Geography Set 18 | MROY Class

Geography Set 18 – Questions & Answers

The plateau of Maharashtra (North Deccan) is predominantly covered by a basaltic sheet. This basaltic sheet, which diminishes in thickness towards the east and south-east, belongs to which geological period? – Cretaceous Period
Which of the following is considered the most striking geological feature of the Maharashtra Plateau, which gave rise to the present shoreline of the Arabian Sea? – A massive 1000-metre fault
Through the northern part of the Maharashtra Plateau, which major river flows from east to west with a gentle slope in the south and a steep gradient in the north? – Tapi River
The Mahanadi Basin sprawls over districts such as Raipur, Bilaspur, and Durg. By what other regional name is this basin widely known? – Chhattisgarh Plain
The Gondwana formations located within the Chhattisgarh basin are rich in bituminous coal. This coal is primarily extracted and supplied to which major industrial facility? – Bhilai Steel Plant
The Garhjat Hills, largely composed of Archaean rocks like granite, gneisses, and magmatic rocks, are alternatively known as the: – Orissa Highlands
The Karnataka Plateau spans the state of Karnataka and the Cannanore and Kozhikode districts of Kerala. What is the name of the highest peak in this plateau, located in the Baba-Budan Hills? – Mulangiri
In the regional division of the Karnataka Plateau, the heavily forested and dissected western hilly tract adjoining the Western Ghats is known as: – Malnad
The Tamil Nadu Uplands lie between the South Sahyadri and the Tamil Nadu coastal plains. Which specific Archaean rock type is prominently found in the Javadi and Shevaroy hills of this region? – Charnockites
The Western Ghats (Sahyadris) form a major watershed and run parallel to the western coast. What is the approximate total length of this continuous mountain chain from the mouth of the Tapi river to Kanyakumari? – 1600 km
Due to the downwarping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea, the Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are structurally classified as which type of mountains? – Block mountains
The steep western slopes of the Sahyadris cause the westward-flowing rivers to be very swift. Which river forms the Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls), one of the highest waterfalls in India at 250 m? – Sharavati
What is the general average elevation range of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)? – 1000 to 1300 metres
The Western Ghats feature several prominent peaks. Which peak is the highest in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India, located in the Anaimalai Hills at an elevation of 2695 m? – Anaimudi
Between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers, the Eastern Ghats exhibit their most prominent and continuous stretch. What is the average elevation of the Eastern Ghats in this specific sector? – 1100 metres
The Peninsular plateau is richly endowed with natural resources. Approximately what percentage of India’s total Gondwana coal deposits are found within the Peninsular region? – 98 per cent
The Theory of Plate Tectonics is fundamental to understanding the origin of the Himalayas. Which scientist advocated the preceding concept of ‘Sea-Floor Spreading’ upon which this theory is based? – H.H. Hess
According to estimates based on plate tectonics, the convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate caused massive lateral compression. How much crustal shortening is estimated to have occurred in the Himalayan region? – 500 km
During the first major phase of Himalayan uplift, the continuous geosynclinal sedimentation led to the underthrusting of the Indian shield. This resulted in the outflow of ultrabasic rocks seen as exotic blocks, which are known as: – Ophiolites
The second major uplift of the Himalayas, which resulted in the folding of the Lesser Himalayas, occurred around 45 million years ago during which geological period? – Miocene Period
The third upheaval of the Himalayas occurred during the Post-Pliocene period, about 1.4 million years ago. Which specific Himalayan division was formed as a result of this folding? – The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas)
The Shiwaliks, characterized by their 5000-metre thick sequence of terrestrial sediments, are physically separated from the Lesser Himalayas to their north by which major tectonic boundary? – Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
The Shiwaliks form normal Jura type of structures with alternating synclines and anticlines. Which active fault line separates the Shiwaliks from the Northern Plains of India? – Himalayan Front Fault (HFF)
The Trans-Himalayas, which are about 40 km wide, constitute the core of the Himalayan axis. These rocks contain fossils bearing marine sediments belonging to which ancient water body? – Tethys
The Greater Himalayas rise abruptly like a wall to the north of the Lesser Himalayas. Which massive fault separates the Greater Himalayas from the Lesser Himalayas? – Main Central Thrust (MCT)
The basal complex of the Greater Himalayas is composed of which highly metamorphosed, ancient rock system? – Archaean
The Lesser Himalayas range from 80 km in width with an average height of 1300-5000 m. Geologically, what do the main rocks of the Lesser Himalayas primarily consist of? – Unfossiliferous sediments or metamorphosed crystalline rocks
Along the southern margin of the Lesser Himalayas lies an autochthonous belt of highly compressed rocks. Which of the following is an example of such a thrust found in the Kashmir region? – Murree and Panjal thrust
The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) stretch continuously from the Jammu Division to Assam. How does the width of the Shiwalik range vary across this distance? – 8 km in the east to 45 km in the west
The Shiwaliks are essentially composed of massive sedimentary deposits. To which specific geological period do these conglomerates, sandstones, and clays mostly belong? – Upper Tertiary Period

