Geography Set 30 | MROY Class

Geography Set 30 Questions & Answers

Following India’s independence, which specific resolution officially introduced the concept of a “mixed economy”? – The Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948
The Post Second World War period was characterized by industrial turmoil due to the non-availability of what critical factor? – Raw material
What is the specific duration of the 100 per cent tax exemption offered for road sector projects? – 10 consecutive years out of the first 20 years
Up to what percentage of the project cost is the capital subsidy provided for the road sector? – 40 per cent
Which legislative act first regulated the Post Office on a uniform basis in India? – The Post Office Act of 1837
In the traditional village economy, how is the “right to serve” legally and socially treated? – It is hereditary, transferable, saleable, mortgageable, and partible.
Which of the following states is NOT part of the area over which the Santhals demand for a “Greater Jharkhand” extends? – Madhya Pradesh
With which classical language has Oriya significantly enriched itself? – Sanskrit
Which geographer assessed net income (farm business income) in Rupees per hectare of cropped area in 1985? – Jasbir Singh
Which scholar applied the “Input-output ratio” method for the measurement of agricultural productivity in 1964? – Khusro
In Weaver’s statistical method, the theoretical percentage assigned to each crop in a 4-crop combination is: – 25 per cent
Which mathematical formula did J.C. Weaver use to calculate the minimum deviation for the standard deviation method? – SD = √(Σ d² / N)
What was one of the primary objectives of dividing India into 15 agro-climatic regions? – To reduce the regional inequalities in the development of agriculture
What specific type of climate characterizes the “Islands Region” (Region 15)? – Marine equatorial climate
At Port Blair, the mean July and January temperatures read respectively as: – 30°C and 25°C
What is the mean annual rainfall in the heavily arid “Western Region” (Agro-Climatic Region 14)? – Less than 25 cm
Which mountain range borders the Tapi rift valley to its south? – Ajanta Range
The Tapi river merges into the Arabian Sea just below which major city in Gujarat? – Surat
How wide is the estuary formed by the Narmada river just below Bharuch? – 27 km
In soil texture classification, what is the defined diameter range for individual grains in fine sandy soil? – 0.05 to 0.2 mm
Which location in Uttarakhand is a prime destination for skiing? – Auli
Why is Mumbai’s specific coastal climate advantageous for cotton spinning? – The mild climate with enough moisture in the air ensures the thread does not break frequently.
To produce high-quality cotton cloth, Mumbai mills import long-staple cotton from which African countries? – Egypt and Sudan
According to the formation dates, the Northern Railway was formally constituted on which date? – 14.04.1952
The Date of Formation for the South Eastern Railway zone is recorded as: – 01.08.1955
Which prominent geographer developed the quantitative-cum-qualitative technique to delineate agricultural regions? – P. Sengupta and G. Sdasyuk
In which district of Jharkhand is the Deogarh coalfield located? – Dumka
The Daltenganj coalfield lies in which district? – Palamau
In which district is the Hutar coalfield located? – Palamau
In which district does the Giridih or Karharbari coalfield stretch? – Hazaribagh

MROY Class

Geography Set 30

🔍

📌 Economic Geography • Industrial Policy

Q.1) Following India’s independence, the government realized the importance of an appropriate industrial policy to guide economic development. Which specific resolution officially introduced the concept of a “mixed economy” dividing industries between the public and private sectors?

Ans > The Industrial Policy Resolution, 1948

Post-Independence Economic Challenges: When India gained independence in 1947, the national economy was heavily agrarian, and industrial infrastructure was severely underdeveloped. The newly formed government faced the monumental task of accelerating industrial growth rapidly while simultaneously ensuring social justice and equitable wealth distribution across a diverse population.
Birth of the Mixed Economy: The 1948 Industrial Policy Resolution was a watershed moment because it officially rejected both pure free-market capitalism and pure state-run socialism. Instead, it carved out a unique “mixed economy” model. This framework designated critical sectors—such as arms production, atomic energy, and railway transport—as exclusive government monopolies.
Strategic Role of Private Enterprise: While the state took the commanding heights of the economy, the policy explicitly recognized the necessity of private enterprise. Industries not exclusively reserved for the government were left open to private investment. However, the state retained sweeping regulatory powers to intervene if private industries failed to align with national developmental goals.

📌 Industrial Geography • Post-WW2 Industries

Q.2) The Post Second World War period was characterized by significant industrial turmoil in India. The condition of the cotton textiles, cement, paper, and iron and steel industries was worst due to the non-availability of what critical factor?

Ans > Raw material

The Exhaustion of Global Conflict: During the Second World War, Indian industries were pushed beyond their absolute limits to supply the Allied war effort. Factories operated continuously without adequate maintenance or upgrades, leading to massive wear and tear on machinery and a deeply fatigued industrial base by the war’s end.
Fractured Global Supply Chains: Once the war concluded, international trade routes and global supply chains were entirely fractured. India faced a severe crisis in procuring essential industrial inputs. Importing heavy machinery, replacement parts, and crucial chemical components became nearly impossible due to global shortages and shattered maritime logistics networks.
The Devastating Impact of Partition: The crisis was dramatically worsened by the partition of India in 1947. Primary raw material producing regions were suddenly located in a different country. The rich jute fields of East Bengal and the fertile cotton-growing areas of West Punjab were lost to Pakistan, instantly stripping India’s core textile and paper mills of their foundational raw materials.

📌 Transport Geography • Road Infrastructure

Q.3) To encourage private sector participation and make road projects commercially viable, the government introduced several incentives. Under these provisions, what is the specific duration of the 100 per cent tax exemption offered for road sector projects?

Ans > 10 consecutive years out of the first 20 years

The Infrastructure Funding Deficit: Historically, India faced a massive deficit in infrastructure funding, particularly for modernizing its vast but aging highway network. The government realized that public funds alone were highly insufficient to build world-class expressways, necessitating a shift toward Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models to attract private capital.
Mitigating Long-Term Financial Risks: Highway construction involves immense upfront capital investment with a very long gestation period before profits materialize through toll collections. To mitigate this severe financial risk for private developers, the government designed powerful fiscal incentives, specifically targeting the unpredictable early years of a project’s operational life.
Strategic Tax Structuring: The provision of a 100 percent tax exemption for any 10 consecutive years within the first 20 years allows developers strategic flexibility. It enables companies to avoid heavy tax burdens during the critical phase when they are paying down massive construction debts, ensuring the commercial viability of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects.

