Geography Set 21 | MROY Class

Geography Set 21 – Questions & Answers

The Archaean rocks in Peninsular India are known to be of three well-defined types. Which of the following is known as Khondolites, named after the Khond tribes in the Koraput and Bolangir districts? – (B) Bengal Gneiss
Which series of the Dharwar System is an outlier of the Aravalli system in the vicinity of Vadodara and yields an attractive green variety of marble? – (C) Champaner Series
The Malanjkhand Copper Plant obtains its ore from which specific series of the Dharwarian formation that stretches over the Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh? – (B) Chilpi Series
In the Cuddapah System, which series is intruded by magma in the form of dykes and sills that metamorphosed the surrounding limestone into marble, talc, slate, and serpentine? – (A) Papaghani Series
Which major geological feature separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis over a distance of approximately eight hundred kilometres? – (B) Great Boundary Fault (GBF)
The red-sandstone utilized in the construction of historic monuments like Qutub Minar, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, and Jama-Masjid was obtained from which geological system? – (C) Vindhyan System
The Palaeozoic Era, spanning the Cambrian to Carboniferous periods in the Standard Geological Time Scale, is recognized by which name in the Indian Geological Time Scale? – (C) The Dravidian Era
Belonging to the Middle Gondwana Period, which coal seam located in India is recognized as the thickest coal seam in the country, measuring approximately 131 metres? – (C) Jhingurda Coal Seam
The Deccan Trap, formed by immense outpourings of basaltic lava during the Cretaceous Period, records its maximum thickness of about 3,000 metres along which region? – (C) Coast of Mumbai
The Karewa formations of the Kashmir Valley, which are lacustrine deposits highly suitable for saffron and walnut cultivation, were laid down during which geological period? – (C) Pleistocene Period
Which peak stands as the highest point of the Aravalli range, reaching an elevation of 1,722 metres? – (B) Guru-Sikhar
At an elevation of approximately 1,961 metres, which peak marks the highest elevation point across the entire Meghalaya Plateau? – (C) Shillong Peak
The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills, which contain rich Dharwarian rocks supplying haematite iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Plant, are located in which district of Chhattisgarh? – (B) Balod
The Palakkad Gap (Palghat), measuring approximately 24 km wide, creates a broad break in the Western Ghats situated between the Anaimalais and which other major hill range? – (C) Nilgiris
Which busy mountain pass in the Western Ghats, located at an elevation of about 622 metres above sea level, provides a direct connection between Mumbai and Pune? – (B) Bhor Ghat
Which summit is specifically recognized as the highest peak in Odisha, standing at an elevation of 1,672 metres? – (D) Deomali
According to the Plate Tectonic theory of the Himalayas, the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and began subducting beneath it approximately how many million years ago? – (C) 60-30 million years ago
Which major thrust fault serves as the structural separation line between the Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas? – (B) Main Central Thrust (MCT)
Which longitudinal division of the Himalayas spans an enormous area of about 350,000 sq km and possesses the largest number of glaciers in India? – (C) The Kashmir Himalayas
The Nathu-La and Jelep-La passes, which serve as historical and traditional routes connecting Gangtok with Lhasa in Tibet, are physically located within which segment of the Himalayas? – (C) Sikkim Himalayas (part of Central Himalayas)
Constructed to ensure round-the-year surface transport and inaugurated in December 1956, the Jawahar Tunnel passes through which mountain pass? – (C) Banihal Pass
Situated at an elevation of 5,883 metres (19,300 ft) in Eastern Ladakh, which of the following is currently recognized as the highest motorable mountain pass in the world? – (B) Umling La
While the snowline in the Kashmir Himalayas sits high between 5,100 m and 5,800 m, at what lower altitude is the snowline generally found in the North Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh)? – (B) 4,400 m
The Chogo Lungma Glacier is unique as it terminates at the lowest recorded altitude in the Himalayas (2,070 m). What is the total length of this Karakoram glacier? – (C) 50 km
According to the classification of river basins in India based on their drained area, a “minor river basin” is strictly defined as having a catchment area of less than: – (C) 2,000 sq km
The Yamuna river, flowing as the longest and western-most tributary of the Ganga, originates from the Yamunotri Glacier situated on the western slopes of which mountain peak? – (C) Banderpunch
The Subernrekha river flows primarily in a general easterly direction, passing through the industrial city of Jamshedpur, and eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal near which town? – (C) Balasore
Historical evidence of shifting river courses is prevalent in the Punjab region. About 250 years ago, which river drastically changed its old course, leaving traces between Montgomery and Multan, to join the Satluj near Sultanpur? – (D) Beas
Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance and acting as India’s largest salt lake, Sambhar Lake is situated approximately 70 km to the west of which major city? – (C) Jaipur
According to Halley’s Classical Theory (Thermal Concept) regarding the Indian monsoon, the intensely heated landmass during summer develops a strong low-pressure area near which specific locations? – (B) Multan, Lahore, and Delhi

MROY Class

Geography Set 21

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📌 Indian Geography • Rock Systems

Q.1) The Archaean rocks in Peninsular India are known to be of three well-defined types. Which of the following is known as Khondolites, named after the Khond tribes in the Koraput and Bolangir districts?

Ans > (B) Bengal Gneiss

Explanation: The Bengal Gneiss which occurs in the Eastern Ghats, Orissa, is known as Khondolites after Khond tribes in Koraput and Bolangir districts.
Geological Composition: Bengal Gneiss, commonly known as Khondalite, is a highly metamorphosed rock formation dating back to the Archaean eon. It primarily consists of quartz, garnet, sillimanite, and graphite, making it vital for geologists studying the Earth’s early continental crust formation.
Cultural Naming Convention: The nomenclature of these ancient rocks is deeply rooted in local Indian heritage. British geologists named the series after the indigenous Khond tribes, who have historically resided in the mineral-rich, forested hills of the Koraput and Bolangir districts in present-day Odisha.
Gondwana Supercontinent Link: Beyond India, these geological formations serve as crucial structural markers. They provide definitive geological evidence connecting the Indian subcontinent to Antarctica and Australia, validating scientific theories regarding the ancient Gondwana supercontinent’s assembly and eventual fragmentation.

📌 Indian Geography • Rock Systems

Q.2) Which series of the Dharwar System is an outlier of the Aravalli system in the vicinity of Vadodara and yields an attractive green variety of marble?