MROY Class

Geography Set 18

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📌 Deccan Plateau • Geology

Q.1) The plateau of Maharashtra (North Deccan) is predominantly covered by a basaltic sheet. This basaltic sheet, which diminishes in thickness towards the east and south-east, belongs to which geological period?

Ans > (C) Cretaceous Period

The Deccan Traps Formation: The Maharashtra Plateau forms the core of the Deccan Traps, one of the largest volcanic provinces on Earth. This massive geological feature originated during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 66 million years ago, coinciding with the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.
Fissure Eruptions: Unlike conical volcanic mountains, the basaltic lava here emerged quietly through extensive linear fissures in the earth’s crust. Because the lava was highly fluid, it spread over vast distances, creating flat, successive layers of igneous rock.
Topography and Soil: The term “Trap” is derived from the Swedish word ‘trappa’, meaning stairs, reflecting the step-like, flat-topped hills of the region. The weathering of this Cretaceous basalt over millions of years has produced the region’s famous ‘Regur’ or black cotton soil, which is exceptionally fertile and highly retentive of moisture.

📌 Western Coast • Geomorphology

Q.2) Which of the following is considered the most striking geological feature of the Maharashtra Plateau, which gave rise to the present shoreline of the Arabian Sea?

Ans > (B) A massive 1000-metre fault

Origin of the Western Coastline: The straight and regular alignment of India’s western coastline is not a result of normal coastal erosion but rather a massive geological event. During the early Tertiary period, the western edge of the Indian Peninsula underwent severe tectonic stress.
The Great Subsidence: A massive faulting event occurred where a roughly 1000-metre section of the ancient landmass subsided or cracked away and sank directly into the Arabian Sea. This downwarping event created the sheer, steep escarpment that we now recognize as the Western Ghats.
Geomorphic Evidence: The evidence of this massive faulting lies in the remarkably straight coastline from Gujarat to Kerala, which lacks the typical jagged indentations of older coasts. This faulting also explains why the peninsular plateau is tilted eastward, causing most major South Indian rivers to flow towards the Bay of Bengal rather than the nearby Arabian Sea.

📌 Peninsular Rivers • Tapi Basin

Q.3) Through the northern part of the Maharashtra Plateau, which major river flows from east to west with a gentle slope in the south and a steep gradient in the north?

Ans > (C) Tapi River

Rift Valley Flow: The Tapi (or Tapti) River is one of the few major rivers in Peninsular India that flows westward. It achieves this by flowing through a prominent rift valley—a linear block of the earth’s crust that has subsided between two parallel faults—created by ancient tectonic activity.
Geographical Boundaries: The river basin is tightly bound by the rugged Satpura Range to the north and the Ajanta/Satmala hills of the Maharashtra Plateau to the south. This accounts for the steep northern gradient and the comparatively gentler southern slope mentioned in geographical studies.
Ecological and Agricultural Impact: Covering an area of roughly 65,000 square kilometers, the Tapi basin is characterized by rich black soils derived from the surrounding Deccan basalts. It is a vital agricultural lifeline for northern Maharashtra and southern Gujarat, supporting extensive cultivation of cotton, bananas, and oilseeds before the river empties into the Gulf of Khambhat.

