Polity Set 6 | MROY Class

Polity Set 6 Questions & Answers

The writ of Mandamus cannot be issued against which of the following? – The President of India or the state governors
Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court to either transfer a pending case to itself or to squash the order of the lower court? – Certiorari
Under Article 33, who is empowered to restrict or abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of armed forces? – The Parliament
Article 34 provides for restrictions on fundamental rights while what is in force in any area within the territory of India? – Martial Law
According to Article 35, the power to make laws prescribing punishment for offences under fundamental rights vests only in: – The Parliament
Which Article saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged on the ground of contravention of fundamental rights? – Article 31B
In the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that laws placed under the Ninth Schedule are open to challenge if they violate the basic structure and were placed after which date? – April 24, 1973
Article 31C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act, protects laws giving effect to the socialistic directive principles specified in: – Article 39 (b) or (c)
The framers of the Constitution borrowed the idea of Directive Principles of State Policy from the Constitution of which country? – Ireland
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted that the Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in which document? – Government of India Act of 1935
Which of the following statements about Directive Principles of State Policy is true? – They are non-justiciable, but fundamental in the governance of the country.
Which of the following is a Gandhian Directive Principle? – To organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers (Article 40)
Article 44 directs the State to secure for all citizens a: – Uniform civil code
Which Directive Principle directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life? – Article 48 A
The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added which Directive Principle to the original list? – To minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities (Article 38)
Which constitutional expert called the Directive Principles a “manifesto of aims and aspirations”? – K.C. Wheare
Who dubbed the Directive Principles as ‘pious superfluities’ and compared them with ‘a cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit’? – K.T. Shah
In the Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), the Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles: – The Fundamental Rights would prevail.
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles? – Minerva Mills case (1980)
Which body was established in 1950 to take up the development of the country in a planned manner, aiming at securing socio-economic justice? – Planning Commission
The Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a nation-wide network to provide free and competent legal aid to the poor and to organise which statutory forum? – Lok Adalat
Article 335 (outside Part IV) requires that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration consistently with the maintenance of: – Efficiency of administration
According to Article 350-A, it shall be the endeavour of every state and local authority to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at which stage of education? – Primary stage
Article 351 makes it the duty of the Union to promote the spread and development of which language? – Hindi language
Which amendment conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes and inserted a new Article 338-B? – 102nd Amendment Act of 2018
The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 bifurcated the combined National Commission into two separate bodies for: – Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Who described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’? – Granville Austin
Sir Ivor Jennings criticized the Directive Principles stating they are based on the political philosophy of the 19th century England and expressed “Fabian Socialism without the socialism”. True or False? – True
The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) implemented which Directive Principle by taking judicial powers away from executive authorities like the collector and tehsildar? – Article 50 (Separation of judiciary from the executive)
Which constitutional amendment act abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right? – 44th Amendment Act (1978)

MROY Class

Polity Set 6

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📌 Fundamental Rights • Writs

Q.1) The writ of Mandamus cannot be issued against which of the following?

Ans > The President of India or the state governors

Constitutional Immunity: Under Article 361 of the Indian Constitution, the President and the State Governors enjoy absolute immunity from legal proceedings. They are not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of their respective offices.
No Criminal Proceedings: Furthermore, no criminal proceedings whatsoever can be instituted or continued against the President or the Governor in any court during their term of office, and no process for their arrest or imprisonment can be issued by any court.
Civil Proceedings Context: Civil proceedings regarding their personal acts require a strict two-month prior written notice before they can be initiated.
Nature of Mandamus: Mandamus translates to “we command.” It is a judicial command issued to a public official directing them to perform their official duties. Because the President and Governors are shielded by Article 361 to ensure the independent and dignified functioning of the executive head, the courts cannot issue a writ of mandamus to force them to act or restrain them from acting in a particular manner.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Writs

Q.2) Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court to either transfer a pending case to itself or to squash the order of the lower court?

Ans > Certiorari

Meaning and Purpose: Certiorari literally translates to “to be certified” or “to be informed”. It operates as a corrective writ, distinguishing it from the writ of Prohibition, which is strictly preventive in nature.
Grounds for Issuance: This writ is issued by a higher judicial body (like the Supreme Court or a High Court) to a lower court, tribunal, or quasi-judicial authority. It is issued precisely on the grounds of excess of jurisdiction, utter lack of jurisdiction, or a clear error of law apparent on the face of the official record.
Evolution in Indian Jurisprudence: Initially, the writ of Certiorari could only be issued against judicial and quasi-judicial authorities. However, in a landmark 1991 ruling, the Supreme Court radically expanded its scope, ruling that certiorari can also be issued against purely administrative authorities if their decisions unlawfully affect the rights of individuals.
Strict Limitations: Despite its broad scope, Certiorari cannot be issued against legislative bodies or private individuals or bodies. Its main objective remains firmly to keep inferior courts and tribunals within their legal limits of authority and to ensure justice is not derailed by blatant procedural or jurisdictional errors.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Exceptions

Q.3) Under Article 33, who is empowered to restrict or abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of armed forces?

Ans > The Parliament

Parliament’s Exclusive Power: Article 33 of the Constitution explicitly and exclusively grants the Parliament (and strictly denies it to state legislatures) the power to restrict, modify, or completely abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of the armed forces, paramilitary forces, police forces, intelligence agencies, and analogous organizations.
Primary Objective: The constitutional objective behind this restriction is not to oppress these personnel, but rather to ensure the proper, uninterrupted discharge of their critical national duties and the maintenance of absolute, strict discipline among them, which is non-negotiable for national security.
Legislative Enactments: Exercising this unique constitutional provision, the Parliament has enacted several strict laws, including the Army Act (1950), the Navy Act (1950), the Air Force Act (1950), and the Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act (1966).
Scope of Restrictions: These specialized military and police laws can legally restrict fundamental liberties such as the freedom of speech, the right to form associations, the right to be members of trade unions or political organizations, the right to communicate freely with the press, and the right to attend public meetings or political demonstrations. Crucially, any law made under Article 33 cannot be challenged in any court on the ground that it contravenes any fundamental right.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Martial Law

Q.4) Article 34 provides for restrictions on fundamental rights while what is in force in any area within the territory of India?

