing himself from traditional roots.
The Formation of Adi Brahmo Samaj: Conversely, Debendranath Tagore maintained a highly conservative approach, preferring to focus strictly on Hindu philosophical reform and opposing Christian missionary activities without severely disrupting traditional social structures. This massive ideological clash culminated in Keshub’s dismissal as Acharya in 1865. Consequently, in 1866, Keshub officially formed the ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’, prompting Debendranath’s original, more orthodox faction to rename itself the ‘Adi (Original) Brahmo Samaj’ to emphasize its deep Hindu heritage.

📌 Social Reform • Parsi Community

Q.2) The ‘Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha’ was founded in 1851 to initiate socio-religious reforms within which specific Indian community?

Ans > The Parsi community

Origins and Foundational Leaders: The Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) was officially founded in August 1851 by a highly educated, progressive group of English-educated Parsis in Bombay. The core founding members included legendary figures such as Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama, and S.S. Bengalee.
Core Objective and Cultural Restoration: Historically, after settling in India, the Parsi community had unknowingly absorbed various orthodox Hindu and local customs over centuries. The primary, explicitly stated goal of the Sabha was to forcefully strip away these accumulated local orthodoxies and “restore the Zoroastrian religion to its pristine purity,” realigning the community with its original ancient Persian doctrines.
Social Impact and Female Emancipation: Beyond purely theological reform, the Sabha aggressively campaigned against restrictive social practices. They vehemently opposed child marriage, heavily supported widow remarriage, and campaigned for the rapid spread of female education within the community. Backed by their influential journal, *Rast Goftar*, their efforts were incredibly successful, ultimately transforming the Parsis into arguably the most westernized, socially advanced, and commercially successful community in colonial India.

📌 Religious Reform • Deoband

Q.3) The Deoband Movement was established in 1866 in Uttar Pradesh as an orthodox Islamic revivalist movement. Who were its principal founders?

Ans > Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi

The Foundation of Darul Uloom: The Deoband Movement was officially born with the founding of the Darul Uloom Islamic seminary in 1866 in the small town of Deoband (located in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh). It was established by prominent, highly orthodox Muslim theologians, specifically Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.
Orthodox Revivalism vs. Aligarh: The movement stood in direct, stark contrast to the Aligarh movement led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. While Sir Syed aggressively championed Western education, scientific thought, and absolute political loyalty to the British Crown, the Deobandis fiercely rejected Western influence. They demanded a return to the pure, unadulterated teachings of the Quran and the Hadis, focusing entirely on training religious leaders.
Anti-Imperialist Political Stance: Despite its deeply orthodox and traditional religious curriculum, the Deoband school was highly progressive in its political orientation. It maintained a fierce, unwavering anti-imperialist and anti-British stance. Consequently, when the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, the Deoband ulemas issued strict religious decrees (fatwas) supporting the Congress and explicitly forbidding Muslims from joining Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s pro-British United Patriotic Association.

📌 Religious Reform • Ahmadiyya

Q.4) Which reform movement was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, aiming to defend Islam through rational arguments and promoting a syncretic approach?

Ans > Ahmadiyya Movement

Origins in Punjab: The Ahmadiyya movement was officially founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in the provincial town of Qadian, Punjab. It emerged during a period of intense religious debate, positioning itself to actively defend Islam against the aggressive proselytizing efforts of both the Hindu Arya Samaj and Western Christian missionaries.
Syncretic Philosophy and Controversial Claims: The movement was uniquely based on highly liberal principles and described itself as the true standard-bearer of an Islamic renaissance. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad stirred massive controversy within orthodox circles by famously claiming to be the promised Mahdi (messiah) awaited by Muslims, while simultaneously claiming to be an avatar (incarnation) of the Hindu deity Krishna, showcasing a heavily syncretic approach.
Opposition to Jihad: A defining characteristic of the Ahmadiyya movement was its total, unequivocal opposition to the concept of violent Jihad (sacred war) against non-believers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad heavily emphasized spreading Islamic theology strictly through rational arguments, peaceful persuasion, and a universalist religious framework that drew inspiration from Western liberalism. Due to these unorthodox beliefs regarding the finality of prophethood, the sect faced severe persecution from mainstream Sunni factions.

📌 Social Reform • Theosophy

Q.5) The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 before moving its headquarters to India. Who were its original founders?

Ans > Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott

International Origins and Relocation: The Theosophical Society was uniquely founded by foreigners—specifically a mystic Russian woman named Madam H.P. Blavatsky and an American military officer named Colonel M.S. Olcott—in New York City in 1875. Seeking the spiritual heartland of their beliefs, they shifted the society’s international headquarters to Adyar, located on the outskirts of Madras (now Chennai) in India, in 1882.
Core Philosophical Beliefs: Theosophy heavily promoted the establishment of a universal brotherhood of humanity, irrespective of race or creed. However, its most significant impact in India was its deep, genuine reverence for ancient Eastern religions. The society aggressively studied and praised the Upanishads, Vedanta, and Buddhist philosophies, while promoting beliefs in occultism, reincarnation, and the fundamental law of Karma.
The Era of Annie Besant: The movement gained massive, nationwide popularity in India only after the arrival of the dynamic Annie Besant in 1893 (she later became its president in 1907). By openly glorifying India’s ancient religious and philosophical traditions, the Theosophical Society provided a massive psychological boost to educated Indians suffering from an inferiority complex under British rule, thus indirectly fueling early cultural nationalism.

📌 Labor & Welfare • Social Service

Q.6) The ‘Social Service League’ was established in Bombay to secure better living and working conditions for the masses. It was founded by which prominent labor leader?