Ans > (C) Champaner Series

Explanation: The Champaner Series is an outlier of the Aravalli system in the vicinity of Vadodara. It consists of quartzites, conglomerates, phyllites, slates, and marbles, and an attractive green variety of marble is obtained from this series.
Stratigraphic Position: The Champaner Series represents a significant geological outlier of the broader Aravalli system. Located predominantly in the Gujarat region near Vadodara, these formations offer critical insights into the tectonic activities that shaped western India billions of years ago.
Mineral and Economic Wealth: This series is highly valued for its diverse lithology, which includes quartzites, conglomerates, phyllites, and slates. Economically, it is most famous for yielding a highly attractive, premium green variety of marble that has been extensively utilized in regional architecture and sculpting.
Metamorphic History: The rocks in the Champaner Series underwent intense regional metamorphism. The transformation of ancient sedimentary deposits into hard, crystalline marble and quartzite indicates that this region experienced massive pressure and thermal events during the Precambrian era, shaping the current regional landscape.

📌 Indian Geography • Rock Systems

Q.3) The Malanjkhand Copper Plant obtains its ore from which specific series of the Dharwarian formation that stretches over the Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh?

Ans > (B) Chilpi Series

Explanation: Stretching over the Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh, the Chilpi Series is a Dharwarian formation. The Malanjkhand Copper Plant gets its ore from the rocks associated with the Chilpi series (correcting legacy materials that incorrectly cited the Closepet series).
Geological Accuracy: While legacy textbooks frequently—and incorrectly—cite the Closepet Series, modern geological surveys confirm that the Malanjkhand copper deposits are hosted within rocks associated with the Chilpi Ghat Group (Chilpi Series). The Closepet granites are actually located hundreds of miles further south in the Dharwar craton of Karnataka.
Malanjkhand Copper Reserves: Located primarily in the Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh, this geological series is economically vital. It hosts the Malanjkhand Copper Project, which is the largest open-pit copper mine in India. The massive copper porphyry deposits found here form the absolute cornerstone of the country’s domestic base metal production.
Dharwarian Significance: The Chilpi Series forms an integral part of the broader Dharwarian tectonic system in central India. These ancient, Proterozoic-era rock formations are incredibly mineral-rich, making the region a major industrial hub not just for extensive copper mining, but also for high-grade manganese and iron ore extraction.

📌 Indian Geography • Rock Systems

Q.4) In the Cuddapah System, which series is intruded by magma in the form of dykes and sills that metamorphosed the surrounding limestone into marble, talc, slate, and serpentine?

Ans > (A) Papaghani Series

Explanation: The Papaghani Series is intruded by magma in the form of dykes and sills which have metamorphosed limestone into marble, talc, slate, and serpentine.
Cuddapah Basin Dynamics: The Papaghani Series constitutes the lowermost and oldest stratigraphic sequence within the Cuddapah System. Located primarily in Andhra Pradesh, this sedimentary basin was formed in a marine environment and rests unconformably over the much older Archaean crystalline basement rocks.
Igneous Intrusions: A defining characteristic of this series is the presence of intense magmatic activity. Molten magma intruded through the existing sedimentary rock layers in the form of vertical dykes and horizontal sills, subjecting the surrounding rocks to extreme heat and pressure over millions of years.
Contact Metamorphism: The immense heat from these magma intrusions caused contact metamorphism, fundamentally altering the host rocks. Ordinary limestone was baked and crystallized into valuable deposits of marble, talc, slate, and serpentine, which are heavily quarried today for commercial, industrial, and construction purposes.

📌 Physical Geography • Tectonics

Q.5) Which major geological feature separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis over a distance of approximately eight hundred kilometres?

Ans > (B) Great Boundary Fault (GBF)

Explanation: The Great Boundary Fault (GBF) separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis for a distance of about eight hundred km.
Tectonic Boundary: The Great Boundary Fault (GBF) is a massive geological fault zone situated in northwestern India. Stretching for approximately 800 kilometres, it serves as the critical tectonic dividing line that separates the ancient Aravalli mountain ranges from the much younger Vindhyan sedimentary basin.
Geological Mechanism: This fault originated due to immense compressional forces in the Earth’s crust. It is characterized as a major thrust fault where the older, harder rocks of the Aravalli system were aggressively pushed upward and over the comparatively newer sedimentary rocks of the Vindhyan supergroup.
Influence on Topography: The GBF has profoundly shaped the modern geomorphology of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Its presence has dictated the drainage patterns of regional rivers like the Chambal and has heavily influenced mineral deposition, exposing distinct rock types that are vital for modern mining operations.

📌 Indian Geography • Rock Systems

Q.6) The red-sandstone utilized in the construction of historic monuments like Qutub Minar, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, and Jama-Masjid was obtained from which geological system?

Ans > (C) Vindhyan System

Explanation: The historical buildings of Qutab Minar, Humayun’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Red Fort, Jama-Masjid, Birla Mandir, the Buddhist Stupa of Sanchi, etc. have been constructed from the red-sandstone obtained from the Vindhyan Ranges.
Architectural Heritage: The Vindhyan System has been the foundational stone—quite literally—of northern India’s most iconic historical architecture. The distinctive, highly durable red sandstone extracted from these ranges was the primary building material for Mughal and Sultanate masterpieces, including the Red Fort, Jama Masjid, and Agra Fort.
Sedimentary Formation: The Vindhyan rock system is a massive sedimentary sequence formed in shallow marine environments hundreds of millions of years ago. Largely devoid of any significant fossil records, it consists mostly of horizontally bedded sandstones, shales, and limestones that have remained largely undisturbed by subsequent tectonic folding.
Economic Exploitation: Beyond historical monuments, the Vindhyan system continues to be a massive economic driver today. Its limestone deposits form the absolute backbone of India’s cement industry, while the sandstone is still heavily quarried for modern construction, landscaping, and the production of industrial silica.

📌 Geological Time Scale • Indian Geology

Q.7) The Palaeozoic Era, spanning the Cambrian to Carboniferous periods in the Standard Geological Time Scale, is recognized by which name in the Indian Geological Time Scale?

Ans > (C) The Dravidian Era

Explanation: The Palaeozoic Era includes the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and the Permian periods of the Standard Geological Time Scale. This is known as the Dravidian Era in the Indian Geological Time Scale.
Geological Time Nomenclature: While the Standard Geological Time Scale relies on universally accepted global eras like the Palaeozoic, Indian geology frequently utilizes a specialized localized nomenclature framework. In this system, the Palaeozoic Era (spanning the Cambrian to Carboniferous periods) is officially designated as the Dravidian Era.
Fossil Scarcity in India: The Dravidian Era marks a time when complex marine life exploded globally, yet rock formations from this era are surprisingly rare in Peninsular India. Most formations from this period are confined to the extra-peninsular regions, specifically the Himalayan belt, where marine fossils are found in abundance.
Coal Formation Genesis: Toward the very end of the Dravidian Era (specifically the Carboniferous period), global climatic shifts initiated massive vegetative growth. This period laid the fundamental groundwork for the subsequent Aryan Era (Gondwana sequence), which eventually formed the vast coal reserves that power modern India today.