Ans > Martial Law

Concept of Martial Law: Article 34 deliberately imposes severe restrictions on fundamental rights while martial law is in force in any specific area within the territory of India. This concept has been borrowed directly from English common law. Notably, the Indian Constitution does not actually define the term ‘martial law’, but it is universally understood to mean ‘military rule’ during times of severe crisis.
Power of Indemnification: This article uniquely empowers the Parliament to indemnify (protect from legal consequences) any government servant, military officer, or any other person for any act done by them in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in an area where martial law was actively in force.
Validation of Extrajudicial Acts: Furthermore, the Parliament possesses the constitutional authority to validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture of property ordered, or other extraordinary acts carried out under the umbrella of martial law in such distressed areas.
Distinct from National Emergency: It is crucial to understand that Martial law is fundamentally different from a National Emergency (Article 352). Martial law affects only Fundamental Rights, suspends ordinary law courts, and is imposed in specific geographical areas due to a total breakdown of law and order. In contrast, a National Emergency affects Centre-state relations, alters the distribution of revenues, and can be imposed on the entire country for systemic reasons of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Article 35

Q.5) According to Article 35, the power to make laws prescribing punishment for offences under fundamental rights vests only in:

Ans > The Parliament

Exclusive Domain of Parliament: Article 35 lays down a highly specific rule that the power to make laws to give effect to certain specified fundamental rights vests strictly and exclusively in the Parliament of India, and is expressly denied to the state legislatures.
Ensuring National Uniformity: This provision is absolutely critical because it ensures that there is total legal uniformity throughout the territory of India regarding the nature of fundamental rights and the severity of punishments for their infringement. A fragmented approach by different states would weaken the constitutional guarantees.
Specific Areas of Legislation: Under this article, Parliament has exclusive power to make laws prescribing residence as a condition for certain types of employment (Article 16), empowering lower courts other than the Supreme Court and High Courts to issue writs (Article 32), restricting fundamental rights of armed forces (Article 33), and indemnifying public servants during martial law (Article 34).
Prescribing Punishments: Most importantly, Parliament alone has the authority to prescribe criminal punishments for acts that are categorized as offences under the Fundamental Rights chapter, specifically practices such as untouchability (Article 17) and trafficking in human beings and forced labor (Article 23). The Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955) is a prime example of Parliament exercising this exclusive power.

📌 Ninth Schedule • Fundamental Rights

Q.6) Which Article saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged on the ground of contravention of fundamental rights?

Ans > Article 31B

The First Amendment Genesis: Article 31B, alongside the controversial Ninth Schedule, was added to the Constitution by the very first Constitutional Amendment Act in 1951. Its primary initial purpose was to aggressively protect progressive land reform and agrarian reform laws from being stalled by judicial scrutiny regarding property rights.
The Constitutional Shield: The article acts as a formidable legal shield. It explicitly saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged and invalidated by any court on the ground that they contravene or abridge any of the fundamental rights guaranteed in Part III.
Retrospective Validation: A unique feature of Article 31B is its retrospective effect. If a legislative act is declared void by a competent court because it violates fundamental rights, and is subsequently placed in the Ninth Schedule by Parliament, it is considered legally valid retrospectively, effectively overriding the judicial pronouncement.
Evolution and Misuse: Though originally intended by Nehru’s government to protect only laws relating to socio-economic agrarian reforms, over the decades, the Ninth Schedule was increasingly used by various state and central governments as a ‘safe harbor’ to protect various other politically sensitive types of laws (like expanding reservation policies beyond 50%) from judicial review, eventually forcing the Supreme Court to intervene.

📌 Supreme Court • Judicial Review

Q.7) In the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that laws placed under the Ninth Schedule are open to challenge if they violate the basic structure and were placed after which date?

Ans > April 24, 1973

The Landmark Judgment: The I.R. Coelho vs. State of Tamil Nadu (2007) case resulted in a monumental judgment delivered by a 9-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court. This ruling finally settled the decades-old controversy surrounding the constitutional validity of the Ninth Schedule and its complex relationship with the power of judicial review.
Ending Blanket Immunity: The Supreme Court ruled unanimously and firmly that there is absolutely no blanket, unconditional immunity from judicial review for laws inserted into the Ninth Schedule. The court reaffirmed that judicial review is an integral, unalterable part of the “Basic Structure” of the Constitution and cannot be destroyed by any parliamentary amendment.
The Significance of April 24, 1973: The Court specifically set April 24, 1973, as the decisive cut-off date. This is not a random date; it is the exact day the historic Kesavananda Bharati judgment was delivered, which formally established the Basic Structure doctrine in Indian constitutional law.
The Twin Test for Validation: The court established a new test: Laws placed in the Ninth Schedule on or after April 24, 1973, are open to challenge if they violate the Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21, AND if this specific violation simultaneously damages the basic structure of the Constitution. Laws placed before this cut-off date remain fully protected.