Ans > N.M. Joshi

Foundation and Influence: Narayan Malhar Joshi (N.M. Joshi), deeply inspired by the moderate political philosophy of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and operating as a leading member of the Servants of India Society, officially founded the Social Service League in Bombay in the year 1911.
Grassroots Welfare Activities: Unlike purely political organizations, the League heavily focused on practical, on-the-ground welfare. Its primary objective was to collect reliable data regarding urban poverty and secure better living and working conditions for the industrial masses. The League actively organized and funded night schools, free libraries, reading rooms, day nurseries for working mothers, and cooperative credit societies across Bombay’s slums.
Evolution into Trade Unionism: Recognizing that social work alone could not solve systemic labor exploitation, Joshi logically transitioned into formal labor politics. Utilizing the massive working-class base he built through the League, N.M. Joshi went on to become the principal founder of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920, marking the formal birth of organized trade unionism in colonial India.

📌 Women’s Welfare • Seva Sadan

Q.7) The ‘Seva Sadan’, which specialized in taking care of exploited and discarded women of all castes, was founded in 1885 by which Parsi social reformer?

Ans > Behramji M. Malabari

The Reformer’s Crusade: Behramji Merwanji Malabari was a highly influential Parsi intellectual, journalist, and social reformer based in Bombay. He is most historically famous for his relentless, decades-long legislative campaign against the evils of child marriage, which directly resulted in the British passing the landmark Age of Consent Act in 1891 (raising the legal age for girls from 10 to 12 years).
Establishment of Seva Sadan: In 1885, recognizing the desperate need for institutional support, Malabari partnered with another prominent reformer, Diwan Dayaram Gidumal, to found the ‘Seva Sadan’. This pioneering institution broke strict social taboos by opening its doors to exploited, destitute, and discarded women of all religious and caste backgrounds.
Empowerment Through Vocation: The Seva Sadan did not merely function as an orphanage or shelter; its core mandate was absolute female empowerment. It systematically provided high-quality medical care, basic education, and crucial vocational training. By training women in respectable professions such as teaching, nursing, and tailoring, the organization successfully reintegrated thousands of destitute women into society as independent, self-sustaining individuals.

📌 Press & Literature • Early Journals

Q.8) The Persian language journal Mirat-ul-Akbar (Mirror of News), which played a crucial role in shaping early public opinion, was founded by whom?

Ans > Raja Rammohan Roy

Pioneer of Indian Journalism: Raja Rammohan Roy, widely heralded as the father of the Indian Renaissance, brilliantly recognized the immense power of the press to mobilize intellectual thought. He used publications extensively to campaign for sweeping social reforms, most notably the abolition of the brutal Sati practice.
Launch of Mirat-ul-Akbar: Launched in April 1822, *Mirat-ul-Akbar* (translating to ‘Mirror of News’) was the very first Persian language journal published in India. Targeted primarily at the educated Muslim elite and the traditional court intelligentsia, Roy utilized it to critically analyze international events, question British administrative policies, and vigorously promote rationalist philosophy.
The Protest Against Censorship: The journal’s bold, independent voice was short-lived. In 1823, acting Governor-General John Adams enacted the draconian Licensing Regulations, which required all publishers to obtain a government license and submit to strict censorship. In a powerful, highly symbolic act of protest against this attack on the freedom of the press, Raja Rammohan Roy voluntarily shut down the publication rather than submit to humiliating colonial censorship laws.

📌 Press & Reform • Rast Goftar

Q.9) The Gujarati fortnightly Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller), launched in 1851 to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote social reform, was started by whom?

Ans > Dadabhai Naoroji

Instrument of the Sabha: Launched in 1851 in Bombay, *Rast Goftar* (which literally translates to ‘The Truth Teller’) was established specifically to serve as the powerful literary organ of the Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha. Dadabhai Naoroji, who would later become a giant of Indian nationalism, was the primary driving force behind its inception.
Agenda of Modernization: Operating as an Anglo-Gujarati fortnightly, the publication aggressively targeted the conservative orthodoxy within the Parsi community. Naoroji utilized its columns to ruthlessly expose corrupt priests, clarify original Zoroastrian theological concepts, and disseminate highly progressive ideas regarding modernization and Western scientific education.
Eradicating Social Evils: The journal’s most significant historical impact was its relentless, successful campaign to promote female education and eradicate social evils—such as infant marriage and the prohibition of widow remarriage—that had slowly crept into Parsi society. It served as a massive catalyst for awakening both social and early political consciousness among the educated Bombay elite.

📌 Early Press • English Dailies

Q.10) The Indian Mirror, the first Indian English-language daily newspaper, was founded in 1861 by Devendranath Tagore and which other prominent figure?

Ans > Manmohan Ghosh

A Historic Milestone in Journalism: Founded in Calcutta in the pivotal year of 1861 by the prominent Brahmo leader Devendranath Tagore and Manmohan Ghosh, the *Indian Mirror* holds the distinct historical honor of being widely regarded as the first Indian-owned, English-language daily newspaper in the country. (Notably, Manmohan Ghosh was also famous for being the first Indian to clear the rigorous ICS exam in London, though he was unfairly disqualified).
The Era of Keshub Chandra Sen: The newspaper truly reached the height of its immense influence when the dynamic Keshub Chandra Sen eventually took over its absolute editorial control. Under Sen’s aggressive leadership, the *Indian Mirror* transformed into a highly powerful, sophisticated mouthpiece used to internationally propagate the liberal ideals of the Brahmo Samaj.
Shaping Nationalist Discourse: Beyond religious philosophy, the daily rigorously discussed pressing issues regarding social reforms, the dire need for mass education, and emerging early nationalist political theories. By doing so, it heavily influenced the rapidly growing educated Bengali middle class (the Bhadralok) and fundamentally shaped early anti-colonial political discourse in British India.

📌 Swadeshi Era • Education

Q.11) During the Swadeshi Movement, the ‘Dawn Society’ was established to promote nationalist education and indigenous industries. Who was its founder?