📌 Mahanadi Basin • Chhattisgarh Plain

Q.4) The Mahanadi Basin sprawls over districts such as Raipur, Bilaspur, and Durg. By what other regional name is this basin widely known?

Ans > (C) Chhattisgarh Plain

Saucer-Shaped Topography: The Chhattisgarh Plain is a unique geological depression resembling a massive saucer. It is bounded by the Maikal Range to the west, the Chhota Nagpur plateau to the north, and the Eastern Ghats to the south, making it a distinctly isolated and naturally fortified geographic entity.
Geological Composition: Underneath its fertile surface, the plain is heavily composed of ancient limestone and shale belonging to the Cuddapah rock system. These horizontal sedimentary rock layers have weathered into highly productive soils that efficiently retain seasonal monsoon waters.
The Rice Bowl of India: Due to its basin-like structure which collects water from surrounding highlands, combined with dense networks of the Mahanadi river and its tributaries (like the Seonath), this plain is exceptionally suited for paddy cultivation. Consequently, it is historically referred to as the “Rice Bowl of Central India,” forming the agricultural backbone of Chhattisgarh state.

📌 Natural Resources • Coal

Q.5) The Gondwana formations located within the Chhattisgarh basin are rich in bituminous coal. This coal is primarily extracted and supplied to which major industrial facility?

Ans > (B) Bhilai Steel Plant

The Gondwana Coalfields: The term “Gondwana” refers to an ancient rock system formed between 250 and 150 million years ago. Within the Chhattisgarh basin, particularly in areas like Korba, these formations hold massive reserves of high-grade bituminous coal, characterized by its high carbon content and excellent heating capacity.
Industrial Synergy: The strategic location of these coalfields played a pivotal role in post-independence industrial planning. To minimize transportation costs of heavy raw materials, major heavy industries were established directly adjacent to these rich geological reserves.
The Bhilai Establishment: The Bhilai Steel Plant was set up in 1959 with the technical and financial collaboration of the Soviet Union. It relies entirely on the local geographical ecosystem: iron ore from the nearby Dalli-Rajhara hills and the essential bituminous coal from the Gondwana formations of the Chhattisgarh basin, making it one of India’s most efficient steel producers.

📌 Eastern Ghats • Garhjat Hills

Q.6) The Garhjat Hills, largely composed of Archaean rocks like granite, gneisses, and magmatic rocks, are alternatively known as the:

Ans > (A) Orissa Highlands

Ancient Rock Foundations: The Garhjat Hills represent some of the oldest exposed landmasses on the Indian subcontinent. They are predominantly made of Archaean era rocks (granites and gneisses) that formed over 2.5 billion years ago when the earth’s crust was still cooling.
Topographical Placement: Geographically, they serve as the northernmost rugged extension of the Eastern Ghats, effectively acting as a transition zone between the mineral-rich Chotanagpur Plateau to the north and the expansive Mahanadi river basin to the south.
Cultural and Economic Significance: These highlands, heavily forested and deeply dissected by ancient rivers, are home to numerous indigenous tribal communities. Economically, the deep Archaean crust here is heavily mineralized, hosting some of India’s most critical reserves of high-quality iron ore, manganese, and bauxite, which drive the metallurgical industries of eastern India.

📌 Karnataka Plateau • Peaks

Q.7) The Karnataka Plateau spans the state of Karnataka and the Cannanore and Kozhikode districts of Kerala. What is the name of the highest peak in this plateau, located in the Baba-Budan Hills?

Ans > (B) Mulangiri

The Baba-Budan Range: Located in the Chikkamagaluru district, the Baba-Budan Hills hold immense historical and geographical importance. Legend states that a Sufi saint named Baba Budan smuggled seven coffee beans from Yemen and planted them here in the 17th century, birthing India’s entire coffee industry.
Geological Riches: Beneath the coffee plantations, this mountain range is part of the Dharwar rock system. These are ancient, highly metamorphosed rocks that hold exceptionally rich veins of magnetite and hematite iron ore, fundamentally driving Karnataka’s mining economy.
The Peak of Mulangiri: Standing at 1,930 meters (approx. 6,330 feet), Mulangiri is not just the highest point in Karnataka, but a vital climate barrier. It traps the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds blowing from the Arabian Sea, causing heavy rainfall on its western slopes while leaving the eastern side relatively dry, thus shaping local agriculture.