📌 Indian Geography • Energy Resources

Q.8) Belonging to the Middle Gondwana Period, which coal seam located in India is recognized as the thickest coal seam in the country, measuring approximately 131 metres?

Ans > (C) Jhingurda Coal Seam

Explanation: The Jhingurda Coal Seam with a thickness of about 131 metres is the thickest coal seam in India. It belongs to the Damuda series of the Middle Gondwana Period.
Unmatched Thickness: The Jhingurda Coal Seam is an extraordinary geological phenomenon, holding the undisputed title as the thickest continuous coal seam in India. Reaching a staggering thickness of approximately 131 metres, it represents an incredibly dense accumulation of ancient plant matter compressed over millions of years.
Gondwana System Link: This massive seam is a prominent feature of the Singrauli coalfield in Madhya Pradesh. It belongs to the Damuda series of the Middle Gondwana Period, an era globally recognized for vast, swampy forests that eventually transformed into the world’s most significant and combustible coal deposits.
Energy Sector Impact: The immense volume of coal concentrated in this single seam makes it highly lucrative for commercial extraction. It is extensively mined via large-scale open-cast methods, serving as a critical fuel source for several massive thermal power plants that form the energy backbone of northern India.

📌 Indian Geography • Topography

Q.9) The Deccan Trap, formed by immense outpourings of basaltic lava during the Cretaceous Period, records its maximum thickness of about 3,000 metres along which region?

Ans > (C) Coast of Mumbai

Explanation: The lava plateau of India (Deccan Trap) has a maximum thickness of about 3000 m along the coast of Mumbai from where it decreases towards south and east.
Volcanic Origins: The Deccan Trap is one of the largest volcanic features on Earth, formed during the late Cretaceous Period. Over millions of years, massive fissure eruptions flooded the Indian peninsula with highly fluid basaltic lava, covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometres in a stepped, plateau formation.
Thickness and Geography: The lava flows are not uniform across the plateau; they are thickest along the western coast near Mumbai, reaching incredible depths of up to 3,000 metres. From this western core, the basaltic layers gradually thin out as they spread toward the southern and eastern regions of the peninsula.
Agricultural Impact: Millions of years of weathering and erosion have broken down these hard basaltic rocks into highly fertile black soil, locally known as ‘regur’. This soil has exceptionally high moisture-retention capacity, making the Deccan plateau the premier region in India for cultivating water-intensive cash crops like cotton.

📌 Indian Geography • Landforms

Q.10) The Karewa formations of the Kashmir Valley, which are lacustrine deposits highly suitable for saffron and walnut cultivation, were laid down during which geological period?

Ans > (C) Pleistocene Period

Explanation: The Karewas are the lacustrine deposits of the Pleistocene period. The moraine deposits and the karewa formations of Kashmir Valley and the Bhadarwa are of the Pleistocene period.
Lacustrine Origins: The Karewa formations are unique geological deposits found predominantly in the Kashmir Valley. Formed during the Pleistocene period, these are lacustrine (lake-based) deposits created when the rapid tectonic uplift of the Pir Panjal range dammed local rivers, forming a massive prehistoric lake.
Agricultural Goldmine: As the prehistoric lake eventually drained, it left behind highly fertile, elevated plateau-like terraces consisting of clay, silt, and sand. These Karewa soils possess excellent drainage and unique mineral compositions, creating the perfect microclimate and soil conditions for cultivating high-value cash crops.
Saffron and Orchards: Today, the Karewa formations form the absolute backbone of Kashmir’s agricultural economy. They are globally renowned for hosting the exclusive cultivation of premium Pampore saffron (Zaffran), alongside extensive, high-yielding orchards producing the premium walnuts, almonds, and apples that dominate the Indian market.

📌 Indian Geography • Peaks

Q.11) Which peak stands as the highest point of the Aravalli range, reaching an elevation of 1,722 metres?

Ans > (B) Guru-Sikhar

Explanation: The Aravalli is one of the oldest folded mountains of the world. Being highly denuded, its highest peak—Guru-Sikhar—is only 1722 metres in height.
Ancient Topography: The Aravalli Range is geologically recognized as one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world, dating all the way back to the Proterozoic eon. Over billions of years, extreme weathering and denudation have worn these once-massive, towering peaks down to modest, rugged hills.
Guru-Sikhar’s Prominence: Standing at an elevation of 1,722 metres, Guru-Sikhar is the absolute highest point in this ancient range. Located in the Mount Abu region of Rajasthan, it provides a stark, elevated physical contrast to the surrounding flat, arid plains of the Thar Desert.
Cultural and Ecological Hub: Beyond its geological significance, Guru-Sikhar is a major cultural and tourist landmark, hosting the famous Dattatreya temple at its summit. Its high altitude also creates a unique, cooler microclimate, allowing Mount Abu to serve as Rajasthan’s sole hill station and a refuge for diverse flora.

📌 Indian Geography • Peaks

Q.12) At an elevation of approximately 1,961 metres, which peak marks the highest elevation point across the entire Meghalaya Plateau?

Ans > (C) Shillong Peak

Explanation: Shillong Peak is the highest elevation in the Meghalaya Plateau at roughly 1,961 metres (historically miscited in older texts as 1,823 m). Meanwhile, Nokrek (1,412 m) is the highest peak of the Garo Hills.
Meghalaya’s Topography: The Meghalaya Plateau is technically an eastern extension of the massive Indian Peninsular block, structurally separated from the main landmass by the Malda fault. Shillong Peak serves as the crowning elevation of this rugged terrain, offering panoramic views of the surrounding mist-covered hills.
Modern Altitude Corrections: While older geological surveys and legacy textbooks frequently cited the peak’s elevation at 1,823 metres, modern topographic and GPS measurements have updated this figure. Current geographical data confirms the summit stands significantly higher, at approximately 1,961 to 1,965 metres above sea level.
Strategic and Climatic Role: The peak significantly influences the local climate, acting as a geographic barrier that catches heavy monsoon winds, thereby contributing to the region’s legendary rainfall. Due to its commanding altitude, the peak is heavily utilized by the Indian Air Force for critical radar installations.

📌 Indian Geography • Mineral Resources

Q.13) The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills, which contain rich Dharwarian rocks supplying haematite iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Plant, are located in which district of Chhattisgarh?