Ans > Satish Chandra Mukherjee

Foundation as a Protest: The Dawn Society was established in Calcutta in 1902 by Satish Chandra Mukherjee, an eminent educationist. It was created as a direct, intellectual protest against the deeply flawed colonial education system, which Mukherjee argued was designed solely to manufacture obedient, low-level clerks for the British administration rather than fostering independent thought.
Holistic National Training: The society functioned as a highly crucial training ground for the youth of Bengal. It heavily emphasized a completely alternative framework of nationalist education, rigorous moral training, physical culture, and the absolute necessity of developing indigenous industries to reduce economic dependence on imported British manufactured goods.
Integration into the Swadeshi Struggle: Through its highly influential publication, *The Dawn* magazine, the society organized lectures by prominent national figures, mobilizing thousands of students. When the Swadeshi Movement erupted in 1905, the society’s trained youth became the vanguard of the protests. By 1906, Mukherjee merged the society’s monumental efforts into the newly formed National Council of Education to establish formal alternative national schools across Bengal.

📌 Swadeshi Era • Student Protest

Q.12) The ‘Anti-Circular Society’ was formed in 1905 to protest the infamous Carlyle Circular. Who founded this society?

Ans > Sachindra Prasad Bose

The Draconian Carlyle Circular: In October 1905, terrified by the massive participation of students in the anti-partition Swadeshi protests, the Chief Secretary of Bengal, R.W. Carlyle, issued a draconian order. The “Carlyle Circular” explicitly threatened to immediately withdraw all government grants, scholarships, and university affiliations from any educational institution whose students participated in nationalist politics.
The Student Resistance: In fierce defiance of this colonial threat, Sachindra Prasad Bose, a highly prominent student leader from Ripon College (and a close follower of Surendranath Banerjea), immediately founded the ‘Anti-Circular Society’ to unite students across Bengal and provide a massive organized front against the government intimidation.
Alternative Education and Action: The Society was heavily backed by veteran leaders like Krishna Kumar Mitra. It aggressively organized mass boycotts of government-controlled institutions, arranged comprehensive alternative education for students who were expelled, and formed dedicated volunteer bands (Samitis) that marched through villages singing nationalist songs and actively selling Swadeshi goods to rural populations.

📌 Nationalist Education • Bengal

Q.13) To promote indigenous education during the Swadeshi Movement, the Bengal National College was set up in 1906. Who served as its first principal?

Ans > Aurobindo Ghosh

The National Council of Education: Fueled by the immense momentum of the Swadeshi Movement and the mass boycott of government schools, the National Council of Education (NCE) was formally established in August 1906. Its primary mandate was to rapidly organize a parallel, comprehensive system of education—spanning from primary to university level—strictly on national lines and under exclusive national control.
Curriculum Philosophy: The NCE rejected the purely clerk-producing colonial syllabus. Instead, it successfully blended rigorous training in modern Western sciences and industrial technology with a deep appreciation for classical Indian heritage, history, and philosophy, all imparted primarily through the vernacular medium to ensure widespread accessibility.
Leadership of Aurobindo: The Bengal National College was the premier institution established under this council. Aurobindo Ghosh, driven by intense patriotic fervor, famously resigned from his highly lucrative, prestigious post in the Baroda State Service to become its first illustrious principal on a meager salary. His presence transformed the college into a massive intellectual incubator for radical nationalist youth, heavily inspiring the establishment of dozens of similar national schools across the province.

📌 Education Policy • English Medium

Q.14) In 1835, English was declared the official medium of higher education in India following the acceptance of a famous “Minute” authored by whom?

Ans > Thomas Babington Macaulay

The Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy: Prior to 1835, the British administration was deeply divided. ‘Orientalists’ believed government funds should promote traditional Indian learning (Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian), while ‘Anglicists’ demanded that funds be spent exclusively on teaching modern Western sciences and literature through the English language.
Macaulay’s Arrogant Verdict: Thomas Babington Macaulay, acting as the President of the General Committee of Public Instruction, decisively settled this debate with his famous “Minute on Indian Education” in February 1835. He displayed extreme cultural arrogance, famously and dismissively stating that “a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.”
The Policy Shift: Macaulay explicitly stated that the goal of British education was to create a buffer class of intermediary Indians who were “blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect.” Governor-General Lord William Bentinck officially accepted the Minute in March 1835, decreeing that all future government educational funds would be strictly devoted to English-medium Western education, completely marginalizing indigenous educational systems.

📌 Education Commissions • Lord Curzon

Q.15) Which commission, appointed in 1902 during Lord Curzon’s tenure, recommended tighter government control over universities, leading to the controversial Indian Universities Act of 1904?

Ans > Raleigh Commission

Curzon’s Imperial Anxiety: Viceroy Lord Curzon viewed the rapidly growing Indian university system with extreme suspicion, believing that colleges, particularly in Bengal, had become massive breeding grounds for dangerous nationalist political ideologies. To curb this, he appointed a commission in 1902, headed by Sir Thomas Raleigh, ostensibly to inquire into the academic condition and prospects of universities.
The 1904 Universities Act: Based strictly on the Raleigh Commission’s recommendations, Curzon forcefully passed the Indian Universities Act of 1904. The Act fundamentally altered university governance by drastically reducing the number of elected senate members, massively increasing the number of government-nominated fellows, and making the rules for affiliating private colleges incredibly strict.
Nationalist Backlash: The Act gave the colonial government veto power over all university senate decisions. Indian nationalists, brilliantly led in the Imperial Legislative Council by G.K. Gokhale, vehemently opposed the Act. They accurately condemned it as a blatant, reactionary attempt by Curzon to stifle political awakening, destroy the autonomy of higher education, and sabotage the growth of indigenous private colleges.

📌 Education Commissions • Sadler

Q.16) Which commission was appointed in 1917 specifically to investigate the problems of Calcutta University, subsequently recommending a 12-year school course followed by a 3-year degree?