📌 Karnataka Plateau • Regional Geography

Q.8) In the regional division of the Karnataka Plateau, the heavily forested and dissected western hilly tract adjoining the Western Ghats is known as:

Ans > (C) Malnad

Etymology and Meaning: The word ‘Malnad’ is derived from the Kannada words ‘Male’ (meaning hill or rain) and ‘Nadu’ (meaning land). It literally translates to the “Land of Hills” or “Land of Rain,” perfectly describing this rugged, heavily forested strip that runs parallel to the Western Ghats.
Climatic Contrast: The Karnataka Plateau is a textbook example of a rain-shadow landscape. The Malnad region receives torrential orographic rainfall (often exceeding 2500 mm annually) from the Arabian Sea monsoons. In stark contrast, the ‘Maidan’—the rolling plains immediately to its east—lies in the rain shadow and often suffers from drought.
Biodiversity and Economy: Because of the intense rainfall, Malnad is blanketed by dense tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. It is renowned globally as a biodiversity hotspot and serves as the epicenter of India’s plantation economy, producing the vast majority of the nation’s coffee, pepper, cardamom, and areca nuts.

📌 Tamil Nadu Uplands • Rock Systems

Q.9) The Tamil Nadu Uplands lie between the South Sahyadri and the Tamil Nadu coastal plains. Which specific Archaean rock type is prominently found in the Javadi and Shevaroy hills of this region?

Ans > (C) Charnockites

The Origin of Charnockite: Charnockite is a unique, extremely hard, high-grade metamorphic rock containing quartz, feldspar, and hypersthene. It was famously named after Job Charnock, the founder of Calcutta, because his tombstone in Kolkata was carved from this exact rock brought from South India.
The Eastern Ghats Extension: The Javadi and Shevaroy hills represent the southern, heavily eroded, and disjointed remnants of the Eastern Ghats as they merge towards the Nilgiris. These hills have been worn down by millions of years of weathering, exposing these deep-seated, ancient Archaean crustal rocks.
Economic Utility: Due to its immense strength, durability, and resistance to weathering, charnockite has been used for centuries in South India for building monumental architecture, including historic temples. Today, the deep soils formed over these rocks in the Shevaroy hills support thriving highland plantations, particularly for coffee and citrus fruits.

📌 Western Ghats • Geography

Q.10) The Western Ghats (Sahyadris) form a major watershed and run parallel to the western coast. What is the approximate total length of this continuous mountain chain from the mouth of the Tapi river to Kanyakumari?

Ans > (C) 1600 km

A Continuous Natural Wall: Spanning roughly 1,600 kilometers, the Western Ghats act as a colossal natural barrier parallel to the Arabian Sea coastline. Unlike the highly broken Eastern Ghats, the Sahyadris are largely continuous, heavily dictating the climate, hydrology, and historical movement across the Indian peninsula.
The Great Indian Watershed: This mountain chain is the most critical hydrological feature of South India. Because it crests very close to the western coast, it forces major rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery to travel across the entire width of the subcontinent to empty into the Bay of Bengal.
Global Biodiversity Hotspot: The range intercepts the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds, receiving immense rainfall that sustains dense, tropical evergreen rainforests. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it is one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity, harboring thousands of endemic plant and animal species found nowhere else on earth.

📌 Western Ghats • Mountain Types

Q.11) Due to the downwarping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea, the Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are structurally classified as which type of mountains?