Ans > (B) Balod

Explanation: The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills contain Dharwarian rocks yielding high-quality haematite iron ore supplied to the Bhilai Steel Plant. Originally part of the Durg district, this area now falls under the Balod district following the bifurcation of Durg in 2012.
Dharwarian Iron Reserves: The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills are a geological treasure trove located in the heart of Chhattisgarh. They are composed of ancient Dharwarian rocks, which are famous across India for hosting some of the highest-grade haematite iron ore deposits available anywhere on the subcontinent.
Administrative Realignment: For decades, these heavily mined, resource-rich hills were administered under the massive Durg district. However, state administrative restructuring and the official bifurcation of districts in 2012 shifted the geographical jurisdiction of these crucial mining areas into the newly formed Balod district.
Industrial Lifeline: The high-quality iron ore extracted from Dhalli-Rajhara forms the industrial backbone of central India. It is the primary, captive source of raw material feeding the monumental Bhilai Steel Plant, playing a critical role in supporting India’s heavy manufacturing sector and structural infrastructure development.

📌 Indian Geography • Passes

Q.14) The Palakkad Gap (Palghat), measuring approximately 24 km wide, creates a broad break in the Western Ghats situated between the Anaimalais and which other major hill range?

Ans > (C) Nilgiris

Explanation: South of Nilgiri lies the Palghat (Palakkad Gap). Between Coimbatore and Anaimalais, there is a broad gap, known as Palakkad Gap, about 24 km wide.
A Geographical Anomaly: The Palakkad Gap, also widely known as the Palghat Gap, is a striking geological anomaly. It creates a sudden, massive 24-kilometre-wide break in the otherwise continuous, impenetrable mountain wall of the Western Ghats, situated strategically between the Nilgiri Hills to the north and Anaimalais to the south.
Climatic Funnel: This natural mountain breach has a profound impact on the region’s broader weather patterns. It acts as a massive wind funnel, allowing the moisture-laden South-West monsoon winds to penetrate deep into the otherwise rain-shadowed western regions of Tamil Nadu, significantly altering local agriculture and ambient temperatures.
Historical Trade Corridor: For centuries, this geographical gap has served as the most vital transit route connecting the Malabar Coast to the Coromandel Coast. It facilitated ancient spice trade routes and continues to act as a crucial modern transportation corridor for highways and railway networks linking Kerala to Tamil Nadu.

📌 Indian Geography • Passes

Q.15) Which busy mountain pass in the Western Ghats, located at an elevation of about 622 metres above sea level, provides a direct connection between Mumbai and Pune?

Ans > (B) Bhor Ghat

Explanation: Having an elevation of about 622 metres (2,041 ft) above sea level, the Bhor Ghat joins Mumbai with Pune. It remains one of the busiest and most critical passes in the Western Ghats.
Crucial Transportation Link: Bhor Ghat is one of the most historically and economically significant mountain passes in the entire Western Ghats system. It provides the essential, direct geographic bridge linking the coastal metropolis and financial hub of Mumbai with the elevated Deccan Plateau city of Pune.
Elevation Reality: While legacy texts often estimated its height at over 1,000 metres, modern topographic mapping places Bhor Ghat at a much lower elevation of approximately 622 metres (2,041 feet). Despite its lower altitude, the steep, sudden gradient makes it a highly challenging engineering environment.
Engineering Marvels: The pass is heavily engineered to handle massive volumes of modern traffic. It hosts a complex network of multi-lane expressways and the famous Bhor Ghat Railway sequence, which features numerous tunnels and sharp reversing stations originally built during the British era to conquer the incline.

📌 Indian Geography • Peaks

Q.16) Which summit is specifically recognized as the highest peak in Odisha, standing at an elevation of 1,672 metres?

Ans > (D) Deomali

Explanation: Deomali (1,672 m), located in the Koraput district, is the highest peak in Odisha. (Note: The highest peak of the entire Eastern Ghats is Arma Konda/Jindhagada Peak at 1,690 m in Andhra Pradesh. Older textbooks often incorrectly cited Singaraju or Mahendragiri).
Odisha’s True Summit: While older geographical texts incorrectly pointed to Singaraju or Mahendragiri, modern cartography confirms that Deomali is the absolute highest peak in the state of Odisha. Standing at 1,672 metres, it dominates the rugged topography of the resource-rich Koraput district.
Eastern Ghats Context: Deomali is a highly prominent feature of the Eastern Ghats, a discontinuous range of mountains heavily eroded by major peninsular rivers. However, it is essential to note that the highest peak of the entire Eastern Ghats system lies further south at Arma Konda (1,690 m) in Andhra Pradesh.
Biodiversity and Tourism: The Deomali peak and its surrounding hills are celebrated for their rich biodiversity and unique flora. The area is increasingly being developed for eco-tourism, drawing trekkers and nature enthusiasts eager to explore the undisturbed tribal hinterlands and sweeping green valleys of southern Odisha.

📌 Physical Geography • Tectonics

Q.17) According to the Plate Tectonic theory of the Himalayas, the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and began subducting beneath it approximately how many million years ago?

Ans > (C) 60-30 million years ago

Explanation: According to this theory, about 60-30 million years ago the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and started subducting under the Asian plate.
The Tectonic Journey: According to Plate Tectonic theory, the Indian plate was once attached to Madagascar and Antarctica. Millions of years ago, it broke away and initiated a massive, high-speed geological migration northward across the ancient Tethys Ocean, moving rapidly toward the massive Eurasian landmass.
The Collision Phase: Approximately 60 to 30 million years ago, this northward journey culminated in a violent geological event. The denser Indian plate finally collided with and began subducting (diving underneath) the lighter Asian plate, initiating one of the most significant and violent tectonic events in Earth’s history.
Himalayan Orogeny: This massive, ongoing subduction process is the direct cause of the Himalayan mountain-building phase (orogeny). The immense pressure from the collision folded the ancient seabed sediments of the Tethys Ocean upward, creating the towering Himalayan peaks that are still actively rising a few millimetres every year.

📌 Physical Geography • Tectonics

Q.18) Which major thrust fault serves as the structural separation line between the Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas?