📌 Transport Geography • Capital Subsidy

Q.4) In addition to tax exemptions, the government provisions for the road sector as an industry include a capital subsidy to make projects commercially viable. Up to what percentage of the project cost is this capital subsidy provided?

Ans > 40 per cent

Understanding Viability Gap Funding: Many crucial road infrastructure projects, particularly those connecting rural or economically backward regions, are economically essential for the nation but not financially lucrative for private investors. To bridge this divide, the government utilizes a mechanism known as Viability Gap Funding (VGF) to make these projects happen.
Reducing Upfront Developer Burden: The capital subsidy, which can cover up to 40 percent of the total project cost, serves as a direct financial injection during the construction phase. This drastically reduces the initial capital burden on the private developer, lowering the amount of debt they must raise from commercial banks at high interest rates.
Balancing Public Good and Private Profit: By providing this substantial 40 percent subsidy, the government ensures that essential highways are actually built. It turns financially unviable projects into profitable ventures for private contractors, while allowing the government to secure major infrastructure upgrades without having to shoulder 100 percent of the immense construction costs itself.

📌 Historical Geography • Communication

Q.5) According to the historical establishment of India’s postal system, which legislative act first regulated the Post Office on a uniform basis to unite the post office organizations throughout the three presidencies into one All India Service?

Ans > The Post Office Act of 1837

The Fragmented Early Postal Systems: Before the 1830s, the postal systems in British India were highly fragmented. The three main administrative regions—the Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay—each operated their own independent and highly localized mail delivery networks. These disjointed systems were notoriously inefficient, expensive, and difficult to coordinate across regional borders.
The Push for Administrative Unification: As the British East India Company expanded its territorial control and commercial operations across the subcontinent, the need for a reliable, continent-wide communication network became paramount. Administrative efficiency demanded a standardized system to replace the localized networks of human runners and disparate regional pricing structures.
The Landmark Legislation of 1837: The Indian Post Office Act of 1837 was enacted to solve this logistical nightmare. It legally united the previously separate post office organizations of the three presidencies into a single, cohesive All India Service. It established a uniform system of postage rates and regulations, laying the foundational legal framework for the modern Indian postal network.

📌 Social Geography • Jajmani System

Q.6) In the traditional village economy of rural India, the right of the artisan and servicing castes to serve their patron (Jajman) is strictly defined. How is this “right to serve” legally and socially treated?

Ans > It is hereditary, transferable, saleable, mortgageable, and partible.

The Foundation of the Jajmani System: The Jajmani system was the socioeconomic backbone of traditional rural India. It functioned as an intricate network of reciprocal, though highly unequal, duties and obligations between landowning castes (Jajmans) and various occupational or artisanal castes (Kamins), such as blacksmiths, potters, barbers, and carpenters.
Beyond Simple Barter Economics: This system was far more complex than a simple barter economy. In exchange for specialized services rendered throughout the year, the Kamins received a fixed share of the agricultural harvest. This structure provided a social safety net, ensuring basic economic security and food availability for the landless service castes regardless of market fluctuations.
The “Right to Serve” as Tangible Property: Fascinatingly, the right to perform these services for a specific patron family was treated as tangible property. It was deeply hereditary and passed down through generations. A Kamin could legally and socially divide this right among his sons, sell it to another member of his caste, or even mortgage it, treating the patron-client bond as a permanent, commodified asset.

📌 Cultural Geography • Santhal Tribes

Q.7) The Santhals possess a great cultural heritage and a well-defined social order. Which of the following states is NOT part of the area over which their demand for a “Greater Jharkhand” extends?

Ans > Madhya Pradesh

Geographical Heartland of the Santhals: The Santhals represent one of the largest and oldest indigenous tribal communities in India. Their traditional homeland is heavily concentrated across the mineral-rich and forested Chota Nagpur Plateau. This distinct geographical region naturally spans across the modern political borders of Jharkhand, western West Bengal, and northern Odisha (formerly Orissa).
Cultural and Linguistic Cohesion: The community shares a powerful cultural identity, bound together by the Santali language (an Austroasiatic language) and deep-rooted religious traditions centered around nature worship. This shared socio-cultural fabric creates a strong sense of unity that transcends the modern state boundaries imposed upon their historical territories.
The “Greater Jharkhand” Political Movement: Driven by historical grievances over land alienation and cultural marginalization, the political demand for a “Greater Jharkhand” envisioned uniting all contiguous Santhal-dominated districts into a single autonomous entity. This proposed territory strictly mapped onto their historical footprint encompassing Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha, distinctly excluding the geographically distant state of Madhya Pradesh.

📌 Cultural Geography • Languages

Q.8) In terms of linguistic characteristics, Oriya has a distinctive character because it is derived from the old Apabhramsa. With which classical language has it significantly enriched itself?

Ans > Sanskrit

Evolution from Ancient Indo-Aryan Roots: Oriya (officially known as Odia) boasts a rich and ancient linguistic lineage. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and evolved directly from Odra Magadhi Prakrit. During the medieval period, it transitioned through a transitional linguistic phase known as Apabhramsa, which acted as the bridge between ancient Prakrits and modern regional languages.
The Massive Influx of Sanskrit Vocabulary: While its grammatical foundation is firmly rooted in Apabhramsa, Odia underwent a massive period of linguistic enrichment by drawing heavily from Sanskrit. Over centuries, poets, scholars, and religious texts deliberately incorporated a vast amount of Tatsama (direct Sanskrit borrowings) and Tadbhava (Sanskrit-derived) words to elevate the language’s literary capacity.
Recognition as a Classical Language: This deep, unbroken historical continuity and its immense, independent literary tradition earned Odia the prestigious status of a “Classical Language of India” in 2014. The heavy Sanskritization helped preserve the language’s structural purity, making modern Odia remarkably distinct yet intimately connected to India’s most ancient linguistic traditions.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Productivity Measurement

Q.9) Based on the methodologies to measure agricultural productivity, which geographer assessed net income (farm business income) in Rupees per hectare of cropped area in 1985?