Ans > (B) Block mountains

Structural Genesis: The Western Ghats are not “true” mountains formed by the folding of tectonic plates like the Himalayas. Instead, they are the fault-scarp edge of the Deccan Plateau. They were formed when a massive block of the ancient Gondwana landmass cracked and fractured.
The Downwarping Event: Millions of years ago, the western section of the Indian landmass snapped along a massive fault line and subsided (downwarped) into what is now the Arabian Sea. The steep cliff face left standing behind became what we now view as the towering Western Ghats.
Block Mountain Characteristics: Block mountains (or fault-block mountains) are characterized by a steep front side and a gently sloping back side. The Western Ghats exhibit this perfectly: they drop abruptly into the Konkan and Malabar coasts on the west but slope very gently downward toward the east across the expansive peninsular plateau.

📌 Peninsular Rivers • Waterfalls

Q.12) The steep western slopes of the Sahyadris cause the westward-flowing rivers to be very swift. Which river forms the Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls), one of the highest waterfalls in India at 250 m?

Ans > (C) Sharavati

The Sharavati’s Course: The Sharavati is a quintessential west-flowing river of the Sahyadris. Originating in the high-altitude, high-rainfall region of the Western Ghats in Karnataka, it has a very short, precipitous journey to the Arabian Sea, generating massive kinetic energy along its path.
The Spectacle of Jog Falls: As the river navigates the rugged terrain, it plunges over a massive, nearly vertical cliff of ancient Archaean rock, dropping 253 meters (830 feet). The fall is split into four distinct cascades dramatically named Raja (the highest), Roarer, Rocket, and Rani, making it one of the highest untiered waterfalls in India.
Hydroelectric Importance: The immense, natural kinetic energy of the swift-flowing Sharavati was harnessed post-independence with the construction of the Linganamakki Dam upstream. This river system became a cornerstone of Karnataka’s power infrastructure, generating a significant percentage of the state’s hydroelectricity.

📌 Western Ghats • Elevation

Q.13) What is the general average elevation range of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)?

Ans > (B) 1000 to 1300 metres

Elevation Gradient: While the Western Ghats look like a towering wall from the coastal plains, their average crest elevation remains relatively modest between 1,000 and 1,300 meters. However, this is just an average; the range actively exhibits a unique gradient where its elevation progressively increases as one travels from north to south.
Climatic Threshold: This specific elevation range of 1,000 to 1,300 meters is critical for the Indian monsoon. It is perfectly high enough to force the incoming southwest monsoon winds to rise rapidly, cool, and dump massive amounts of orographic rainfall on the western slopes, while remaining low enough not to create an impenetrable glacial barrier.
High-Altitude Anomalies: Although the average is around 1,200 meters, the southern sections in Kerala and Tamil Nadu (like the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Cardamom hills) swell to over 2,500 meters. These higher altitudes foster the unique ‘Shola’ ecosystem—stunted tropical montane forests interspersed with vast rolling grasslands.

📌 Western Ghats • Highest Peaks

Q.14) The Western Ghats feature several prominent peaks. Which peak is the highest in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India, located in the Anaimalai Hills at an elevation of 2695 m?

Ans > (C) Anaimudi

The Everest of South India: Towering at 2,695 meters (8,842 feet), Anaimudi is the undisputed highest point in India south of the Himalayas. Its name literally translates to “Elephant’s Forehead” in Malayalam, accurately describing the peak’s massive, rounded, dome-like appearance that dominates the Anaimalai hill range.
Topographic Convergence: Anaimudi sits at a critical topographical junction. It is the central knot where three major mountain ranges converge: the Anaimalai Hills to the north, the Palani Hills to the northeast, and the Cardamom Hills to the south, making it a rugged and geologically complex terrain.
Ecological Sanctuary: The peak and its surrounding slopes lie within the Eravikulam National Park in Kerala. This area is famous not just for its elevation, but for harboring the largest surviving population of the endangered Nilgiri Tahr (a mountain goat) and the spectacular Neelakurinji flowers, which bloom only once every 12 years.

📌 Eastern Ghats • Elevation

Q.15) Between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers, the Eastern Ghats exhibit their most prominent and continuous stretch. What is the average elevation of the Eastern Ghats in this specific sector?