Ans > (B) Main Central Thrust (MCT)

Explanation: The Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas are separated by the Main Central Thrust (MCT).
Structural Division: The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is a colossal geological fault line that runs longitudinally across the entire length of the Himalayan mountain system. It serves as the definitive tectonic boundary separating the towering Greater Himalayas from the lower-altitude Lesser Himalayas.
Tectonic Mechanism: This fault is the result of immense crustal shortening caused by the Indian plate’s collision with Eurasia. Over millions of years, the older, highly metamorphosed crystalline rocks of the Greater Himalayas were thrust aggressively upward and southward over the younger, softer sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalayas.
Seismic Hotspot: Because the MCT represents a major zone of crustal weakness and ongoing tectonic pressure, it is inherently unstable. It plays a significant role in the region’s seismic activity, making the areas immediately surrounding the thrust line highly susceptible to massive earthquakes and frequent, devastating landslides.

📌 Indian Geography • Glaciers

Q.19) Which longitudinal division of the Himalayas spans an enormous area of about 350,000 sq km and possesses the largest number of glaciers in India?

Ans > (C) The Kashmir Himalayas

Explanation: Sprawling over an area of about 350,000 sq km in the state of Jammu and Kashmir… it has the largest number of glaciers in India. This region forms the Kashmir Himalayas.
Massive Topographic Scope: The Kashmir Himalayas represent one of the most expansive and physically diverse longitudinal divisions of the entire mountain range. Sprawling across approximately 350,000 square kilometres, this region encompasses a series of towering parallel ranges, including the Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar, and Pir Panjal.
Glacial Density: This segment of the Himalayas is geographically unique because it hosts the largest concentration of glaciers outside the Earth’s polar regions. The immense altitude and deep valleys trap massive amounts of winter snow, feeding legendary and massive glacial systems like the Siachen, Baltoro, and Biafo glaciers.
Hydrological Lifeline: The extensive glacial networks of the Kashmir Himalayas serve as a critical natural freshwater reservoir. The seasonal melting of these massive ice bodies sustains the flow of the mighty Indus River and its major tributaries, acting as the primary freshwater lifeline for millions across northern India and Pakistan.

📌 Indian Geography • Passes

Q.20) The Nathu-La and Jelep-La passes, which serve as historical and traditional routes connecting Gangtok with Lhasa in Tibet, are physically located within which segment of the Himalayas?

Ans > (C) Sikkim Himalayas (part of Central Himalayas)

Explanation: The passes of Nathu-La and Jelep-La (4538 m in Sikkim) connect Gangtok (Sikkim) with Lhasa (Tibet, China). They fall under the Central Himalayas, specifically the Sikkim Himalayas section.
Strategic Alpine Passes: Nathu-La and Jelep-La are highly strategic, high-altitude mountain passes situated within the Sikkim Himalayas, a sub-section of the broader Central Himalayas. Nestled at elevations exceeding 4,000 metres, they form natural gaps in the formidable mountainous border separating India and China.
Historical Silk Road: For centuries, these passes functioned as vital arteries of the ancient Silk Road. They provided the most direct and historically significant trade and pilgrimage routes connecting the Indian state of Sikkim (specifically Gangtok) with the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, facilitating deep cultural and economic exchange.
Geopolitical Significance: Following the Sino-Indian War of 1962, these passes were completely sealed for decades due to geopolitical tensions. However, Nathu-La was famously reopened in 2006 to resume limited bilateral border trade, and it remains a heavily guarded, militarily sensitive checkpoint vital to India’s northern defense strategy.

📌 Indian Geography • Passes

Q.21) Constructed to ensure round-the-year surface transport and inaugurated in December 1956, the Jawahar Tunnel passes through which mountain pass?

Ans > (C) Banihal Pass

Explanation: Situated at an elevation of 2832 m in the Pir-Panjal Range, the Banihal Pass joins Jammu with Srinagar. The Jawahar Tunnel was constructed here for round-the-year surface transport.
Pir Panjal Barrier: The Banihal Pass is a crucial geographical saddle located at an elevation of 2,832 metres in the rugged Pir Panjal Range. Historically, it served as the only major surface route connecting the plains of the Jammu region with the elevated, enclosed topography of the Kashmir Valley.
Winter Isolation: Before modern engineering interventions, the pass was completely buried under heavy snow during the harsh winter months. This severe weather effectively severed the Kashmir Valley from the rest of the Indian subcontinent for several months every year, halting trade, supplies, and civilian movement entirely.
The Jawahar Tunnel Solution: To permanently solve this winter isolation, the Indian government constructed the Jawahar Tunnel deep beneath the pass. Inaugurated in 1956, this massive engineering feat provided the first all-weather, round-the-year surface transport link, fundamentally transforming the economic integration and military logistics of Jammu and Kashmir.

📌 Indian Geography • Passes

Q.22) Situated at an elevation of 5,883 metres (19,300 ft) in Eastern Ladakh, which of the following is currently recognized as the highest motorable mountain pass in the world?

Ans > (B) Umling La

Explanation: Umling La in Eastern Ladakh is the highest motorable pass in India and the world at 5,883 metres (19,300 ft), constructed by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO). Khardung La, historically claimed to be the highest, actually sits at 5,359 m (17,582 ft).
A New Record Holder: For many years, tourist brochures and older geographical literature incorrectly celebrated Khardung La as the world’s highest motorable pass. However, that title is now officially held by Umling La, an astonishingly high mountain pass situated in the remote eastern expanses of Ladakh.
Extreme Altitude Engineering: Constructed by India’s Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under Project Himank, Umling La rests at a breathtaking elevation of 5,883 metres (19,300 feet). Building a black-topped road at an altitude higher than the base camps of Mount Everest required overcoming extreme sub-zero temperatures and severely depleted oxygen.
Strategic Border Connectivity: Beyond breaking global engineering records, the construction of the Umling La pass is highly strategic. It provides critical, rapid surface connectivity to the remote border villages of the Chisumle and Demchok sectors, significantly enhancing military logistics and border security near the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

📌 Physical Geography • Climatology

Q.23) While the snowline in the Kashmir Himalayas sits high between 5,100 m and 5,800 m, at what lower altitude is the snowline generally found in the North Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh)?

Ans > (B) 4,400 m

Explanation: In the Assam Himalaya (North Eastern Himalayas / Arunachal Pradesh), the snowline is about 4400 metres.
Defining the Snowline: The snowline is the exact altitude above which snow remains on the ground year-round without fully melting during summer. This elevation is never static; it fluctuates significantly based on a region’s latitude, local temperatures, and the total volume of annual precipitation it receives.
Eastern vs. Western Divide: In the drier Western Kashmir Himalayas, the snowline sits very high, between 5,100 and 5,800 metres. Conversely, in the North Eastern Himalayas (Assam/Arunachal), the snowline plunges dramatically to a much lower altitude of approximately 4,400 metres due to starkly different regional climatic conditions.
The Monsoon Effect: The primary reason for this significantly lower snowline in the east is massive precipitation. The North Eastern Himalayas directly intercept the moisture-heavy Bay of Bengal monsoon winds, resulting in significantly heavier winter snowfall and denser cloud cover, which prevents the snow from melting rapidly.