Ans > Jasbir Singh

The Need for Quantitative Geography: In the latter half of the 20th century, Indian agricultural geography underwent a significant “quantitative revolution.” Scholars realized that merely describing crop locations was insufficient for economic planning. There was a pressing need for precise, mathematical methods to evaluate exactly how efficiently different regions were utilizing their agricultural land.
Moving Beyond Gross Production Metrics: Earlier methods of measuring productivity often looked solely at gross yield—how many tons of wheat or rice a hectare produced. However, this ignored the massive costs of inputs like fertilizers, machinery, and labor. A region producing high yields might actually be generating very low actual profits for the farmer due to exorbitant cultivation costs.
Jasbir Singh’s Economic Approach (1985): To solve this, prominent geographer Jasbir Singh introduced a highly practical, economics-based methodology in 1985. He shifted the focus entirely to “net income” or farm business income. By measuring the actual Rupee profit per hectare of cropped area after deducting input costs, his method provided a far more accurate picture of a region’s true agricultural prosperity.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Input-Output Ratio

Q.10) Which scholar applied the “Input-output ratio” method for the measurement of agricultural productivity in 1964?

Ans > Khusro

Bridging Economics and Agricultural Geography: A.M. Khusro was a prominent Indian economist whose work significantly influenced agricultural geography and state policy. During the 1960s, India was grappling with severe food shortages and desperately needed to optimize its farming practices. Khusro applied strict economic principles to the spatial analysis of agricultural lands to find inefficiencies.
The Mechanics of the Input-Output Ratio: Khusro’s 1964 methodology revolutionized how productivity was measured by utilizing the “Input-output ratio.” This mathematical approach meticulously calculated the exact financial value of all agricultural inputs—seeds, water, labor, chemical fertilizers, and machinery—and compared it directly against the financial value of the total agricultural output generated.
Evaluating True Farm Efficiency: This ratio was crucial because it exposed the true economic efficiency of farming systems. A farm might produce a massive volume of crops, but if the cost of inputs was disproportionately high, the farm was economically inefficient. Khusro’s method helped policymakers identify which regions required better technology or subsidies to make farming financially viable.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Weaver’s Method

Q.11) In Weaver’s statistical method for demarcating crop combinations, the theoretical percentage assigned to each crop in a 4-crop combination is:

Ans > 25 per cent

The Complexity of Agricultural Land Use: Farmers rarely grow just a single crop across an entire region. To mitigate risks from weather and pests, and to maintain soil health, agricultural landscapes usually feature complex combinations of multiple crops. Mapping these overlapping combinations accurately is one of the most challenging tasks in agricultural geography.
J.C. Weaver’s Standardized Baseline: In 1954, American geographer J.C. Weaver developed a groundbreaking statistical technique to solve this mapping problem. His method relied on comparing the actual, real-world crop percentages of a region against a perfect, theoretical baseline to see which combination model the real data most closely resembled.
Calculating the Theoretical Curve: Weaver constructed a theoretical curve based on absolute equality. In this perfect model, if a region is a 1-crop monoculture, that crop takes 100% of the land. If it is a 2-crop combination, each gets 50%. Following this strict mathematical logic, in a theoretical 4-crop combination, the land is divided perfectly equally, assigning exactly 25 percent to each of the four crops.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Statistical Methods

Q.12) Which mathematical formula did J.C. Weaver use to calculate the minimum deviation for the standard deviation method in his crop combination technique?

Ans > SD = √(Σ d² / N)

The Need for Statistical Precision: To accurately classify an agricultural region, geographers must determine if an area is functionally a 2-crop, 3-crop, or multi-crop zone. J.C. Weaver sought a rigorous mathematical formula that could objectively evaluate real-world harvesting data and assign the region to its most accurate crop combination category without human bias.
Applying the Standard Deviation Concept: Weaver adopted the concept of variance and standard deviation from classical statistics. His goal was to find the “minimum deviation”—meaning he wanted to find out which theoretical model (e.g., the perfect 2-crop or perfect 5-crop model) had the smallest mathematical difference when compared to the actual, messy percentages found on the ground.
The Mechanics of the Formula: The formula SD = √(Σ d² / N) perfectly served this purpose. In this equation, ‘d’ represents the difference between the actual crop percentage and the theoretical percentage, and ‘N’ is the number of crops in a given combination. By squaring the differences, the formula eliminates negative numbers and heavily penalizes large deviations, ensuring precise regional classification.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Agro-Climatic Regions

Q.13) For the strategic planning of agriculture, the Planning Commission and the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) divided India into 15 agro-climatic regions. What was one of the primary objectives of this division?

Ans > To reduce the regional inequalities in the development of agriculture

The Failure of Centralized Planning: Prior to 1988, Indian agricultural planning was highly centralized and applied a “one-size-fits-all” approach across the entire subcontinent. This strategy failed miserably because it ignored India’s massive geographical diversity, resulting in policies that worked well in the fertile Punjab plains but completely failed in the arid deserts of Rajasthan.
The Shift to Resource-Based Regionalization: Recognizing this flaw, the Planning Commission initiated the Agro-Climatic Regional Planning (ACRP) approach. With the help of satellite data from the NRSA, they divided India into 15 distinct regions based on scientifically verifiable similarities in soil type, rainfall, temperature, and water resources, allowing for highly targeted, localized farming policies.
Combating Agricultural Inequality: The primary objective of this massive scientific exercise was to reduce the glaring regional inequalities in agricultural development. By understanding the specific climatic constraints of backward areas, the government could tailor infrastructure investments—like specific irrigation types or drought-resistant seed varieties—to uplift impoverished farming regions and balance national agricultural growth.

📌 Climatology • Islands Region

Q.14) In the 15 agro-climatic regions of India, the “Islands Region” (Region 15) includes the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands. What specific type of climate characterizes this region?

Ans > Marine equatorial climate

Geographical Isolation and Latitude: The “Islands Region” comprises the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea. Their extreme southern latitudinal position, placing them very close to the Earth’s equator, dictates their fundamental climatic characteristics and separates them entirely from the mainland’s weather systems.
The Marine Equatorial Influence: Because these islands are relatively small landmasses completely surrounded by vast, warm oceanic waters, they experience a classic “Marine Equatorial” climate. The ocean acts as a massive thermal regulator, preventing any extreme temperature spikes. This results in an incredibly stable, hot, and highly humid environment that remains remarkably constant year-round.
Agricultural Impact of the Climate: This specific marine equatorial climate heavily dictates the region’s agricultural output. The continuous high temperatures and heavy, evenly distributed rainfall make the islands unsuitable for traditional mainland cereal crops like wheat. Instead, the climate perfectly supports lush plantation agriculture, specifically the cultivation of coconuts, areca nuts, spices, and oil palms.