Ans > Sadler Commission

Scope and Constitution: Officially known as the Calcutta University Commission, it was appointed in 1917 and headed by Dr. M.E. Sadler, the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds. Although its strict mandate was to study the severe overcrowding and administrative problems of Calcutta University, its comprehensive recommendations were so profound that they were subsequently applied to almost all universities across British India.
The Structural Blueprint (10+2+3): The Commission’s most vital, lasting legacy was fundamentally separating secondary education from university education. It firmly recommended that students should complete a 12-year school course (the intermediate stage) before entering the university, and proposed the establishment of a dedicated Board of Secondary and Intermediate Education. Furthermore, it recommended that the standard university degree course should span 3 years.
Academic Modernization: The Sadler report also strongly promoted the rapid expansion of female education, the urgent introduction of applied scientific and technological courses, and advocated for less rigid, more autonomous university regulations. Its implementation directly led to the massive expansion of higher education and the establishment of several new, modern universities (including Mysore, Patna, Banaras, Aligarh, and Lucknow) in the following decade.

📌 Nationalist Education • Wardha

Q.17) The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (Nai Talim), which emphasized learning through manual productive work, was formulated in 1937 under the inspiration of whom?

Ans > Mahatma Gandhi

The Philosophy of Nai Talim: The concept was deeply inspired by a series of articles Mahatma Gandhi wrote in his journal, *Harijan*, in 1937. Gandhi’s revolutionary philosophy of ‘Nai Talim’ (New Education) fundamentally rejected rote learning. Instead, it focused on the holistic development of the child’s mind, body, and soul by centering the entire educational process around a manual, productive craft (such as spinning, weaving, or agriculture).
Formulation at Wardha: Following his articles, the All India National Education Conference was convened in Wardha (1937), which formally adopted his vision. A specialized committee, brilliantly headed by Dr. Zakir Husain (who later became the President of India), was tasked with formulating the detailed, practical syllabus for this Basic Education scheme.
Core Pedagogical Principles: The scheme demanded free and compulsory education for all children nationwide for seven years. It mandated that the mother tongue must absolutely be the medium of instruction. Crucially, the manual craft produced by the students was intended to make the schools highly self-supporting, while simultaneously bridging the deep societal gap between manual labor and intellectual elitism, thereby instilling democratic, non-violent values.

📌 Revolutionary Nationalism • Bengal

Q.18) The ‘Anushilan Samiti’, a premier revolutionary secret society in Bengal, was founded in Calcutta in 1902 by whom?

Ans > Pramathanath Mitra (P. Mitra)

Foundational History and Concealment: The Anushilan Samiti was Bengal’s absolute first premier revolutionary secret society, officially founded in Calcutta in 1902 by Pramathanath Mitra (P. Mitra), a prominent barrister. To avoid immediate British suppression, the society initially operated highly covertly under the harmless guise of local physical culture clubs (akhadas), ostensibly meant only to train Bengali youth in gymnastics, lathi play, and sword fighting.
The Core Intellectual Leadership: While P. Mitra provided the organizational framework, the early core operational group included fiery revolutionaries like Jatindranath Banerjee and Barindra Kumar Ghosh (the younger brother of Aurobindo Ghosh). The society was deeply inspired by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s seminal novel *Anandamath* and the muscular, patriotic teachings of Swami Vivekananda.
Evolution into Armed Rebellion: Very quickly, the Samiti evolved from a physical training club into a highly militant organization explicitly promoting armed rebellion against British rule. Intellectual giants like Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh were heavily associated with its ideological wing, providing the philosophical justification for using extreme political violence to achieve complete national independence (Purna Swaraj).

📌 Revolutionary Press • Yugantar

Q.19) In 1906, the inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti started a highly influential revolutionary weekly which openly preached armed rebellion. What was its name?

Ans > Yugantar

The Militant Mouthpiece: As the Anushilan Samiti grew, an inner, highly radicalized faction felt the need for a dedicated propaganda organ. In 1906, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta (the brother of Swami Vivekananda), and Abhinash Bhattacharya started the Bengali revolutionary weekly named *Yugantar* (meaning ‘New Era’). It served as the fearless, explicit mouthpiece for militant nationalism in Bengal.
Preaching Political Violence: Unlike moderate nationalist papers, *Yugantar* completely discarded constitutional agitation. It openly preached armed rebellion, aggressive anti-imperialism, and famously justified the political assassinations of oppressive British officials as a sacred, religious duty necessary to cleanse the motherland of foreign domination.
Formation of the Yugantar Faction: The journal’s fiery, uncompromising articles struck a massive chord, rapidly radicalizing an entire generation of educated Bengali youth. The specific group of hardline revolutionaries who clustered around this publication and executed its violent directives became historically famous as the ‘Yugantar group’, functioning as a highly active, autonomous militant wing distinct from the original Anushilan Samiti.

📌 Revolutionary Actions • Muzaffarpur

Q.20) The Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1908) involved an attempt to assassinate the unpopular British magistrate Douglas Kingsford. Which two young revolutionaries carried out this attack?

Ans > Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki

The Target of Retribution: Douglas Kingsford, the former Chief Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta, had become utterly notorious and despised among Indians for handing out exceptionally severe, draconian punishments to young, unarmed Swadeshi activists. His most infamous act was ordering the brutal public flogging of a young teenage boy (Sushil Sen). Terrified of assassination, the British government transferred Kingsford to the provincial town of Muzaffarpur (in Bihar) for his safety.
The Botched Assassination: The Yugantar revolutionary group meticulously planned his murder and dispatched two highly dedicated youths: 18-year-old Khudiram Bose and 20-year-old Prafulla Chaki. On the evening of April 30, 1908, they waited outside a club and hurled a bomb at a carriage they strongly believed belonged to Kingsford. Tragically, Kingsford was in a different carriage; the bomb killed two innocent British women (Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter).
Martyrdom and Legacy: Following a massive police manhunt, the two revolutionaries were cornered. Prafulla Chaki bravely shot himself in the head at the Mokama railway station to completely evade British capture and interrogation. Khudiram Bose was caught, subjected to a highly publicized trial, and fearlessly hanged on August 11, 1908, with a smile on his face, instantly becoming a legendary martyr whose sacrifice was immortalized in countless Bengali folk songs.