📌 Directive Principles • DPSP

Q.8) Article 31C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act, protects laws giving effect to the socialistic directive principles specified in:

Ans > Article 39 (b) or (c)

Insertion by the 25th Amendment: Article 31C was strategically inserted into the Constitution by the 25th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1971. It represented a highly significant step in the ongoing, fierce tussle between Parliament’s desire to forcefully implement socialistic economic policies and the judiciary’s strict protection of fundamental rights regarding property and business.
Protecting Core Socialistic Goals: The primary provision of Article 31C states that no law which specifically seeks to implement the socialistic Directive Principles outlined in Article 39(b) [ensuring equitable distribution of the material resources of the community] and Article 39(c) [preventing the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment] shall be declared void on the ground that it contravenes the fundamental rights conferred by Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (fundamental freedoms).
The Attempted 42nd Amendment Expansion: Later, during the Emergency, the 42nd Amendment (1976) attempted to massively widen the scope of Article 31C to cover *all* Directive Principles in Part IV, not just the socialistic goals of 39(b) and (c), effectively trying to make all DPSPs superior to FRs.
The Minerva Mills Correction: However, in the landmark Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court struck down this massive, unchecked expansion as unconstitutional, restoring Article 31C to its original, limited state. Thus, in modern constitutional law, only laws giving effect specifically to Articles 39(b) and (c) have legal precedence over Articles 14 and 19.

📌 Constitution Sources • DPSP

Q.9) The framers of the Constitution borrowed the idea of Directive Principles of State Policy from the Constitution of which country?

Ans > Ireland

Borrowing from Global Best Practices: The framers of the Indian Constitution, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and B.N. Rau, extensively studied various global constitutions to adopt administrative and philosophical best practices suited for India. The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), enshrined in Part IV, was directly borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937.
Tracing to Spanish Roots: Interestingly, the Irish themselves did not invent this constitutional mechanism; they had copied the concept of “Directive Principles of Social Policy” from the republican Constitution of Spain.
Why India Needed DPSPs: The idea strongly appealed to the Indian framers because they urgently needed a constitutional framework to guide the massive socio-economic development of the newly independent, deeply impoverished nation. However, they knew they could not immediately burden the nascent state with legally enforceable economic rights (like the right to work) due to a severe lack of financial resources. DPSPs offered the perfect middle ground.
An Instrument of Positive Action: Unlike Fundamental Rights, which generally function as negative injunctions on the state (dictating what the state *cannot* do to a citizen), the DPSPs derived from the Irish model act as positive obligations (dictating what the state *should* do). They are the constitutional instructions designed to transform India from a mere police state into a robust welfare state.

📌 Historical Background • DPSP

Q.10) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted that the Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in which document?

Ans > Government of India Act of 1935

Dr. Ambedkar’s Clarification: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar explicitly noted in the Constituent Assembly debates that the Directive Principles are essentially structurally identical to the ‘Instrument of Instructions’. These were formal, written instructions that were issued by the British Government to the Governor-General and the Governors of the provinces under the massive Government of India Act of 1935.
The Difference in Audience: Ambedkar clarified that the core difference lies not in the nature of the instructions, but in the audience. While the 1935 Act’s instructions were directed by the British imperial government to its executive agents in colonial India, the DPSPs are sovereign instructions issued by the Constitution itself directly to the modern Indian State (encompassing both the legislature and the executive).
A Blueprint for Governance: Just as the colonial Instrument of Instructions provided a strict framework for how the British executives were expected to govern and administer their vast territories, the DPSPs provide a comprehensive socio-economic and political manifesto for the independent Indian state to follow, ensuring governance is directed toward public welfare.
Moral and Political Force: Although neither the old colonial Instrument of Instructions nor the modern democratic DPSPs are strictly enforceable in a court of law, they carry immense moral, ethical, and political force. They serve as a constant constitutional benchmark against which the performance of any government in power can be rigorously evaluated by the citizens during elections.

📌 Features of DPSP

Q.11) Which of the following statements about Directive Principles of State Policy is true?

Ans > They are non-justiciable, but fundamental in the governance of the country.

The Declaration of Article 37: The true constitutional nature of the Directive Principles is explicitly and unequivocally laid down in Article 37 of the Constitution. It contains two crucial, seemingly contradictory, but highly complementary provisions regarding how the DPSPs should be treated.
The Reality of Non-Justiciability: First, it declares that the provisions contained in Part IV (DPSPs) shall not be enforceable by any court of law. This means a citizen cannot approach the Supreme Court or High Courts to legally compel the government to implement a specific directive principle (for instance, you cannot sue the state for failing to provide a uniform civil code or a universal living wage).
Fundamental in Governance: Second, despite being legally non-justiciable, Article 37 categorically states that these principles are nevertheless “fundamental in the governance of the country.” They are not mere suggestions; they represent the absolute core philosophy and the ultimate aims of the Indian welfare state.
The Duty of the State: The article concludes by making it the moral and political duty of the State to apply these principles diligently in making laws and formulating policies. They serve as a constant reminder to those in power that their ultimate objective is to secure profound social, economic, and political justice for all citizens, exactly as promised in the Preamble.

📌 Classification of DPSP

Q.12) Which of the following is a Gandhian Directive Principle?

Ans > To organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers (Article 40)

Ideological Classification: Although the Indian Constitution itself does not formally classify the Directive Principles into distinct categories, constitutional scholars universally group them into three broad ideological categories for better understanding: Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-Intellectual.
The Core of Gandhian Philosophy: The Gandhian principles are directly based on the distinct ideology and the comprehensive socio-economic reconstruction program championed by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian national movement. They represent his vision for an independent, decentralized, and self-reliant India firmly rooted in its rural villages rather than urban centers.
Article 40 (Village Panchayats): The most prominent and debated example of this category is Article 40, which strongly directs the State to take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be absolutely necessary to enable them to function as highly autonomous units of self-government. Gandhi strongly believed in the concept of ‘Gram Swaraj’ (total village self-rule).
Other Key Gandhian Directives: Other vital Gandhian directives enshrined in the Constitution include Article 43 (promoting cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in rural areas), Article 46 (promoting the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections to protect them from social injustice), Article 47 (prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health), and Article 48 (prohibiting the slaughter of cows, calves, and other milch and draught cattle).