📌 Climatology • Temperature Profiles

Q.15) In the Islands Region (Agro-Climatic Region 15), the mean temperatures are highly uniform. At Port Blair, the mean July and January temperatures read respectively as:

Ans > 30°C and 25°C

The Concept of Diurnal and Annual Range: In climatology, the annual temperature range is the difference between the hottest and coldest months of the year. While continental interiors (like Delhi) experience extreme ranges with scorching summers and freezing winters, coastal and island regions experience entirely different thermal dynamics due to the specific heat capacity of water.
The Ocean’s Moderating Effect: Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, sits completely exposed to the moderating maritime influence of the Bay of Bengal. The surrounding ocean absorbs heat during the day and slowly releases it at night, actively preventing the ambient air temperature from rising too high or dropping too low.
A Seasonless Thermal Profile: Consequently, Port Blair experiences an exceptionally narrow annual temperature range. The difference between the height of summer (July mean of roughly 30°C) and the “dead of winter” (January mean of roughly 25°C) is a mere 5 degrees. Functionally, the region experiences no true winter season, maintaining a warm, humid profile 365 days a year.

📌 Climatology • Arid Regions

Q.16) The “Western Region” (Agro-Climatic Region 14) stretches over Rajasthan west of the Aravalli mountains and northern Gujarat. What is the mean annual rainfall in this heavily arid region?

Ans > Less than 25 cm

The Rain Shadow of the Aravallis: The severe aridity of the “Western Region” is primarily caused by its topography. The Aravalli Mountain range runs diagonally across Rajasthan. When the moisture-laden Southwest Monsoon winds blow in from the Arabian Sea, they travel parallel to the mountains rather than striking them head-on, drastically minimizing the amount of orographic rainfall triggered.
Characteristics of the Thar Desert: Because the rain-bearing winds pass by without shedding their moisture, the region west of the Aravallis has evolved into the sprawling, deeply arid Thar Desert. This zone features intense solar radiation, extremely high evaporation rates, and highly porous sandy soils that cannot retain the minimal moisture that does arrive.
Extreme Water Scarcity and Agriculture: Subjected to a mean annual rainfall of less than 25 cm (250 mm), this region faces chronic, severe water scarcity. Traditional rain-fed agriculture is nearly impossible. Farming here relies entirely on drought-resistant pastoralism, hardy millets like Bajra, and immense state interventions like the Indira Gandhi Canal, which imports vital water from Himalayan rivers.

📌 Physical Geography • Rift Valleys

Q.17) While the Narmada River flows in a rift valley bounded by the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges, the Tapi river also flows in a rift valley. Which mountain range borders the Tapi rift valley to its south?

Ans > Ajanta Range

The Geology of Peninsular Block Mountains: Unlike the Himalayas, which are young fold mountains created by tectonic collision, the mountains of central India are ancient block mountains. These were formed millions of years ago when massive tectonic forces caused parallel cracks (faults) in the Earth’s crust, causing massive blocks of land to either uplift into ranges or collapse into deep valleys.
The Creation of Parallel Rift Valleys: This intense tectonic stretching created a series of parallel, linear depressions known as rift valleys. The most famous is the Narmada rift valley, but just to its south lies another major fault line containing the Tapi (or Tapti) River. These deep structural troughs force the rivers to flow westward, defying the general eastward slope of the Deccan Plateau.
The Borders of the Tapi Trough: The Tapi River flows through a highly constricted rift valley. It is structurally walled in by two distinct mountain ranges. To its north lies the Satpura Range (which acts as a massive physical divider separating it from the Narmada river), while to its immediate south, the valley is bordered by the rugged Ajanta Range in Maharashtra.

📌 Physical Geography • Rivers and Estuaries

Q.18) The Tapi river completes its westward journey and makes a wide estuary before merging into the Arabian Sea just below which major city in Gujarat?

Ans > Surat

The Phenomenon of West-Flowing Rivers: The vast majority of India’s major peninsular rivers, such as the Godavari and Krishna, flow east into the Bay of Bengal, forming massive, sprawling deltas. However, the Tapi River is an anomaly. Trapped within a steep-sided rift valley, it is forcefully channeled westward, traveling rapidly across central India directly toward the Arabian Sea.
Estuaries vs. Deltas: Because the Tapi flows through a hard, rocky trough with a relatively steep gradient, it does not carry the massive sediment loads necessary to build a delta. Furthermore, the strong tidal currents of the Arabian Sea sweep away what little sediment arrives. Consequently, the Tapi forms a wide, deep estuary—a funnel-shaped mouth where river freshwater mixes directly with ocean saltwater.
Surat: The Historical Port City: This wide estuary forms exactly at the historic city of Surat in southern Gujarat. The deep, navigable waters of the Tapi estuary made Surat one of the most vital, wealthy, and strategically important port cities in the world during the Mughal Empire and the early days of the British East India Company.

📌 Physical Geography • Narmada River

Q.19) The Narmada river flows westward from Jabalpur through a rift valley, and just below the city of Bharuch, it merges into the Gulf of Khambat. How wide is the estuary it forms?

Ans > 27 km

The Course of India’s Largest West-Flowing River: The Narmada is the largest and most powerful west-flowing river in the Indian peninsula. Originating from the Amarkantak plateau, it carves a spectacular, tumultuous path through a deep rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. Its journey is characterized by waterfalls, like the famous Dhuandhar falls, and rocky marble gorges.
Approaching the Coastal Plain: After breaking out of the rugged central highlands, the Narmada enters the flat, fertile coastal plains of Gujarat. Here, the river dramatically slows down and begins to widen significantly as it prepares to empty into the sea, specifically into the highly tidal Gulf of Khambat (formerly the Gulf of Cambay).
The Massive Estuarine Mouth: Just below the ancient port city of Bharuch, the river mouth expands massively, forming an estuary that is an impressive 27 kilometers wide. This massive funnel is subjected to extreme tidal bores, where incoming ocean tides rush forcefully up the wide river mouth, creating a dynamic and treacherous maritime environment.