📌 Revolutionary Trials • Alipore Case

Q.21) Following the Muzaffarpur incident, the British police raided a bomb-making facility, leading to the famous Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908). Who was the primary target of this trial, later brilliantly defended by C.R. Das?

Ans > Aurobindo Ghosh

The Maniktala Raid: Immediately following the Muzaffarpur bombing, the panicked British police conducted sweeping, aggressive raids across Calcutta based on intelligence. They raided a secluded garden house in the Maniktala area belonging to the Ghosh brothers, where they discovered a massive, sophisticated bomb-making factory, seizing explosives, dynamite, and revolutionary literature.
Mass Arrests and Approver Assassination: The police arrested 34 individuals, including the intellectual mastermind Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh. During the incredibly tense trial in the Alipore Sessions Court, one of the arrested, Naren Gosain, broke under pressure and turned approver (police informer). Before he could testify, he was boldly assassinated inside the high-security jail hospital by fellow revolutionaries Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bose.
C.R. Das’s Brilliant Defense: The British aggressively targeted Aurobindo Ghosh, desperately wanting to execute the intellectual head of the movement. However, the legendary lawyer Chittaranjan (C.R.) Das took up his defense pro-bono. Das brilliantly tore apart the prosecution’s case, successfully arguing there was no direct, conclusive evidence linking Aurobindo to the physical bomb-making. Aurobindo was acquitted, following which he experienced a profound spiritual awakening and retired from active politics to an ashram in Pondicherry. Barindra and others were sentenced to the brutal Cellular Jail (Kala Pani).

📌 Revolutionary Actions • Delhi

Q.22) The daring Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) involved throwing a bomb at Viceroy Lord Hardinge as he entered the new capital. Who masterminded this assassination attempt?

Ans > Rash Behari Bose

The Symbolic Target: The Delhi Conspiracy Case (also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy) was a meticulously planned operation with massive symbolic weight. In 1911, the British boldly moved the imperial capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The revolutionaries decided to assassinate the Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, during his grand state entry into the new capital to explicitly prove that the British Empire was not invincible and to humiliate them on their biggest stage.
The Mastermind and Execution: The highly complex plot was masterminded by the veteran, elusive revolutionary Rash Behari Bose, heavily assisted by Sachindra Nath Sanyal. On December 23, 1912, as Lord Hardinge rode a highly decorated elephant in a massive ceremonial procession through the crowded streets of Chandni Chowk, a bomb was accurately thrown from an upper balcony. Hardinge was severely injured with shrapnel but narrowly survived; his Indian mahout (driver) was killed instantly.
The Aftermath and Escape: The British launched a massive, unprecedented manhunt. While several of Bose’s close associates (including Basant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, and Awadh Behari) were eventually caught, tried, and hanged, Rash Behari Bose flawlessly evaded the intelligence network. Using incredible disguises, he continued revolutionary work for years before successfully fleeing to Japan in 1915, where he would later play a foundational role in creating the Indian National Army (INA).

📌 International Revolutionaries • London

Q.23) In 1909, an Indian revolutionary assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London to protest British atrocities in India. Who was the assassin?

Ans > Madan Lal Dhingra

Radicalization at India House: Madan Lal Dhingra was an affluent Indian student who traveled to London in 1906 to study mechanical engineering. However, he soon gravitated towards ‘India House’ in Highgate, a highly active hub for Indian revolutionaries abroad, managed by Shyamji Krishna Varma and the fiercely charismatic V.D. Savarkar. Here, Dhingra was deeply radicalized and trained in the ideology of armed resistance.
The Assassination of Curzon Wyllie: To strike terror at the absolute heart of the British Empire and avenge the draconian punishments inflicted on revolutionaries back in India, Dhingra targeted Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, a prominent political aide to the Secretary of State for India. On the evening of July 1, 1909, during a public gathering at the Imperial Institute in London, Dhingra calmly approached Wyllie and shot him dead point-blank, making absolutely no attempt to escape the premises.
Defiant Trial and Execution: Dhingra’s trial made massive international headlines. Refusing to acknowledge the legitimacy of the British court, he delivered a highly defiant, articulate statement. He fiercely justified his actions not as murder, but as a legitimate, patriotic act of war against a foreign occupying force that was bleeding his motherland. He was hanged at Pentonville Prison on August 17, 1909, earning immense admiration from Indian nationalists and even grudging respect from some British politicians.

📌 1920s Revolutionaries • HRA

Q.24) The Kakori Train Robbery (1925) was a meticulously planned operation to seize government funds for revolutionary activities. Which organization executed this plan?

Ans > Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

Formation of the HRA: Following the sudden, deeply frustrating suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi in 1922, many disillusioned youth turned back to armed struggle. In 1924, prominent revolutionaries including Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Sachindra Nath Sanyal convened in Kanpur to formally establish the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). Their official manifesto, *The Revolutionary*, boldly aimed to establish a Federal Republic of the United States of India via an organized, nationwide armed rebellion.
The Need for Funds and the Action: Organizing a massive armed rebellion required immense funds to manufacture bombs and smuggle sophisticated firearms from Europe. Deciding to strictly target government wealth rather than private Indian citizens, the HRA planned a daring heist. On August 9, 1925, heavily armed HRA operatives successfully halted the 8-Down train near Kakori (close to Lucknow) and looted the official railway treasury cash bags, executing the operation with military precision.
The Crackdown and Sensational Trial: The embarrassed British administration launched a massive, ruthless crackdown across northern India, arresting over 40 HRA members and completely crippling the organization’s initial leadership. The ensuing Kakori Conspiracy Case trial was highly sensationalized in the press. Ultimately, four core leaders—Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Roshan Singh—were sentenced to death by hanging, cementing their legacy as immortal martyrs of the freedom struggle.

📌 HSRA Actions • Central Assembly

Q.25) To protest the draconian Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Act, two revolutionaries threw a harmless bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1929. They were Bhagat Singh and whom?