📌 Liberal-Intellectual DPSP

Q.13) Article 44 directs the State to secure for all citizens a:

Ans > Uniform civil code

The Liberal-Intellectual Category: This specific category of Directive Principles represents the ideology of modern liberalism. These directives primarily focus on modernization, the creation of uniform national laws, the promotion of scientific temperament, and the pursuit of international peace and security.
The Mandate of Article 44: Article 44 specifically directs the State to endeavor to secure for all citizens a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) throughout the territory of India. Due to its intersection with religion and personal identity, this is arguably one of the most fiercely debated and discussed articles in modern Indian legal and political discourse.
Replacing Diverse Personal Laws: The fundamental objective of a UCC is to eventually replace the highly diverse and often conflicting personal laws based on the ancient scriptures, customs, and traditions of each major religious community in India (Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Parsi). A UCC would establish a common, secular set of laws governing personal matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, maintenance, and adoption for all citizens, irrespective of their faith.
National Integration vs. Pluralism: The constitutional framers deliberately included this as a non-justiciable DPSP rather than an enforceable Fundamental Right. They realized that achieving true consensus in a highly diverse, traditional, and newly partitioned nation would take considerable time and required a gradual evolution of society. The ultimate goal is to foster deep national integration and secularism while carefully navigating the incredibly complex realities of India’s multi-religious society.

📌 DPSP • Amendments

Q.14) Which Directive Principle directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life?

Ans > Article 48 A

The 42nd Amendment Act (1976): Often referred to as the “Mini-Constitution” due to its incredibly sweeping and controversial changes, the 42nd Amendment Act added four entirely new Directive Principles to the original list in Part IV. This addition reflected the government’s growing awareness of modern, systemic challenges that weren’t fully anticipated in 1950.
The Environmental Imperative: Among these crucial additions was Article 48A, which placed a direct, explicit constitutional obligation on the State to “protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.” This elevated environmental protection from a mere policy goal to a constitutional directive.
Context of the Addition: This significant addition in 1976 was heavily influenced by the rapidly growing global environmental movement and, more specifically, the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (commonly known as the Stockholm Conference). India, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, played a highly prominent and vocal role at this conference, necessitating domestic constitutional alignment.
The Twin Approach to Conservation: To complement this heavy duty placed upon the state, the exact same 42nd Amendment also added Article 51A(g) under the newly created section of Fundamental Duties. This article makes it the personal duty of every individual citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have genuine compassion for living creatures.

📌 Amendments • DPSP

Q.15) The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added which Directive Principle to the original list?

Ans > To minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities (Article 38)

The 44th Amendment Act (1978): Enacted by the Morarji Desai-led Janata Party government, the 44th Amendment was primarily designed to systematically reverse some of the most authoritarian and controversial changes made during the Emergency period by the 42nd Amendment. However, it also made its own significant, positive additions to the Constitution, particularly regarding social justice.
Addressing Systemic Inequality: It added a crucial new clause to Article 38 (specifically renumbered as Article 38(2)), legally requiring the State to proactively strive to minimize massive inequalities in income among its citizens.
Beyond Just Financial Income: The amendment was highly progressive because it went far beyond addressing just financial disparity. It explicitly directed the state to endeavor to aggressively eliminate deep-rooted inequalities in social “status, facilities, and opportunities.”
Targeting Group Inequality: Importantly, this powerful directive is not just applicable to disparities amongst individuals. It explicitly directs the state to eliminate inequalities amongst “groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.” This crucial phrasing provides the unshakeable constitutional backing for targeted affirmative action, regional development programs, and welfare schemes aimed at uplifting historically marginalized or geographically isolated communities.

📌 Quotes & Criticism • DPSP

Q.16) Which constitutional expert called the Directive Principles a “manifesto of aims and aspirations”?

Ans > K.C. Wheare

K.C. Wheare’s Assessment: Kenneth Clinton Wheare, a prominent Australian academic and an internationally recognized expert on federal constitutions, provided a highly nuanced and positive assessment of the Indian Constitution’s Directive Principles. He famously termed them a grand “manifesto of aims and aspirations.”
A Comprehensive Ideological Blueprint: By this phrase, Wheare meant that Part IV serves as a highly comprehensive, long-term ideological blueprint for the newly independent nation. It clearly outlines the ultimate socio-economic goals that the Indian state must continuously strive to achieve, regardless of which political party holds power at the Centre or in the States.
Serving as a Moral Compass: While many critics viewed the non-justiciability of DPSPs as a critical weakness that rendered them toothless, experts like Wheare saw their immense value in setting a moral and political compass. They establish a definitive yardstick by which the performance of successive governments can be rigorously judged by the electorate every five years.
The Scope of the Goals: The “aims and aspirations” referred to by Wheare encompass an incredibly wide spectrum of goals. These range from securing a living wage, ensuring robust public health, and providing free legal aid, to organizing village panchayats and promoting international peace, which collectively define the contours of a modern, egalitarian welfare state.

📌 Quotes & Criticism • DPSP

Q.17) Who dubbed the Directive Principles as ‘pious superfluities’ and compared them with ‘a cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit’?