📌 Soil Geography • Soil Texture

Q.20) In soil texture classification, what is the defined diameter range for individual grains in sandy soil, which are easily visible to the naked eye?

Ans > 0.05 to 0.2 mm

The Science of Soil Mechanical Composition: Soil texture is a fundamental geological classification based heavily on the mechanical composition of the earth—specifically, the relative proportions of differently sized mineral particles present. Agronomists and geologists categorize these inorganic particles into three primary grades based strictly on their physical diameter: sand, silt, and clay.
Characteristics of Sandy Texture: Sandy soils represent the coarsest end of this spectrum. Because the individual mineral grains are relatively large and chunky, they do not pack tightly together. This creates massive macropores (empty air spaces) between the grains, resulting in a soil profile that is highly aerated but suffers from excessive drainage, making it terrible at retaining water and soluble nutrients.
The Precise Measurement of Fine Sand: According to standard international soil classification systems, these individual sandy grains fall into a specific size bracket. Fine sand particles possess a diameter ranging from 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm. Unlike microscopic clay particles, grains of this size are gritty to the touch and can be easily distinguished by the naked human eye.

📌 Tourism Geography • Adventure Tourism

Q.21) Adventure tourism holds tremendous potential in India. Which location in Uttarakhand is explicitly mentioned in the text as a prime destination for skiing?

Ans > Auli

The Rise of Niche Adventure Tourism: Traditionally, Indian tourism heavily focused on historical monuments, religious pilgrimages, and cultural heritage sites. However, in recent decades, there has been a massive strategic push to diversify the industry by exploiting India’s dramatic topography to develop high-value, niche sectors like extreme sports and adventure tourism.
The Geographic Advantage of the Himalayas: The towering heights of the Himalayan mountain range provide a world-class, natural playground for winter sports. Unlike the lower-altitude hill stations established by the British for summer retreats, specific high-altitude slopes in the Greater Himalayas receive the deep, powdery snowfall required to sustain international-grade skiing infrastructure.
Auli: The Premier Ski Destination: Auli, located in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand at an elevation of roughly 2,800 meters, was specifically identified and developed to tap into this potential. Flanked by massive coniferous forests and offering panoramic views of the Nanda Devi peak, its pristine, snow-covered slopes make it one of the most prominent and professionally equipped skiing destinations in Asia.

📌 Industrial Geography • Cotton Textiles

Q.22) Maharashtra’s cotton textile industry benefits heavily from the climate of Mumbai. Why is Mumbai’s specific coastal climate advantageous for cotton spinning?

Ans > The mild climate with enough moisture in the air ensures the thread does not break frequently.

The Physics of Cotton Spinning: The industrial process of spinning raw cotton into fine yarn is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Cotton fibers are naturally brittle when subjected to dry air. If the ambient atmosphere inside a spinning mill lacks moisture, the rapidly twisting yarn becomes stiff, loses its elasticity, and constantly snaps under the mechanical tension of the looms.
The Coastal Humidity Advantage: Mumbai’s geographical location directly on the Arabian Sea coast provides it with a natural, immense industrial advantage. The city experiences a distinctly maritime climate characterized by consistently high levels of atmospheric humidity throughout the entire year, combined with relatively mild, moderate temperatures that rarely reach scorching extremes.
Natural Efficiency and Quality Control: This omnipresent coastal moisture naturally lubricates the cotton fibers during the spinning process. It keeps the yarn pliable and strong, drastically reducing the frequency of thread breakages. Before the invention of modern, expensive artificial humidification systems, this natural dampness was the absolute key to operating efficient, high-speed textile mills and producing high-quality cloth.

📌 Industrial Geography • Cotton Imports

Q.23) To produce high-quality cotton cloth, the mills in Mumbai frequently import long-staple cotton from which of the following African countries?

Ans > Egypt and Sudan

The Importance of Cotton Staple Length: In the textile industry, the quality of cotton is primarily determined by its “staple length”—the physical length of the individual cotton fibers. Short-staple cotton is coarse and suitable only for rough fabrics. Long-staple and extra-long-staple cotton, however, can be spun into incredibly fine, strong, and luxuriously soft high-count yarns required for premium apparel.
India’s Domestic Production Deficit: While India is one of the largest producers of cotton globally, historically, the vast majority of its domestic harvest consisted of short and medium-staple varieties grown in the Deccan trap. To manufacture premium, export-quality textiles that could compete on the global market, Indian mills desperately required an influx of superior long-staple raw material.
Strategic Imports from the Nile Valley: To solve this, Mumbai’s massive textile industry leveraged its strategic coastal location to establish robust maritime trade routes with East and North Africa. They heavily imported world-renowned long-staple cotton cultivated in the fertile, heavily irrigated Nile River valleys of Egypt and Sudan, blending it with local cotton to produce high-grade cloth.

📌 Transport Geography • Railway Zones

Q.24) According to the formation dates of India’s railway zones, the Northern Railway was formally constituted on which date?

Ans > 14.04.1952

The Post-Independence Railway Chaos: When the British left India in 1947, they left behind a massive but incredibly fragmented railway network. The system consisted of over 40 distinct railway companies, ranging from massive state-owned networks to tiny, privately owned branch lines built by local princely states, resulting in a logistical nightmare of varying gauges and uncoordinated management.
The Great Consolidation Plan: To unify the nation and streamline operations, the newly independent Indian government embarked on a massive restructuring plan. They nationalized the entire network and began legally amalgamating these dozens of disparate regional lines into large, cohesive administrative blocks known as Railway Zones, governed by a central ministry.
The Birth of the Northern Zone: As part of this colossal reorganization, the Northern Railway zone was formally constituted on April 14, 1952. Headquartered at Baroda House in New Delhi, it absorbed the historical East Indian Railway, Jodhpur Railway, and Bikaner Railway, creating one of the largest and most strategically vital zones, tasked with connecting the capital to the northern borders.