📌 Physical Geography • Glaciers

Q.24) The Chogo Lungma Glacier is unique as it terminates at the lowest recorded altitude in the Himalayas (2,070 m). What is the total length of this Karakoram glacier?

Ans > (C) 50 km

Explanation: The Chogo Lungma Glacier (50 km) terminates at an altitude of 2070 m, the lowest recorded in the Himalayas.
Karakoram Glaciation: The Chogo Lungma Glacier is a massive, 50-kilometre-long river of ice located within the heavily glaciated Karakoram Range. The Karakoram system is globally renowned for hosting some of the most extensive and rugged non-polar glacial networks on the planet, shaping deep, U-shaped valleys across the topography.
A Unique Low-Altitude Terminus: What makes the Chogo Lungma Glacier geographically extraordinary is its terminus (the lowest end, or snout, of the glacier). It descends to an incredibly low altitude of 2,070 metres, which is the absolute lowest recorded glacial termination point in the entire Himalayan-Karakoram mountain complex.
Climatic Indicator: The unusually low descent of this specific glacier is highly dependent on local topography and specific microclimatic shading that protects the ice from direct solar radiation. Geologists closely monitor the snout of Chogo Lungma, as its retreat or advance serves as a highly sensitive indicator of regional climate change.

📌 Indian Geography • Drainage System

Q.25) According to the classification of river basins in India based on their drained area, a “minor river basin” is strictly defined as having a catchment area of less than:

Ans > (C) 2,000 sq km

Explanation: The rivers having a catchment area less than 2000 sq km are known as minor river basins. India has 55 such minor river basins.
Hydrological Classification: To effectively manage water resources, the Indian government classifies river basins strictly based on their total catchment area—the total landmass that collects and drains rainwater into the river. These are divided systematically into major, medium, and minor river basins based on geographical size.
The Minor Basin Threshold: A “minor river basin” is officially defined as a river system that possesses a total catchment drainage area of less than 2,000 square kilometres. These are usually small, fast-flowing streams that originate in nearby coastal hills and empty very quickly into the sea.
Distribution and Significance: India is home to approximately 55 such minor river basins, heavily concentrated along the western and eastern coastal plains. While small in area, they are ecologically vital for local coastal agriculture, mangrove forest sustenance, and maintaining the delicate freshwater-saltwater balance in local estuaries.

📌 Indian Geography • Rivers

Q.26) The Yamuna river, flowing as the longest and western-most tributary of the Ganga, originates from the Yamunotri Glacier situated on the western slopes of which mountain peak?

Ans > (C) Banderpunch

Explanation: Its source lies in the Yamunotri Glacier on the western slopes of Banderpunch (6316 m).
The Ganga’s Greatest Ally: The Yamuna River holds the distinction of being the longest and westernmost tributary of the mighty Ganga River system. It plays a massive role in draining the western portions of the northern Indian plains before its famous and holy confluence with the Ganga at Prayagraj (Triveni Sangam).
Glacial Genesis: The river physically originates from the Yamunotri Glacier, which is perched at an elevation of over 6,300 metres. This massive glacier is situated on the steep western slopes of the imposing Banderpunch mountain peak, nestled deep within the Garhwal Himalayas of the state of Uttarakhand.
Hydrological Importance: As the Yamuna flows downward from the Banderpunch massif, it gathers water from numerous smaller Himalayan streams. By the time it reaches the plains, it becomes a vital hydrological lifeline, supplying essential drinking water and extensive agricultural irrigation to massive urban centers like Delhi, Agra, and Mathura.

📌 Indian Geography • Rivers

Q.27) The Subernrekha river flows primarily in a general easterly direction, passing through the industrial city of Jamshedpur, and eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal near which town?

Ans > (C) Balasore

Explanation: In a general easterly direction, it passes through Jamshedpur and flows to the Bay of Bengal near Balasore.
The ‘Streak of Gold’: The Subernrekha River, whose name literally translates to “Streak of Gold,” is a significant, rain-fed peninsular river. According to local folklore and historical panning activities, traces of actual gold were once commonly found mixed within the sandy beds of its upper reaches.
Industrial Artery: Originating near Ranchi in Jharkhand, the river flows eastward, serving as a critical water source for some of India’s most heavily industrialized zones. It famously passes directly through the steel city of Jamshedpur, providing the massive volumes of water required for cooling and processing in the Tata Steel plants.
Journey to the Sea: After traversing the mineral-rich plateaus of Jharkhand and briefly touching the border of West Bengal, the Subernrekha river cuts south through the coastal plains of Odisha. It finally completes its long journey, emptying its waters into the Bay of Bengal near the coastal town of Balasore.

📌 Indian Geography • Rivers

Q.28) Historical evidence of shifting river courses is prevalent in the Punjab region. About 250 years ago, which river drastically changed its old course, leaving traces between Montgomery and Multan, to join the Satluj near Sultanpur?

Ans > (D) Beas

Explanation: About 250 years ago the Beas river changed its old course, traces of which are still found between Montgomery and Multan, and joined the Satluj river near Sultanpur.
Dynamic River Systems: The rivers of the Punjab plains are geographically famous for being highly dynamic. Flowing over vast, flat, and soft alluvial plains with very low elevation gradients, these rivers frequently undergo massive course shifts over centuries due to heavy monsoon flooding and heavy silt deposition.
The Beas River Migration: Historical records and modern geological traces reveal a dramatic shift in the course of the Beas River. Roughly 250 years ago, the river entirely abandoned its ancient channel—remnants of which are still visible between Montgomery and Multan in modern-day Pakistan.
A New Confluence: Instead of flowing further south along its old, established path, the river breached its banks and carved a new, shorter route eastward. It permanently altered the regional hydrology by joining the powerful Satluj River near the town of Sultanpur, essentially merging the two massive river basins together.

📌 Indian Geography • Lakes

Q.29) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance and acting as India’s largest salt lake, Sambhar Lake is situated approximately 70 km to the west of which major city?