Ans > K.T. Shah

Constituent Assembly Debates: During the rigorous, multi-year debates in the Constituent Assembly, the non-justiciable nature of the Directive Principles was heavily and passionately contested. Prof. K.T. Shah, a prominent economist and assembly member, emerged as one of their most vocal and articulate critics.
The “Pious Superfluities” Critique: Shah famously dismissed the DPSPs as mere “pious superfluities”—well-intentioned, holy-sounding, but essentially useless declarations. He argued strongly that without the backing of legal enforcement and judicial penalty, these grand promises held little real, tangible value for the common, impoverished citizen.
The Famous Bank Cheque Analogy: To perfectly illustrate his point, Shah vividly compared the Directive Principles to “a cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit.” This analogy perfectly captured the grim reality that the state could endlessly delay implementing these vital socio-economic rights by simply citing a lack of financial resources or political will.
The Realist Perspective: Shah’s sharp criticism stemmed from a deep realist perspective. He feared that future governments would systematically use the non-enforceability clause (Article 37) as a perpetual, convenient excuse for inaction on critical survival issues like securing a living wage or providing universal education, thereby rendering the Constitution’s most beautiful promises completely hollow.

📌 Judicial Review • FR vs DPSP

Q.18) In the Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), the Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles:

Ans > The Fundamental Rights would prevail.

The First Major Constitutional Conflict: The State of Madras v. Smt. Champakam Dorairajan (1951) was the very first major Supreme Court case that dealt with a direct, unavoidable conflict between the legally justiciable Fundamental Rights and the non-justiciable Directive Principles of State Policy.
The Issue at Hand: The case challenged the Madras government’s highly controversial ‘Communal G.O.’, which provided caste-based reservation in state medical and engineering colleges. The state defended its action by citing the DPSP under Article 46 (which directs the state to promote the educational interests of weaker sections). The petitioner argued it blatantly violated the Fundamental Right to equality (Article 15(1) and 29(2)).
The Supreme Court’s Ruling: The Supreme Court struck down the Communal G.O., ruling unequivocally that in any case of direct conflict between the two, the Fundamental Rights would absolutely prevail. The Court established the doctrine that Directive Principles must “conform to and run as subsidiary to the Chapter of Fundamental Rights.”
Constitutional Aftermath and the First Amendment: The Court reasoned strictly that since FRs are expressly made enforceable by the Constitution (Article 32), they cannot be overridden by non-justiciable DPSPs. This strict, literal interpretation frustrated the government’s social justice agenda, directly prompting Prime Minister Nehru to pass the First Amendment to the Constitution in 1951, which added Article 15(4) to explicitly allow special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, effectively overturning the judicial obstacle.

📌 Basic Structure • FR vs DPSP

Q.19) In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles?

Ans > Minerva Mills case (1980)

The Pinnacle of the Constitutional Debate: The Minerva Mills Ltd. vs. Union of India (1980) judgment is widely considered the final, most authoritative settlement on the complex, decades-long legal relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.
Striking down the 42nd Amendment’s Overreach: In this landmark case, the Supreme Court struck down a highly controversial provision of the 42nd Amendment Act (1976) that had attempted to grant absolute legal primacy to *all* Directive Principles over the Fundamental Rights enshrined in Articles 14 and 19, which would have practically destroyed individual liberties in the name of state welfare.
The ‘Bedrock’ Analogy: The Court beautifully and firmly articulated that “the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between Parts III (Fundamental Rights) and IV (Directive Principles).” To give absolute primacy to one over the other is to permanently disturb the harmony of the Constitution, which is an essential feature of its Basic Structure.
The Wheels of a Chariot: The judgment emphasized that FRs and DPSPs are not antagonistic but intrinsically complementary. They are like two wheels of a chariot, and one cannot exist without the other. While DPSPs lay down the socio-economic goals of a welfare state, FRs provide the essential civil and political liberties required to achieve those exact goals democratically. Therefore, a harmonious construction is the constitutional mandate.

📌 Implementation of DPSP

Q.20) Which body was established in 1950 to take up the development of the country in a planned manner, aiming at securing socio-economic justice?

Ans > Planning Commission

The Urgent Need for Planning: To translate the grand socio-economic vision of the Directive Principles into tangible reality, the nascent Indian state desperately required a highly structured, centralized approach to resource allocation and heavy economic development. Free markets were deemed insufficient for a deeply impoverished nation.
Establishment in 1950: Recognizing this critical need, the Government of India established the Planning Commission in March 1950 through a simple executive resolution of the Cabinet. It was a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body designed to aggressively orchestrate the country’s economic trajectory.
Securing Socio-Economic Justice: The primary mandate of the Planning Commission was inextricably linked to the DPSPs. It was explicitly tasked with taking up the development of the country in a planned manner to secure socio-economic justice, minimize inequalities in income, and ensure the equitable distribution of material resources (directly addressing the goals of Articles 38 and 39).
The Era of Five-Year Plans: For over six decades, the Planning Commission formulated the massive Five-Year Plans, which were the primary instruments used by the government to implement various directives, ranging from agricultural reform and heavy industrialization to universal education and healthcare. It was ultimately replaced by the NITI Aayog in 2015, marking a major philosophical shift towards cooperative federalism and bottom-up planning.

📌 Implementation of DPSP

Q.21) The Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a nation-wide network to provide free and competent legal aid to the poor and to organise which statutory forum?

Ans > Lok Adalat

Realizing Article 39A: The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) inserted Article 39A, which directs the State to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and to specifically provide free legal aid to ensure that economic or other disabilities do not deny justice to any citizen.
Legal Services Authorities Act 1987: To give strong, statutory backing to this crucial directive principle, the Parliament enacted the Legal Services Authorities Act in 1987. This landmark legislation established a nationwide, highly structured network to dispense legal aid at the national, state, and district levels.
The Birth of Lok Adalats: One of the most significant and visible outcomes of this Act was the statutory institutionalization of ‘Lok Adalats’ (People’s Courts). Lok Adalats serve as a powerful alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanism.
Accessible and Swift Justice: Lok Adalats hear pending cases and disputes at the pre-litigation stage, aiming for rapid, amicable settlements between parties. They are absolutely crucial for implementing Article 39A because they provide swift, cost-free, and highly accessible justice to the poor and marginalized, significantly alleviating the massive backlog burden on the regular judicial system.