📌 Transport Geography • Railway Zones

Q.25) The Date of Formation for the South Eastern Railway zone, headquartered in Kolkata, is recorded as:

Ans > 01.08.1955

The Overburdened Eastern Network: In the early 1950s, the newly formed Eastern Railway zone (headquartered in Kolkata) was struggling under immense operational pressure. It was tasked with managing both the heavy passenger traffic of the densely populated Gangetic plains and the massive freight traffic originating from the mineral-rich Chota Nagpur plateau.
The Need for a Dedicated Freight Artery: As India’s Second Five-Year Plan prioritized rapid, heavy industrialization, the demand for transporting coal, iron ore, and finished steel skyrocketed. The government realized that a single administrative zone could not efficiently handle this surging industrial freight traffic while simultaneously managing civilian passenger routes.
The Strategic Bifurcation of 1955: To solve this logistical bottleneck, the Eastern Railway was legally bifurcated. On August 1, 1955, the South Eastern Railway (SER) was formally established as an independent zone. Also headquartered in Kolkata, the SER was explicitly designed to act as the industrial lifeline of the nation, exclusively serving the massive steel plants and coalfields of eastern and central India.

📌 Agricultural Geography • Regionalization

Q.26) Which prominent geographer developed the quantitative-cum-qualitative technique involving elements like relief, climate, soils, and farming operations to delineate agricultural regions?

Ans > P. Sengupta and G. Sdasyuk

The Limitations of Simple Regionalization: Early attempts to map India’s agricultural zones were overly simplistic. Geographers usually relied on just one or two variables, such as dividing the country simply by total rainfall or just by the dominant food crop (e.g., the “Rice Zone” vs. the “Wheat Zone”). These maps failed to capture the true, complex reality of farming ecosystems.
The Indo-Soviet Collaborative Approach: In 1967, a groundbreaking approach was introduced through a collaboration between Indian geographer P. Sengupta and Soviet scholar G. Sdasyuk. They represented a major shift towards comprehensive “economic regionalization,” attempting to map regions not just by nature, but by how human economics interacted with that nature.
The Multi-Faceted Methodology: Sengupta and Sdasyuk utilized a highly advanced “quantitative-cum-qualitative” technique. Rather than looking at single variables, they overlaid massive datasets encompassing physical relief, micro-climates, complex soil chemistry, and—crucially—human farming operations and technological inputs. This holistic method resulted in a highly nuanced and enduring blueprint of India’s true agricultural geography.

📌 Economic Geography • Coalfields

Q.27) The Deogarh coalfield is a Gondwana coalfield characterized by inferior quality coal containing about 40 per cent carbon. In which district of Jharkhand is it located?

Ans > Dumka

The Significance of Gondwana Coal: The vast majority of India’s commercially viable coal reserves—over 98%—belong to the ancient Gondwana rock system. Formed roughly 250 million years ago during the Permian period, these massive sedimentary basins hold the crucial fossil fuels that power India’s thermal electricity grid and heavily support its metallurgical industries.
The Spectrum of Coal Quality: However, not all Gondwana coal is created equal. The quality of coal is defined primarily by its carbon content, which dictates how hot and clean it burns. While some Jharkhand coalfields produce world-class, high-carbon anthracite, others contain much lower-grade bituminous or sub-bituminous coal, heavily contaminated with moisture and non-combustible ash.
The Localized Role of the Deogarh Field: The Deogarh coalfield, situated in the Dumka district of the Santhal Pargana division, represents this lower end of the spectrum. Covering roughly 20 square kilometers, its coal has a very low carbon content of about 40 percent. Because it burns poorly and produces immense smoke, it is unsuitable for power plants and is utilized almost exclusively by local, small-scale brick kilns.

📌 Economic Geography • Coalfields

Q.28) The Daltenganj coalfield produces semi-anthracite or non-coking coal of inferior quality. Sprawling over 55 sq km, this coalfield lies in which district?

Ans > Palamau

The Distinction Between Coking and Non-Coking Coal: In industrial geography, classifying coal as “coking” or “non-coking” is vital. Coking coal can be heated in an oxygen-free environment to create ‘coke’—a pure, porous carbon essential for smelting iron ore in blast furnaces. Non-coking coal lacks this chemical property, meaning it cannot be used in steelmaking, restricting its use to simply burning for heat or electricity.
The Geography of the Palamau District: The Palamau district, located in the western reaches of Jharkhand, forms a crucial part of the state’s secondary mineral belt. While it lacks the legendary, massive, high-grade coking coal reserves found in the eastern Dhanbad region, it possesses several mid-sized sedimentary basins containing substantial fossil fuel deposits.
Characteristics of the Daltenganj Reserves: The Daltenganj coalfield is one of the primary mining zones within Palamau, sprawling over an area of about 55 square kilometers. It predominantly yields non-coking coal, occasionally bordering on low-grade semi-anthracite. Due to its inferior metallurgical properties and higher ash content, the output from this specific field is generally routed to local thermal power stations for baseline electricity generation.

📌 Economic Geography • Coalfields

Q.29) The Hutar coalfield stretches over an area of about 200 sq km and possesses thin seams of inferior quality coal. In which district is the Hutar coalfield located?

Ans > Palamau

The Complexities of Coal Seam Thickness: The commercial viability of a coal mine isn’t just about the quality of the carbon; it is heavily dependent on the physical geometry of the deposit. A “seam” is a continuous underground layer of coal. Thick, horizontal seams are highly profitable because they can be easily extracted using massive, mechanized open-cast mining equipment.
Mining Challenges in the Auranga-Hutar Basin: Located alongside the Auranga coalfield in the Palamau district, the Hutar coalfield presents severe geographical and geological challenges. Although the field is geographically expansive, covering a substantial 200 square kilometers, the actual coal is trapped in very thin, often fragmented underground seams, making extraction difficult, dangerous, and economically marginal.
Economic Impact of Inferior Grade: Compounding the difficult geology, the coal extracted from Hutar is generally classified as inferior grade. It possesses high moisture and ash content, yielding a very low gross calorific value when burned. Consequently, despite the massive area the coalfield covers, its overall economic contribution is limited to supplying low-grade fuel for domestic use and minor local industries.

📌 Economic Geography • Coalfields

Q.30) The Giridih or Karharbari coalfield provides one of the finest qualities of bituminous coal used for the metallurgical industry. In which district does this coalfield stretch?