Ans > (C) Jaipur

Explanation: Situated about 70 km to the west of Jaipur city, it is the largest salt lake of India. Sambhar has been designated a Ramsar site of international importance.
India’s Salt Giant: Sambhar Lake is a massive, bowl-shaped, shallow inland depression located approximately 70 kilometres west of Jaipur, Rajasthan. It holds the title of India’s largest inland salt lake, producing hundreds of thousands of tonnes of salt annually through completely natural evaporation processes.
Geological Catchment: The lake has no natural outlet to the sea; it is a classic endorheic basin. It receives freshwater runoff from several seasonal rivers draining the surrounding Aravalli hills, which dissolve salts from the regional rocks and concentrate them in the lake bed as the intense desert sun evaporates the water.
Ecological Sanctuary: Beyond salt production, Sambhar is a critical ecological hotspot. Recognizing its importance as a vital wintering ground for tens of thousands of migratory birds—especially beautiful pink flamingos—it was officially designated as a Ramsar site of international importance in 1990 to protect its fragile wetland ecosystem.

📌 Climatology • Monsoons

Q.30) According to Halley’s Classical Theory (Thermal Concept) regarding the Indian monsoon, the intensely heated landmass during summer develops a strong low-pressure area near which specific locations?

Ans > (B) Multan, Lahore, and Delhi

Explanation: During the summer season, the landmass of the subcontinent becomes highly heated and there develops a low pressure area near Multan, Lahore, and Delhi.
Halley’s Thermal Concept: Proposed by Sir Edmund Halley, the Classical Theory (or Thermal Concept) explains the Indian monsoon as a massive, continental-scale sea breeze. It relies purely on the differential heating and cooling rates of the massive Asian landmass compared to the surrounding Indian Ocean water.
The Summer Heat Engine: During the intense Indian summer, the northern landmass heats up far more rapidly than the ocean. This extreme surface heating causes the air above it to expand and rise quickly, creating a massive, intensely deep low-pressure trough concentrated directly over the arid regions of Multan, Lahore, and Delhi.
Drawing the Monsoon: Nature abhors a vacuum. To fill this massive low-pressure void over northern India and Pakistan, moisture-laden, high-pressure air from the cooler Indian Ocean is forcefully pulled northward across the equator. This massive rush of oceanic air is exactly what brings the torrential South-West monsoon rains to the subcontinent.

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 21

Bengal Gneiss (Khondolites): Named after Khond tribes in Koraput and Bolangir districts.
Champaner Series: Outlier of Aravalli system near Vadodara, yields green marble.
Chilpi Series: Source of ore for the Malanjkhand Copper Plant in MP.
Papaghani Series: Cuddapah system series intruded by magma, creating marble and talc.
Great Boundary Fault (GBF): Separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis.
Vindhyan System: Source of red-sandstone for historic monuments like Qutub Minar.
Dravidian Era: Indian Geological equivalent to the Palaeozoic Era.
Jhingurda Coal Seam: Thickest coal seam in India (131m), Middle Gondwana Period.
Deccan Trap: Reaches its maximum thickness (3,000m) along the Coast of Mumbai.
Karewa Formations: Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in Kashmir suitable for saffron.
Guru-Sikhar: Highest point of the ancient Aravalli range (1,722m).
Shillong Peak: Highest elevation across the Meghalaya Plateau (1,961m).
Balod District: Current location of the iron-rich Dhalli-Rajhara Hills.
Palakkad Gap: 24 km wide break between the Anaimalais and Nilgiris.
Bhor Ghat: Busy pass (622m) providing direct connection between Mumbai and Pune.
Deomali: The highest peak in Odisha (1,672m).
Himalayan Subduction: Indian plate subducted under Asian plate 60-30 million years ago.
Main Central Thrust (MCT): Separates Greater Himalayas from Lesser Himalayas.
Kashmir Himalayas: Largest number of glaciers in India over a 350,000 sq km area.
Sikkim Himalayas: Home to the historic Nathu-La and Jelep-La passes.
Banihal Pass: Location of the Jawahar Tunnel constructed in 1956.
Umling La: Highest motorable mountain pass in the world (5,883m).
NE Himalayas Snowline: Situated much lower at 4,400m due to heavy monsoon rains.
Chogo Lungma Glacier: 50km Karakoram glacier with lowest terminus altitude (2,070m).
Minor River Basin: Defined strictly as having a catchment area less than 2,000 sq km.
Banderpunch Peak: Western slopes host the Yamunotri Glacier (Yamuna source).
Subernrekha River: Flows through Jamshedpur and empties near Balasore.
Beas River: Drastically changed its old course approximately 250 years ago.
Sambhar Lake: Ramsar site and largest salt lake located 70km west of Jaipur.
Thermal Concept (Halley): Summer low-pressure area over Multan, Lahore, and Delhi.

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Geography Set 21

Q.1) The Archaean rocks in Peninsular India are known to be of three well-defined types. Which of the following is known as Khondolites, named after the Khond tribes in the Koraput and Bolangir districts?

Q.2) Which series of the Dharwar System is an outlier of the Aravalli system in the vicinity of Vadodara and yields an attractive green variety of marble?

Q.3) The Malanjkhand Copper Plant obtains its ore from which specific series of the Dharwarian formation that stretches over the Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh?

Q.4) In the Cuddapah System, which series is intruded by magma in the form of dykes and sills that metamorphosed the surrounding limestone into marble, talc, slate, and serpentine?

Q.5) Which major geological feature separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis over a distance of approximately eight hundred kilometres?

Q.6) The red-sandstone utilized in the construction of historic monuments like Qutub Minar, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, and Jama-Masjid was obtained from which geological system?

Q.7) The Palaeozoic Era, spanning the Cambrian to Carboniferous periods in the Standard Geological Time Scale, is recognized by which name in the Indian Geological Time Scale?

Q.8) Belonging to the Middle Gondwana Period, which coal seam located in India is recognized as the thickest coal seam in the country, measuring approximately 131 metres?

Q.9) The Deccan Trap, formed by immense outpourings of basaltic lava during the Cretaceous Period, records its maximum thickness of about 3,000 metres along which region?

Q.10) The Karewa formations of the Kashmir Valley, which are lacustrine deposits highly suitable for saffron and walnut cultivation, were laid down during which geological period?

Q.11) Which peak stands as the highest point of the Aravalli range, reaching an elevation of 1,722 metres?

Q.12) At an elevation of approximately 1,961 metres, which peak marks the highest elevation point across the entire Meghalaya Plateau?

Q.13) The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills, which contain rich Dharwarian rocks supplying haematite iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Plant, are located in which district of Chhattisgarh?

Q.14) The Palakkad Gap (Palghat), measuring approximately 24 km wide, creates a broad break in the Western Ghats situated between the Anaimalais and which other major hill range?

Q.15) Which busy mountain pass in the Western Ghats, located at an elevation of about 622 metres above sea level, provides a direct connection between Mumbai and Pune?

Q.16) Which summit is specifically recognized as the highest peak in Odisha, standing at an elevation of 1,672 metres?