📌 Directives outside Part IV

Q.22) Article 335 (outside Part IV) requires that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration consistently with the maintenance of:

Ans > Efficiency of administration

Not all Directives are in Part IV: While Part IV of the Constitution is formally titled “Directive Principles of State Policy,” it is a common constitutional misconception that all directives are confined to this single part. Several crucial directives guiding state action are strategically scattered in other parts of the Constitution.
Article 335 (Part XVI): Article 335 specifically deals with the claims of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) to public services and posts. It acts as a powerful constitutional directive to the state regarding affirmative action in public employment.
The Mandate for Representation: The article mandates that the historical claims of the members of the SCs and STs shall definitely be taken into consideration when making appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or a State.
The Crucial Balancing Act: However, this directive comes with a critical, explicitly stated caveat: these claims for representation must be considered “consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration.” This demonstrates the Constitution’s pragmatic attempt to balance vital social justice and representation with the operational necessity of maintaining a competent, functioning bureaucracy. The Supreme Court often relies on this phrase when examining the limits of reservation policies in promotions.

📌 Directives outside Part IV

Q.23) According to Article 350-A, it shall be the endeavour of every state and local authority to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at which stage of education?

Ans > Primary stage

Protecting Linguistic Minorities: Article 350-A is another vital directive located entirely outside Part IV, found specifically in Part XVII (Official Language). It was inserted by the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1956, directly acting upon the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission.
Primary Education in Mother Tongue: This article issues a clear, unambiguous directive to every State government and every local authority within the State. It mandates them to endeavor to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue specifically at the primary stage of education.
The Target Audience: This provision is specifically targeted at children belonging to linguistic minority groups. In a massively linguistically diverse nation like India, where states were reorganized largely on linguistic lines (often leaving significant minorities in border areas), this directive is crucial to prevent the cultural alienation and educational disadvantage of minority language speakers.
Presidential Intervention Power: To ensure strict compliance and protect minority rights, Article 350-A also uniquely empowers the President of India to issue such directions to any State as they consider necessary or proper for securing the provision of these educational facilities, making it a highly actionable directive under specific circumstances.

📌 Directives outside Part IV

Q.24) Article 351 makes it the duty of the Union to promote the spread and development of which language?

Ans > Hindi language

The Language Directive: Article 351 is the final article in Part XVII (Official Language) and serves as a highly significant cultural and linguistic directive aimed specifically at the Union government.
Promoting Hindi: It explicitly makes it the constitutional duty of the Union to promote the rapid spread of the Hindi language and to constantly develop it. The constitutional framers envisioned Hindi eventually evolving beyond a regional northern language into a truly acceptable national medium of communication.
A Composite Culture Medium: The core objective stated in Article 351 is that Hindi should serve as a medium of expression for “all the elements of the composite culture of India.” This implies that the development of Hindi should be deeply inclusive, representing the diversity of the nation, rather than being exclusionary or overly purist.
Assimilation and Vocabulary: The directive specifically instructs that Hindi should secure its enrichment by naturally assimilating the forms, style, and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (like Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Urdu, etc.), and by drawing its vocabulary primarily from Sanskrit and secondarily from other languages, ensuring it remains dynamic and widely understood.

📌 Constitutional Bodies

Q.25) Which amendment conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes and inserted a new Article 338-B?

Ans > 102nd Amendment Act of 2018

From Statutory to Constitutional: For decades, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) operated merely as a statutory body. It was established under a standard Act of Parliament in 1993, created in the direct aftermath of the monumental Mandal Commission case (Indra Sawhney case) to address OBC inclusion and exclusion.
The 102nd Amendment Act (2018): This landmark constitutional amendment fundamentally elevated the legal and administrative status of the NCBC. It granted the commission a formal constitutional status, finally placing it on equal footing and par with the older National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST).
Insertion of Article 338-B: The amendment achieved this structural upgrade by inserting a brand new Article 338-B into the Constitution. This new article meticulously details the composition, mandate, and broad functions of the newly empowered NCBC.
Empowerment and Judicial Authority: This constitutional upgrade gave the NCBC the sweeping powers of a civil court to independently investigate and monitor all matters relating to the constitutional and legal safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs). It also strictly mandates both the Union and State governments to formally consult the NCBC on all major policy matters affecting the SEBCs.

📌 Constitutional Bodies

Q.26) The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 bifurcated the combined National Commission into two separate bodies for:

Ans > Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

The Original Combined Body: Originally, Article 338 of the Constitution provided for the appointment of a single Special Officer for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Later, through amendments, a multi-member, combined “National Commission for SCs and STs” was established to oversee the welfare of both groups simultaneously.
The Need for Administrative Separation: Over time, it was strongly felt by policymakers and activists that a single commission was unable to do justice to the distinctly different geographical, cultural, and socio-economic challenges faced by SCs (who largely face untouchability in mixed settlements) and STs (who largely face geographical isolation and land alienation), requiring highly specialized, dedicated focus for each group.
The 89th Amendment Act (2003): To forcefully address this administrative bottleneck, the 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 was enacted. It fundamentally restructured the institutional framework for marginalized welfare by bifurcating the combined commission into two completely separate entities.
Creation of Articles 338 and 338-A: The amendment left the newly separated National Commission for Scheduled Castes under the existing Article 338. Simultaneously, it inserted a new Article 338-A to establish a brand new, dedicated National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, ensuring that the unique problems of tribal communities receive undivided, focused attention at the highest constitutional level.