Ans > Hazaribagh

The Lifeline of the Heavy Steel Industry: The manufacturing of steel is the backbone of modern industrial infrastructure. This process requires a very specific, rare type of fuel known as metallurgical or prime coking coal. This high-grade bituminous coal must have an extremely low ash content and strong caking properties to withstand the immense heat and weight inside a towering steel blast furnace.
The Rarity of Prime Coking Reserves: India suffers from a chronic, severe shortage of this specific prime coking coal, forcing the nation to spend billions importing it from countries like Australia. Domestically, these high-grade reserves are highly geographically concentrated in just a few specific pockets within the Damodar River valley, making those specific mines economically invaluable.
The Strategic Value of the Karharbari Formation: The Giridih coalfield (often geologically referred to as the Karharbari formation) stretches across the Hazaribagh district and represents one of these rare, invaluable pockets. It is famous for yielding some of the absolute finest quality bituminous coking coal in the entire subcontinent. For decades, it served as a critical, strategic supply line for India’s heavy metallurgical and steel industries.

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 30

Industrial Policy: 1948 resolution officially introduced the “mixed economy” concept.
Post-WW2 Industries: Suffered majorly due to a critical lack of raw material.
Road Infrastructure: Offers 100% tax exemption for 10 consecutive years out of the first 20.
Capital Subsidy: Road sector projects receive up to 40% capital subsidy.
Postal System: The Post Office Act of 1837 provided uniform regulation.
Jajmani System: The “right to serve” is hereditary, transferable, saleable, and partible.
Santhal Tribes: “Greater Jharkhand” demand does not include Madhya Pradesh.
Oriya Language: Significantly enriched by an influx of Sanskrit vocabulary.
Productivity Measurement: Jasbir Singh assessed net farm business income per hectare (1985).
Input-Output Ratio: Khusro applied this method in 1964.
Weaver’s Method: A 4-crop combination assigns 25% theoretical area to each crop.
Standard Deviation: Weaver used the formula SD = √(Σ d² / N).
Agro-Climatic Regions: Established to reduce regional inequalities in agriculture.
Islands Region Climate: Andaman and Lakshadweep have a marine equatorial climate.
Port Blair Temps: Exhibits uniform means around 30°C in July and 25°C in January.
Arid Western Region: Mean annual rainfall is severely low, less than 25 cm.
Tapi Rift Valley: Bordered to its south by the rugged Ajanta Range.
Tapi River Estuary: Merges into the Arabian Sea just below Surat, Gujarat.
Narmada Estuary: Forms a massive 27 km wide estuary just below Bharuch.
Soil Texture: Fine sandy soil grains range from 0.05 to 0.2 mm.
Adventure Tourism: Auli in Uttarakhand is a premier destination for skiing.
Cotton Spinning in Mumbai: The coastal mild, moist climate prevents thread breakage.
High-Quality Cotton: Imported to Mumbai from the Nile valleys of Egypt and Sudan.
Northern Railway: Formally constituted on April 14, 1952.
South Eastern Railway: Officially formed on August 1, 1955.
Agricultural Regionalization: P. Sengupta & G. Sdasyuk used quantitative-cum-qualitative techniques.
Deogarh Coalfield: Produces inferior 40% carbon coal; located in Dumka, Jharkhand.
Daltenganj Coalfield: Yields inferior non-coking coal over 55 sq km in Palamau.
Hutar Coalfield: Stretches 200 sq km with thin, inferior seams in Palamau.
Giridih Coalfield: Also known as Karharbari, yields finest metallurgical coal in Hazaribagh.

Timer ⏳

15:00

Progress (0/30)

Click any card to flip and reveal the summarized answer!

Smart Review: Questions you got wrong appear here for focused study.

Navigation Menu

Geography Set 30

Q.1) Following India’s independence, the government realized the importance of an appropriate industrial policy to guide economic development. Which specific resolution officially introduced the concept of a “mixed economy” dividing industries between the public and private sectors?

Q.2) The Post Second World War period was characterized by significant industrial turmoil in India. The condition of the cotton textiles, cement, paper, and iron and steel industries was worst due to the non-availability of what critical factor?

Q.3) To encourage private sector participation and make road projects commercially viable, the government introduced several incentives. Under these provisions, what is the specific duration of the 100 per cent tax exemption offered for road sector projects?

Q.4) In addition to tax exemptions, the government provisions for the road sector as an industry include a capital subsidy to make projects commercially viable. Up to what percentage of the project cost is this capital subsidy provided?

Q.5) According to the historical establishment of India’s postal system, which legislative act first regulated the Post Office on a uniform basis to unite the post office organizations throughout the three presidencies into one All India Service?

Q.6) In the traditional village economy of rural India, the right of the artisan and servicing castes to serve their patron (Jajman) is strictly defined. How is this “right to serve” legally and socially treated?

Q.7) The Santhals possess a great cultural heritage and a well-defined social order. Which of the following states is NOT part of the area over which their demand for a “Greater Jharkhand” extends?

Q.8) In terms of linguistic characteristics, Oriya has a distinctive character because it is derived from the old Apabhramsa. With which classical language has it significantly enriched itself?

Q.9) Based on the methodologies to measure agricultural productivity, which geographer assessed net income (farm business income) in Rupees per hectare of cropped area in 1985?

Q.10) Which scholar applied the “Input-output ratio” method for the measurement of agricultural productivity in 1964?

Q.11) In Weaver’s statistical method for demarcating crop combinations, the theoretical percentage assigned to each crop in a 4-crop combination is:

Q.12) Which mathematical formula did J.C. Weaver use to calculate the minimum deviation for the standard deviation method in his crop combination technique?

Q.13) For the strategic planning of agriculture, the Planning Commission and the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) divided India into 15 agro-climatic regions. What was one of the primary objectives of this division?

Q.14) In the 15 agro-climatic regions of India, the “Islands Region” (Region 15) includes the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands. What specific type of climate characterizes this region?

Q.15) In the Islands Region (Agro-Climatic Region 15), the mean temperatures are highly uniform. At Port Blair, the mean July and January temperatures read respectively as:

Q.16) The “Western Region” (Agro-Climatic Region 14) stretches over Rajasthan west of the Aravalli mountains and northern Gujarat. What is the mean annual rainfall in this heavily arid region?

Q.17) While the Narmada River flows in a rift valley bounded by the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges, the Tapi river also flows in a rift valley. Which mountain range borders the Tapi rift valley to its south?

Q.18) The Tapi river completes its westward journey and makes a wide estuary before merging into the Arabian Sea just below which major city in Gujarat?