Ans > Batukeshwar Dutt

The Context and Motive: In 1928, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was formed under the leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, adopting a clear socialist ideology. In April 1929, the colonial government bypassed Indian opposition to enact the draconian Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Act, highly repressive laws designed to crush labor unions, arrest suspected communists without trial, and suppress civil liberties.
“To Make the Deaf Hear”: The HSRA decided to stage a massive, highly visible protest. On April 8, 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt entered the visitor’s gallery of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. As the bills were being read, they threw two relatively harmless, low-intensity bombs. They meticulously aimed the bombs at empty spaces between the benches to ensure absolute zero casualties, fulfilling their stated objective to “make the deaf hear” rather than to kill.
Courting Arrest for Propaganda: Unlike previous generations of revolutionaries who immediately fled the scene, Singh and Dutt stood their ground. They threw hundreds of pink leaflets outlining the HSRA’s anti-imperialist, pro-labor ideology and continuously shouted slogans of “Inquilab Zindabad” (Long Live the Revolution) and “Down with Imperialism.” They deliberately courted arrest, brilliantly planning to use the subsequent highly publicized court trials as a massive, nationwide platform to popularize their socialist revolutionary cause.

📌 Revolutionary Actions • Bengal 1930s

Q.26) The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) was a brilliantly executed revolutionary attack in Bengal. Who led this daring raid under the banner of the ‘Indian Republican Army’?

Ans > Surya Sen

The Mastermind, Master Da: The historic Chittagong Armoury Raid was meticulously organized and led by Surya Sen, a mild-mannered, highly respected local school teacher affectionately known as ‘Master Da’. Operating entirely under the banner of the ‘Indian Republican Army (Chittagong Branch)’—inspired by the Irish Republican Army—Sen recruited, trained, and disciplined a massive force of local youth, instilling them with fierce patriotic zeal and strict military discipline.
Execution of the Raid: On the night of April 18, 1930, the revolutionaries launched a brilliant, multi-pronged attack. Splitting into distinct groups, they successfully captured the heavily guarded police and auxiliary forces’ armouries. To completely isolate the coastal town from British reinforcements, they simultaneously cut all telegraph and telephone wires and systematically dismantled sections of the railway line. Surya Sen then proudly hoisted the Indian national flag and declared the formation of a provisional revolutionary government.
The Battle of Jalalabad and Female Participation: A few days later, the revolutionaries fought a pitched, heroic gun battle against massive British military reinforcements on Jalalabad Hill, where several youth were martyred. A highly distinctive feature of Surya Sen’s movement was the massive, frontline participation of women revolutionaries, fundamentally breaking patriarchal norms. Most notably, Pritilata Waddedar led a subsequent armed raid on the Pahartali European Club (martyring herself), while Kalpana Datta was tried and sentenced alongside Surya Sen, who was brutally tortured and hanged in 1934.

📌 Revolutionary Organizations • Maharashtra

Q.27) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’, initially founded as ‘Mitra Mela’ in 1899, was established by whom?

Ans > V.D. Savarkar and Ganesh Savarkar

Origins as Mitra Mela: The revolutionary movement in Maharashtra was fundamentally pioneered by the Savarkar brothers. In 1899, Vinayak Damodar (V.D.) Savarkar and his elder brother Ganesh (Babarao) Savarkar founded a highly secretive organization named ‘Mitra Mela’ in Nasik. Initially, it functioned to organize local youth, promote physical culture, and instill aggressive Hindu nationalism, heavily inspired by the earlier militant legacy of the Chapekar brothers.
Expansion into Abhinav Bharat: In 1904, V.D. Savarkar vastly expanded the scope of the organization, officially renaming it the ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’ (Young India Society). This rebranding was deeply and explicitly inspired by the famous Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini’s “Young Italy” movement. The society strictly aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through organized armed rebellion, and V.D. Savarkar utilized his later time in London to smuggle bomb-making manuals and modern firearms back to members in India.
The Nasik Conspiracy Case: The society engaged heavily in political assassinations. In 1909, after Babarao Savarkar was sentenced to brutal life imprisonment for publishing nationalist poetry, an Abhinav Bharat member, Anant Laxman Kanhere, retaliated by assassinating A.M.T. Jackson, the District Magistrate of Nasik, in a packed theater. This triggered the massive Nasik Conspiracy Case, leading to severe crackdowns, the execution of Kanhere, and the eventual extradition and life imprisonment of V.D. Savarkar in the dreaded Cellular Jail.

📌 International Retribution • London 1940

Q.28) In 1940, to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, General Michael O’Dwyer was assassinated at Caxton Hall in London by which Indian revolutionary?

Ans > Udham Singh

The Vow of Vengeance: Udham Singh, an orphan deeply involved with the militant Ghadar Party, was present at the horrific Jallianwala Bagh massacre on April 13, 1919, and survived the slaughter. He held Sir Michael O’Dwyer—the then Lieutenant Governor of Punjab—primarily and personally responsible for the atrocity, as O’Dwyer had publicly, aggressively endorsed General Dyer’s brutal, unprovoked firing on the trapped, unarmed Indian crowd.
The Decades-Long Pursuit: Driven by an unwavering vow of retribution, Udham Singh dedicated his entire life to seeking justice. He traveled extensively across multiple continents (Africa, USA, Europe) under various aliases, engaging in revolutionary activities, before finally settling in London in the late 1930s, patiently waiting for the perfect opportunity to strike his target.
The Execution at Caxton Hall: The moment arrived exactly 21 years after the massacre. On March 13, 1940, Udham Singh attended a joint meeting of the East India Association and the Central Asian Society at Caxton Hall in London. As the meeting concluded, he approached Michael O’Dwyer and shot him twice point-blank, killing him instantly. He made absolutely no attempt to flee, calmly surrendering to the police. During his trial, he defiantly stated he had crushed the real culprit and fulfilled his life’s duty, and was subsequently hanged at Pentonville Prison on July 31, 1940.

📌 Quit India Movement • Parallel Governments

Q.29) During the Quit India Movement of 1942, a famous parallel government known as the “Prati Sarkar” was established, which functioned successfully for years. Where was it located?