Q.17) According to the Plate Tectonic theory of the Himalayas, the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and began subducting beneath it approximately how many million years ago?

Q.18) Which major thrust fault serves as the structural separation line between the Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas?

Q.19) Which longitudinal division of the Himalayas spans an enormous area of about 350,000 sq km and possesses the largest number of glaciers in India?

Q.20) The Nathu-La and Jelep-La passes, which serve as historical and traditional routes connecting Gangtok with Lhasa in Tibet, are physically located within which segment of the Himalayas?

Q.21) Constructed to ensure round-the-year surface transport and inaugurated in December 1956, the Jawahar Tunnel passes through which mountain pass?

Q.22) Situated at an elevation of 5,883 metres (19,300 ft) in Eastern Ladakh, which of the following is currently recognized as the highest motorable mountain pass in the world?

Q.23) While the snowline in the Kashmir Himalayas sits high between 5,100 m and 5,800 m, at what lower altitude is the snowline generally found in the North Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh)?

Q.24) The Chogo Lungma Glacier is unique as it terminates at the lowest recorded altitude in the Himalayas (2,070 m). What is the total length of this Karakoram glacier?

Q.25) According to the classification of river basins in India based on their drained area, a “minor river basin” is strictly defined as having a catchment area of less than:

Q.26) The Yamuna river, flowing as the longest and western-most tributary of the Ganga, originates from the Yamunotri Glacier situated on the western slopes of which mountain peak?

Q.27) The Subernrekha river flows primarily in a general easterly direction, passing through the industrial city of Jamshedpur, and eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal near which town?

Q.28) Historical evidence of shifting river courses is prevalent in the Punjab region. About 250 years ago, which river drastically changed its old course, leaving traces between Montgomery and Multan, to join the Satluj near Sultanpur?

Q.29) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance and acting as India’s largest salt lake, Sambhar Lake is situated approximately 70 km to the west of which major city?

Q.30) According to Halley’s Classical Theory (Thermal Concept) regarding the Indian monsoon, the intensely heated landmass during summer develops a strong low-pressure area near which specific locations?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 21

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Q.1) The Archaean rocks in Peninsular India are known to be of three well-defined types. Which of the following is known as Khondolites, named after the Khond tribes in the Koraput and Bolangir districts?

Q.2) Which series of the Dharwar System is an outlier of the Aravalli system in the vicinity of Vadodara and yields an attractive green variety of marble?

Q.3) The Malanjkhand Copper Plant obtains its ore from which specific series of the Dharwarian formation that stretches over the Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh?

Q.4) In the Cuddapah System, which series is intruded by magma in the form of dykes and sills that metamorphosed the surrounding limestone into marble, talc, slate, and serpentine?

Q.5) Which major geological feature separates the Vindhyan System from the Aravallis over a distance of approximately eight hundred kilometres?

Q.6) The red-sandstone utilized in the construction of historic monuments like Qutub Minar, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, and Jama-Masjid was obtained from which geological system?

Q.7) The Palaeozoic Era, spanning the Cambrian to Carboniferous periods in the Standard Geological Time Scale, is recognized by which name in the Indian Geological Time Scale?

Q.8) Belonging to the Middle Gondwana Period, which coal seam located in India is recognized as the thickest coal seam in the country, measuring approximately 131 metres?

Q.9) The Deccan Trap, formed by immense outpourings of basaltic lava during the Cretaceous Period, records its maximum thickness of about 3,000 metres along which region?

Q.10) The Karewa formations of the Kashmir Valley, which are lacustrine deposits highly suitable for saffron and walnut cultivation, were laid down during which geological period?

Q.11) Which peak stands as the highest point of the Aravalli range, reaching an elevation of 1,722 metres?

Q.12) At an elevation of approximately 1,961 metres, which peak marks the highest elevation point across the entire Meghalaya Plateau?

Q.13) The Dhalli-Rajhara Hills, which contain rich Dharwarian rocks supplying haematite iron ore to the Bhilai Steel Plant, are located in which district of Chhattisgarh?

Q.14) The Palakkad Gap (Palghat), measuring approximately 24 km wide, creates a broad break in the Western Ghats situated between the Anaimalais and which other major hill range?

Q.15) Which busy mountain pass in the Western Ghats, located at an elevation of about 622 metres above sea level, provides a direct connection between Mumbai and Pune?

Q.16) Which summit is specifically recognized as the highest peak in Odisha, standing at an elevation of 1,672 metres?

Q.17) According to the Plate Tectonic theory of the Himalayas, the Indian plate came very close to the Asian plate and began subducting beneath it approximately how many million years ago?

Q.18) Which major thrust fault serves as the structural separation line between the Greater Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas?

Q.19) Which longitudinal division of the Himalayas spans an enormous area of about 350,000 sq km and possesses the largest number of glaciers in India?

Q.20) The Nathu-La and Jelep-La passes, which serve as historical and traditional routes connecting Gangtok with Lhasa in Tibet, are physically located within which segment of the Himalayas?

Q.21) Constructed to ensure round-the-year surface transport and inaugurated in December 1956, the Jawahar Tunnel passes through which mountain pass?

Q.22) Situated at an elevation of 5,883 metres (19,300 ft) in Eastern Ladakh, which of the following is currently recognized as the highest motorable mountain pass in the world?

Q.23) While the snowline in the Kashmir Himalayas sits high between 5,100 m and 5,800 m, at what lower altitude is the snowline generally found in the North Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh)?

Q.24) The Chogo Lungma Glacier is unique as it terminates at the lowest recorded altitude in the Himalayas (2,070 m). What is the total length of this Karakoram glacier?

Q.25) According to the classification of river basins in India based on their drained area, a “minor river basin” is strictly defined as having a catchment area of less than:

Q.26) The Yamuna river, flowing as the longest and western-most tributary of the Ganga, originates from the Yamunotri Glacier situated on the western slopes of which mountain peak?

Q.27) The Subernrekha river flows primarily in a general easterly direction, passing through the industrial city of Jamshedpur, and eventually empties into the Bay of Bengal near which town?

Q.28) Historical evidence of shifting river courses is prevalent in the Punjab region. About 250 years ago, which river drastically changed its old course, leaving traces between Montgomery and Multan, to join the Satluj near Sultanpur?

Q.29) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance and acting as India’s largest salt lake, Sambhar Lake is situated approximately 70 km to the west of which major city?

Q.30) According to Halley’s Classical Theory (Thermal Concept) regarding the Indian monsoon, the intensely heated landmass during summer develops a strong low-pressure area near which specific locations?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 21

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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