📌 Quotes & Criticism

Q.27) Who described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’?

Ans > Granville Austin

Granville Austin’s Legacy: Granville Austin was a highly respected American historian and a globally recognized authority on the Indian Constitution. His seminal, award-winning work, “The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation,” provides profound, unparalleled insights into the framing and philosophy of India’s foundational document.
The “Conscience” Formulation: Austin famously described both the Fundamental Rights (Part III) and the Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) together as the “Conscience of the Constitution.”
The Core Philosophical Foundation: By this powerful phrase, he meant that these two parts perfectly encapsulate the very essence, the moral compass, and the core philosophical foundation of the independent Indian republic. They represent the solemn promises made by the leaders of the freedom struggle to the deeply impoverished people of India.
A Unified Vision for Justice: Austin saw that while Fundamental Rights provide the crucial political liberties necessary for a functioning democracy (freedom of speech, equality before the law), the Directive Principles lay out the required socio-economic roadmap necessary to make that democracy actually meaningful for the poor and marginalized. Together, they form a unified, indivisible vision for a just and equitable society.

📌 Quotes & Criticism

Q.28) Sir Ivor Jennings criticized the Directive Principles stating they are based on the political philosophy of the 19th century England and expressed “Fabian Socialism without the socialism”. True or False?

Ans > True

Sir Ivor Jennings’ Perspective: Sir W. Ivor Jennings was a highly prominent British constitutional expert and academic whose views on the newly drafted Indian Constitution were often highly critical, viewing it through a distinctly Western, rigid, mid-20th-century legalistic lens.
The “19th Century” Critique: Jennings argued heavily that the Directive Principles were deeply flawed because they were firmly anchored in the outdated political and economic philosophy of 19th-century England, rather than being flexible enough to adapt to future, unforeseen modern challenges.
Fabian Socialism without Socialism: He famously summarized the DPSPs by stating they represented “Fabian Socialism without the socialism.” Fabianism was a British socialist movement advancing democratic, gradualist, and reformist principles rather than revolutionary Marxist ones. Jennings felt the Indian directives adopted the rhetoric of this gradual state intervention but lacked the rigorous economic framework of true socialism.
Fears of Constitutional Obsolescence: Jennings’ primary concern was that by hardcoding specific socio-economic policies into the Constitution (like organizing village panchayats or specific economic models), the document would become a historical relic, obsolete as economic theories and national realities evolved rapidly in the 21st century. Time, however, has largely proven his fears wrong as DPSPs have guided the nation effectively.

📌 Implementation of DPSP

Q.29) The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) implemented which Directive Principle by taking judicial powers away from executive authorities like the collector and tehsildar?

Ans > Article 50 (Separation of judiciary from the executive)

The Mandate of Article 50: Article 50 of the Directive Principles contains a crucial mandate for ensuring the absolute integrity of the justice system: “The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.”
The Colonial Administrative Legacy: During British rule, executive officials, such as District Collectors and Tehsildars, wielded immense, often unchecked power because they functioned as both executive administrators and judicial magistrates. They could arrest individuals for protesting and then personally preside over their criminal trials, violating the fundamental principle of natural justice.
The Criminal Procedure Code (1973): The Indian government took a monumental step to implement Article 50 nationwide by enacting the completely revised Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) in 1973, overhauling the colonial-era criminal justice system.
Achieving True Separation: The 1973 CrPC strictly separated the roles. It definitively stripped executive magistrates (like Collectors, Sub-Divisional Magistrates) of their broad judicial trial powers. It established a completely separate cadre of Judicial Magistrates, working under the direct, exclusive control of the High Courts, to conduct criminal trials, ensuring an independent and impartial judiciary at the grassroots level.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Amendments

Q.30) Which constitutional amendment act abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right?

Ans > 44th Amendment Act (1978)

The Original Constitutional Position: Originally, the Right to Property was one of the seven Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. It was heavily protected under Article 19(1)(f) (the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property) and Article 31 (protection against deprivation of property without fair compensation).
Decades of Constitutional Litigation: This right quickly became the most heavily litigated provision in the Constitution. It caused massive, continuous friction between the Supreme Court (which aggressively protected private property rights) and the Parliament (which passed socialist land reforms and nationalization laws, attempting to distribute wealth to the poor).
The 44th Amendment Act (1978): To permanently resolve this conflict and clear the legal path for massive socio-economic reforms, the Janata Party government enacted the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1978.
From Fundamental to Legal Right: This amendment completely deleted Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 from Part III. It inserted a new Article 300-A in Part XII under the heading ‘Right to Property’, stating simply that “no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.” Thus, the Right to Property was downgraded from a Fundamental Right to a mere constitutional or legal right, meaning it can now be regulated by ordinary legislation without requiring a constitutional amendment.

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 6

Mandamus Exceptions: Cannot be issued against the President or Governors.
Certiorari: Used to quash orders of lower courts/tribunals.
Article 33: Parliament can restrict Fundamental Rights of armed forces.
Article 34: Restricts Fundamental Rights during Martial Law.
Article 31B & 9th Schedule: Shields laws from judicial review (limited by Kesavananda Bharati cutoff – April 24, 1973).
DPSP Origins: Borrowed from Ireland; resembles Govt. of India Act 1935’s “Instrument of Instructions”.
Nature of DPSP: Non-justiciable but fundamental in governance (Article 37).
Article 40: Gandhian principle to organize village panchayats.
Article 44: Liberal principle directing a Uniform Civil Code.
Article 48A & 38: Added by 42nd and 44th Amendments for environment and reducing inequalities, respectively.
Judicial Precedents: Minerva Mills (1980) established a balance between FRs and DPSPs.
Article 335: ST/SC claims in services balanced with administrative efficiency.
Article 351: Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi.
Commissions: 102nd Amendment made NCBC constitutional; 89th Amendment bifurcated SC and ST commissions.
Article 50 Implemented: CrPC 1973 separated the judiciary from executive magistrates.
Right to Property: Abolished as a Fundamental Right by the 44th Amendment (1978).