Ans > Satara (Maharashtra)

The Phenomenon of Parallel Governments: When the British entirely decapitated the Congress leadership at the launch of the Quit India Movement in August 1942, the spontaneous, leaderless mass uprisings took highly radical turns. In several districts across India (such as Ballia in UP and Tamluk in Bengal), the local population completely overthrew British authority and established independent, functioning ‘parallel governments’ (Jatiya Sarkars).
The Success of the Satara Prati Sarkar: The ‘Prati Sarkar’ established in the Satara district of Maharashtra was by far the most successful, organized, and longest-lasting of all these parallel governments. Led by highly charismatic grassroots leaders like Nana Patil (known as Krantisinh or Lion of the Revolution), Y.B. Chavan, and Achyutrao Patwardhan, it operated effectively and totally independent of British rule from mid-1943 all the way until 1946.
Civic Administration and Social Reform: The Prati Sarkar was not just a militant rebellion; it was a highly functioning civic administration. It established its own local people’s courts (Nyayadan Mandals) to fairly settle disputes without British judges, organized a disciplined volunteer armed corps (Toofan Sena) for security, promoted village libraries, and aggressively ran highly successful social campaigns against caste discrimination, untouchability, and local alcohol consumption, completely paralyzing British colonial authority in the region.

📌 Quit India Movement • Key Leaders

Q.30) Which prominent nationalist leader, often referred to as the ‘Heroine of the 1942 movement’, famously hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan during the Quit India Movement?

Ans > Aruna Asaf Ali

The Leadership Vacuum: On the historic evening of August 8, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi delivered his famous “Do or Die” speech, and the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India resolution at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay. In a swift, ruthless crackdown code-named “Operation Zero Hour,” the British government arrested Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, and the entire senior Congress Working Committee before dawn on August 9, hoping to crush the movement instantly by removing its head.
The Heroic Act of Defiance: Despite the arrests, a massive, leaderless crowd gathered at the Gowalia Tank Maidan on the morning of August 9. With the senior leadership gone and facing heavy, armed police cordons threatening to open fire, a 33-year-old fiery leader named Aruna Asaf Ali stepped into the void. She fearlessly presided over the remainder of the session, rushed to the podium, and famously hoisted the Indian National Congress tricolor flag, a highly symbolic act that officially ignited the massive nationwide uprising.
The Underground Resistance: Following this heroic act, Aruna Asaf Ali rightfully earned the moniker “Heroine of the 1942 movement.” To avoid imminent arrest, she immediately went underground. Operating from the shadows, she masterfully organized resistance networks, edited the radical Congress mouthpiece *Inquilab* alongside Ram Manohar Lohia, and successfully evaded the massive British intelligence dragnet for years, only emerging after the arrest warrants against her were officially canceled in 1946.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 112

Socio-Religious Reforms: Includes the Brahmo Samaj splits, the Ahmadiyya and Deoband movements, and Parsi reform efforts (Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha).
Pioneers of Press: Raja Rammohan Roy (Mirat-ul-Akbar) and Dadabhai Naoroji (Rast Goftar) laid the early foundations for public opinion.
Education Policies: Macaulay’s 1835 Minute introduced English, while later commissions (Raleigh 1902, Sadler 1917) and Nationalist alternatives (Bengal National College, Wardha Scheme) shaped modern Indian education.
Early Radicalism (Pre-1915): Driven by societies like Anushilan Samiti and Abhinav Bharat; included early martyrs like Khudiram Bose and international actions by Madan Lal Dhingra.
The 1920s-30s Revolutionary Phase: Characterized by organized groups like the HRA/HSRA (Kakori train robbery, Central Assembly Bomb) and Surya Sen’s Chittagong Armoury Raid.
Mass Uprisings (1942): The Quit India movement saw the establishment of parallel governments (Prati Sarkar in Satara) and heroic grassroots leadership (Aruna Asaf Ali).

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Modern History Set 112

Q.1) Following the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj underwent its first major split in 1866. Keshub Chandra Sen formed the ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’, while the original faction was led by Debendranath Tagore under what name?

Q.2) The ‘Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha’ was founded in 1851 to initiate socio-religious reforms within which specific Indian community?

Q.3) The Deoband Movement was established in 1866 in Uttar Pradesh as an orthodox Islamic revivalist movement. Who were its principal founders?

Q.4) Which reform movement was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, aiming to defend Islam through rational arguments and promoting a syncretic approach?

Q.5) The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 before moving its headquarters to India. Who were its original founders?

Q.6) The ‘Social Service League’ was established in Bombay to secure better living and working conditions for the masses. It was founded by which prominent labor leader?

Q.7) The ‘Seva Sadan’, which specialized in taking care of exploited and discarded women of all castes, was founded in 1885 by which Parsi social reformer?

Q.8) The Persian language journal Mirat-ul-Akbar (Mirror of News), which played a crucial role in shaping early public opinion, was founded by whom?

Q.9) The Gujarati fortnightly Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller), launched in 1851 to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote social reform, was started by whom?

Q.10) The Indian Mirror, the first Indian English-language daily newspaper, was founded in 1861 by Devendranath Tagore and which other prominent figure?

Q.11) During the Swadeshi Movement, the ‘Dawn Society’ was established to promote nationalist education and indigenous industries. Who was its founder?

Q.12) The ‘Anti-Circular Society’ was formed in 1905 to protest the infamous Carlyle Circular. Who founded this society?

Q.13) To promote indigenous education during the Swadeshi Movement, the Bengal National College was set up in 1906. Who served as its first principal?

Q.14) In 1835, English was declared the official medium of higher education in India following the acceptance of a famous “Minute” authored by whom?

Q.15) Which commission, appointed in 1902 during Lord Curzon’s tenure, recommended tighter government control over universities, leading to the controversial Indian Universities Act of 1904?

Q.16) Which commission was appointed in 1917 specifically to investigate the problems of Calcutta University, subsequently recommending a 12-year school course followed by a 3-year degree?