Q.19) The Narmada river flows westward from Jabalpur through a rift valley, and just below the city of Bharuch, it merges into the Gulf of Khambat. How wide is the estuary it forms?

Q.20) In soil texture classification, what is the defined diameter range for individual grains in sandy soil, which are easily visible to the naked eye?

Q.21) Adventure tourism holds tremendous potential in India. Which location in Uttarakhand is explicitly mentioned in the text as a prime destination for skiing?

Q.22) Maharashtra’s cotton textile industry benefits heavily from the climate of Mumbai. Why is Mumbai’s specific coastal climate advantageous for cotton spinning?

Q.23) To produce high-quality cotton cloth, the mills in Mumbai frequently import long-staple cotton from which of the following African countries?

Q.24) According to the formation dates of India’s railway zones, the Northern Railway was formally constituted on which date?

Q.25) The Date of Formation for the South Eastern Railway zone, headquartered in Kolkata, is recorded as:

Q.26) Which prominent geographer developed the quantitative-cum-qualitative technique involving elements like relief, climate, soils, and farming operations to delineate agricultural regions?

Q.27) The Deogarh coalfield is a Gondwana coalfield characterized by inferior quality coal containing about 40 per cent carbon. In which district of Jharkhand is it located?

Q.28) The Daltenganj coalfield produces semi-anthracite or non-coking coal of inferior quality. Sprawling over 55 sq km, this coalfield lies in which district?

Q.29) The Hutar coalfield stretches over an area of about 200 sq km and possesses thin seams of inferior quality coal. In which district is the Hutar coalfield located?

Q.30) The Giridih or Karharbari coalfield provides one of the finest qualities of bituminous coal used for the metallurgical industry. In which district does this coalfield stretch?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 30

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Q.1) Following India’s independence, the government realized the importance of an appropriate industrial policy to guide economic development. Which specific resolution officially introduced the concept of a “mixed economy” dividing industries between the public and private sectors?

Q.2) The Post Second World War period was characterized by significant industrial turmoil in India. The condition of the cotton textiles, cement, paper, and iron and steel industries was worst due to the non-availability of what critical factor?

Q.3) To encourage private sector participation and make road projects commercially viable, the government introduced several incentives. Under these provisions, what is the specific duration of the 100 per cent tax exemption offered for road sector projects?

Q.4) In addition to tax exemptions, the government provisions for the road sector as an industry include a capital subsidy to make projects commercially viable. Up to what percentage of the project cost is this capital subsidy provided?

Q.5) According to the historical establishment of India’s postal system, which legislative act first regulated the Post Office on a uniform basis to unite the post office organizations throughout the three presidencies into one All India Service?

Q.6) In the traditional village economy of rural India, the right of the artisan and servicing castes to serve their patron (Jajman) is strictly defined. How is this “right to serve” legally and socially treated?

Q.7) The Santhals possess a great cultural heritage and a well-defined social order. Which of the following states is NOT part of the area over which their demand for a “Greater Jharkhand” extends?

Q.8) In terms of linguistic characteristics, Oriya has a distinctive character because it is derived from the old Apabhramsa. With which classical language has it significantly enriched itself?

Q.9) Based on the methodologies to measure agricultural productivity, which geographer assessed net income (farm business income) in Rupees per hectare of cropped area in 1985?

Q.10) Which scholar applied the “Input-output ratio” method for the measurement of agricultural productivity in 1964?

Q.11) In Weaver’s statistical method for demarcating crop combinations, the theoretical percentage assigned to each crop in a 4-crop combination is:

Q.12) Which mathematical formula did J.C. Weaver use to calculate the minimum deviation for the standard deviation method in his crop combination technique?

Q.13) For the strategic planning of agriculture, the Planning Commission and the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) divided India into 15 agro-climatic regions. What was one of the primary objectives of this division?

Q.14) In the 15 agro-climatic regions of India, the “Islands Region” (Region 15) includes the Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands. What specific type of climate characterizes this region?

Q.15) In the Islands Region (Agro-Climatic Region 15), the mean temperatures are highly uniform. At Port Blair, the mean July and January temperatures read respectively as:

Q.16) The “Western Region” (Agro-Climatic Region 14) stretches over Rajasthan west of the Aravalli mountains and northern Gujarat. What is the mean annual rainfall in this heavily arid region?

Q.17) While the Narmada River flows in a rift valley bounded by the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges, the Tapi river also flows in a rift valley. Which mountain range borders the Tapi rift valley to its south?

Q.18) The Tapi river completes its westward journey and makes a wide estuary before merging into the Arabian Sea just below which major city in Gujarat?

Q.19) The Narmada river flows westward from Jabalpur through a rift valley, and just below the city of Bharuch, it merges into the Gulf of Khambat. How wide is the estuary it forms?

Q.20) In soil texture classification, what is the defined diameter range for individual grains in sandy soil, which are easily visible to the naked eye?

Q.21) Adventure tourism holds tremendous potential in India. Which location in Uttarakhand is explicitly mentioned in the text as a prime destination for skiing?

Q.22) Maharashtra’s cotton textile industry benefits heavily from the climate of Mumbai. Why is Mumbai’s specific coastal climate advantageous for cotton spinning?

Q.23) To produce high-quality cotton cloth, the mills in Mumbai frequently import long-staple cotton from which of the following African countries?

Q.24) According to the formation dates of India’s railway zones, the Northern Railway was formally constituted on which date?

Q.25) The Date of Formation for the South Eastern Railway zone, headquartered in Kolkata, is recorded as:

Q.26) Which prominent geographer developed the quantitative-cum-qualitative technique involving elements like relief, climate, soils, and farming operations to delineate agricultural regions?

Q.27) The Deogarh coalfield is a Gondwana coalfield characterized by inferior quality coal containing about 40 per cent carbon. In which district of Jharkhand is it located?

Q.28) The Daltenganj coalfield produces semi-anthracite or non-coking coal of inferior quality. Sprawling over 55 sq km, this coalfield lies in which district?

Q.29) The Hutar coalfield stretches over an area of about 200 sq km and possesses thin seams of inferior quality coal. In which district is the Hutar coalfield located?

Q.30) The Giridih or Karharbari coalfield provides one of the finest qualities of bituminous coal used for the metallurgical industry. In which district does this coalfield stretch?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 30

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Current Affairs

Month wise Current Affairs