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Polity Set 6

Q.1) The writ of Mandamus cannot be issued against which of the following?

Q.2) Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court to either transfer a pending case to itself or to squash the order of the lower court?

Q.3) Under Article 33, who is empowered to restrict or abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of armed forces?

Q.4) Article 34 provides for restrictions on fundamental rights while what is in force in any area within the territory of India?

Q.5) According to Article 35, the power to make laws prescribing punishment for offences under fundamental rights vests only in:

Q.6) Which Article saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged on the ground of contravention of fundamental rights?

Q.7) In the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that laws placed under the Ninth Schedule are open to challenge if they violate the basic structure and were placed after which date?

Q.8) Article 31C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act, protects laws giving effect to the socialistic directive principles specified in:

Q.9) The framers of the Constitution borrowed the idea of Directive Principles of State Policy from the Constitution of which country?

Q.10) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted that the Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in which document?

Q.11) Which of the following statements about Directive Principles of State Policy is true?

Q.12) Which of the following is a Gandhian Directive Principle?

Q.13) Article 44 directs the State to secure for all citizens a:

Q.14) Which Directive Principle directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life?

Q.15) The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added which Directive Principle to the original list?

Q.16) Which constitutional expert called the Directive Principles a “manifesto of aims and aspirations”?

Q.17) Who dubbed the Directive Principles as ‘pious superfluities’ and compared them with ‘a cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit’?

Q.18) In the Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), the Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles:

Q.19) In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles?

Q.20) Which body was established in 1950 to take up the development of the country in a planned manner, aiming at securing socio-economic justice?

Q.21) The Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a nation-wide network to provide free and competent legal aid to the poor and to organise which statutory forum?

Q.22) Article 335 (outside Part IV) requires that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration consistently with the maintenance of:

Q.23) According to Article 350-A, it shall be the endeavour of every state and local authority to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at which stage of education?

Q.24) Article 351 makes it the duty of the Union to promote the spread and development of which language?

Q.25) Which amendment conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes and inserted a new Article 338-B?

Q.26) The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 bifurcated the combined National Commission into two separate bodies for:

Q.27) Who described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’?

Q.28) Sir Ivor Jennings criticized the Directive Principles stating they are based on the political philosophy of the 19th century England and expressed “Fabian Socialism without the socialism”. True or False?

Q.29) The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) implemented which Directive Principle by taking judicial powers away from executive authorities like the collector and tehsildar?

Q.30) Which constitutional amendment act abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 6

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Q.1) The writ of Mandamus cannot be issued against which of the following?

Q.2) Which writ is issued by a higher court to a lower court to either transfer a pending case to itself or to squash the order of the lower court?

Q.3) Under Article 33, who is empowered to restrict or abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of armed forces?

Q.4) Article 34 provides for restrictions on fundamental rights while what is in force in any area within the territory of India?

Q.5) According to Article 35, the power to make laws prescribing punishment for offences under fundamental rights vests only in:

Q.6) Which Article saves the acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule from being challenged on the ground of contravention of fundamental rights?

Q.7) In the I.R. Coelho case (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that laws placed under the Ninth Schedule are open to challenge if they violate the basic structure and were placed after which date?

Q.8) Article 31C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act, protects laws giving effect to the socialistic directive principles specified in:

Q.9) The framers of the Constitution borrowed the idea of Directive Principles of State Policy from the Constitution of which country?

Q.10) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar noted that the Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in which document?

Q.11) Which of the following statements about Directive Principles of State Policy is true?

Q.12) Which of the following is a Gandhian Directive Principle?

Q.13) Article 44 directs the State to secure for all citizens a:

Q.14) Which Directive Principle directs the state to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life?

Q.15) The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added which Directive Principle to the original list?

Q.16) Which constitutional expert called the Directive Principles a “manifesto of aims and aspirations”?

Q.17) Who dubbed the Directive Principles as ‘pious superfluities’ and compared them with ‘a cheque on a bank, payable only when the resources of the bank permit’?

Q.18) In the Champakam Dorairajan case (1951), the Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles:

Q.19) In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles?

Q.20) Which body was established in 1950 to take up the development of the country in a planned manner, aiming at securing socio-economic justice?

Q.21) The Legal Services Authorities Act (1987) established a nation-wide network to provide free and competent legal aid to the poor and to organise which statutory forum?

Q.22) Article 335 (outside Part IV) requires that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration consistently with the maintenance of:

Q.23) According to Article 350-A, it shall be the endeavour of every state and local authority to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother-tongue at which stage of education?

Q.24) Article 351 makes it the duty of the Union to promote the spread and development of which language?

Q.25) Which amendment conferred a constitutional status on the National Commission for Backward Classes and inserted a new Article 338-B?

Q.26) The 89th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 bifurcated the combined National Commission into two separate bodies for:

Q.27) Who described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’?

Q.28) Sir Ivor Jennings criticized the Directive Principles stating they are based on the political philosophy of the 19th century England and expressed “Fabian Socialism without the socialism”. True or False?

Q.29) The Criminal Procedure Code (1973) implemented which Directive Principle by taking judicial powers away from executive authorities like the collector and tehsildar?

Q.30) Which constitutional amendment act abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 6

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