Q.17) The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (Nai Talim), which emphasized learning through manual productive work, was formulated in 1937 under the inspiration of whom?

Q.18) The ‘Anushilan Samiti’, a premier revolutionary secret society in Bengal, was founded in Calcutta in 1902 by whom?

Q.19) In 1906, the inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti started a highly influential revolutionary weekly which openly preached armed rebellion. What was its name?

Q.20) The Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1908) involved an attempt to assassinate the unpopular British magistrate Douglas Kingsford. Which two young revolutionaries carried out this attack?

Q.21) Following the Muzaffarpur incident, the British police raided a bomb-making facility, leading to the famous Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908). Who was the primary target of this trial, later brilliantly defended by C.R. Das?

Q.22) The daring Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) involved throwing a bomb at Viceroy Lord Hardinge as he entered the new capital. Who masterminded this assassination attempt?

Q.23) In 1909, an Indian revolutionary assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London to protest British atrocities in India. Who was the assassin?

Q.24) The Kakori Train Robbery (1925) was a meticulously planned operation to seize government funds for revolutionary activities. Which organization executed this plan?

Q.25) To protest the draconian Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Act, two revolutionaries threw a harmless bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1929. They were Bhagat Singh and whom?

Q.26) The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) was a brilliantly executed revolutionary attack in Bengal. Who led this daring raid under the banner of the ‘Indian Republican Army’?

Q.27) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’, initially founded as ‘Mitra Mela’ in 1899, was established by whom?

Q.28) In 1940, to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, General Michael O’Dwyer was assassinated at Caxton Hall in London by which Indian revolutionary?

Q.29) During the Quit India Movement of 1942, a famous parallel government known as the “Prati Sarkar” was established, which functioned successfully for years. Where was it located?

Q.30) Which prominent nationalist leader, often referred to as the ‘Heroine of the 1942 movement’, famously hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan during the Quit India Movement?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 112

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Q.1) Following the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj underwent its first major split in 1866. Keshub Chandra Sen formed the ‘Brahmo Samaj of India’, while the original faction was led by Debendranath Tagore under what name?

Q.2) The ‘Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha’ was founded in 1851 to initiate socio-religious reforms within which specific Indian community?

Q.3) The Deoband Movement was established in 1866 in Uttar Pradesh as an orthodox Islamic revivalist movement. Who were its principal founders?

Q.4) Which reform movement was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, aiming to defend Islam through rational arguments and promoting a syncretic approach?

Q.5) The Theosophical Society was founded in New York in 1875 before moving its headquarters to India. Who were its original founders?

Q.6) The ‘Social Service League’ was established in Bombay to secure better living and working conditions for the masses. It was founded by which prominent labor leader?

Q.7) The ‘Seva Sadan’, which specialized in taking care of exploited and discarded women of all castes, was founded in 1885 by which Parsi social reformer?

Q.8) The Persian language journal Mirat-ul-Akbar (Mirror of News), which played a crucial role in shaping early public opinion, was founded by whom?

Q.9) The Gujarati fortnightly Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller), launched in 1851 to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote social reform, was started by whom?

Q.10) The Indian Mirror, the first Indian English-language daily newspaper, was founded in 1861 by Devendranath Tagore and which other prominent figure?

Q.11) During the Swadeshi Movement, the ‘Dawn Society’ was established to promote nationalist education and indigenous industries. Who was its founder?

Q.12) The ‘Anti-Circular Society’ was formed in 1905 to protest the infamous Carlyle Circular. Who founded this society?

Q.13) To promote indigenous education during the Swadeshi Movement, the Bengal National College was set up in 1906. Who served as its first principal?

Q.14) In 1835, English was declared the official medium of higher education in India following the acceptance of a famous “Minute” authored by whom?

Q.15) Which commission, appointed in 1902 during Lord Curzon’s tenure, recommended tighter government control over universities, leading to the controversial Indian Universities Act of 1904?

Q.16) Which commission was appointed in 1917 specifically to investigate the problems of Calcutta University, subsequently recommending a 12-year school course followed by a 3-year degree?

Q.17) The Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (Nai Talim), which emphasized learning through manual productive work, was formulated in 1937 under the inspiration of whom?

Q.18) The ‘Anushilan Samiti’, a premier revolutionary secret society in Bengal, was founded in Calcutta in 1902 by whom?

Q.19) In 1906, the inner circle of the Anushilan Samiti started a highly influential revolutionary weekly which openly preached armed rebellion. What was its name?

Q.20) The Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1908) involved an attempt to assassinate the unpopular British magistrate Douglas Kingsford. Which two young revolutionaries carried out this attack?

Q.21) Following the Muzaffarpur incident, the British police raided a bomb-making facility, leading to the famous Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908). Who was the primary target of this trial, later brilliantly defended by C.R. Das?

Q.22) The daring Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) involved throwing a bomb at Viceroy Lord Hardinge as he entered the new capital. Who masterminded this assassination attempt?

Q.23) In 1909, an Indian revolutionary assassinated Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London to protest British atrocities in India. Who was the assassin?

Q.24) The Kakori Train Robbery (1925) was a meticulously planned operation to seize government funds for revolutionary activities. Which organization executed this plan?

Q.25) To protest the draconian Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Act, two revolutionaries threw a harmless bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1929. They were Bhagat Singh and whom?

Q.26) The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) was a brilliantly executed revolutionary attack in Bengal. Who led this daring raid under the banner of the ‘Indian Republican Army’?

Q.27) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’, initially founded as ‘Mitra Mela’ in 1899, was established by whom?

Q.28) In 1940, to avenge the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, General Michael O’Dwyer was assassinated at Caxton Hall in London by which Indian revolutionary?

Q.29) During the Quit India Movement of 1942, a famous parallel government known as the “Prati Sarkar” was established, which functioned successfully for years. Where was it located?

Q.30) Which prominent nationalist leader, often referred to as the ‘Heroine of the 1942 movement’, famously hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan during the Quit India Movement?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 112

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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