Ans > (C) 1100 metres

A Fragmented Range: Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are heavily eroded, older, and highly discontinuous. For millions of years, mighty peninsular rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi have relentlessly cut deep gorges and broad valleys through these mountains, shattering them into separate, lower-elevation hill blocks.
The Prominent Middle Sector: However, the stretch located specifically between the Mahanadi river (in Odisha) and the Godavari river (in Andhra Pradesh) represents the most rugged, continuous, and highly elevated section of the entire Eastern Ghats system, escaping the worst of the riverine erosion.
Geology and Elevation: In this specific block—encompassing ranges like the Maliya and Madugula Konda—the average elevation jumps to around 1100 meters, featuring notable peaks like Jindhagada (1690m). Geologically, this high-elevation zone contains some of India’s richest bauxite reserves, driving extensive aluminum mining operations in the region.

📌 Natural Resources • Gondwana Coal

Q.16) The Peninsular plateau is richly endowed with natural resources. Approximately what percentage of India’s total Gondwana coal deposits are found within the Peninsular region?

Ans > (D) 98 per cent

The Gondwana System: The Gondwana rock system was formed between the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods (roughly 250 million years ago) when massive, dense forests existed in the ancient valleys of the supercontinent. Over time, these forests were buried under sediments and subjected to immense pressure, turning into high-grade coal.
Peninsular Concentration: A staggering 98 percent of India’s total coal reserves are locked within the geological faults and rift valleys of the Peninsular plateau. These deposits are primarily clustered along the ancient river basins of the Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Wardha rivers spanning Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.
Economic Impact: This overwhelming concentration of energy resources dictates the industrial geography of India. Because these Gondwana deposits offer mature, bituminous coal (unlike the much younger, lower-grade Tertiary coal found in the northeast), almost all of India’s legacy thermal power plants and major steel industries are located in the Peninsular heartland.

📌 Plate Tectonics • Sea-Floor Spreading

Q.17) The Theory of Plate Tectonics is fundamental to understanding the origin of the Himalayas. Which scientist advocated the preceding concept of ‘Sea-Floor Spreading’ upon which this theory is based?

Ans > (B) H.H. Hess

From Drift to Tectonics: While Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of “Continental Drift” in 1912, he could not successfully explain how massive continents moved through the ocean floor. The missing mechanism remained a mystery for nearly fifty years until deep-sea exploration advanced post-World War II.
The Breakthrough of Sea-Floor Spreading: In 1960, American geologist Harry H. Hess published the groundbreaking hypothesis of “Sea-Floor Spreading.” By studying mid-ocean ridges, Hess theorized that new oceanic crust was continuously being created by magma welling up from the mantle, which systematically pushed the older crust (and the continents sitting on them) apart.
Foundation of Modern Geology: Hess’s concept provided the exact mechanical engine Wegener’s theory lacked. It directly paved the way for W.J. Morgan and others in 1967 to unify these ideas into the “Theory of Plate Tectonics,” perfectly explaining how the drifting Indian plate eventually crashed into Eurasia to fold up the Himalayas.

📌 Himalayas • Tectonic Collision

Q.18) According to estimates based on plate tectonics, the convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate caused massive lateral compression. How much crustal shortening is estimated to have occurred in the Himalayan region?

Ans > (C) 500 km

A High-Speed Collision: Around 50 million years ago, the Indian tectonic plate, migrating rapidly northward at an astonishing geological speed of about 15-20 cm per year, violently collided with the massive, stationary Eurasian plate. This event remains one of the most significant tectonic impacts in Earth’s history.
The Physics of Crustal Shortening: Because continental crust is relatively buoyant and cannot easily sink (subduct) deep into the earth’s mantle, the immense compressive forces had nowhere to go but up and sideways. The landmass buckled, folded, and thrust over itself, effectively acting like a car hood crumpling in a head-on collision.
Geological Consequences: Geologists estimate that this violent compression crushed and “shortened” the original crust by roughly 500 kilometers. The displaced rock volume from this 500 km shortening didn’t disappear; it piled up vertically to create the towering peaks of the Himalayas and the vastly elevated, ultra-thick crust of the Tibetan Plateau.

📌 Himalayas • Ophiolites

Q.19) During the first major phase of Himalayan uplift, the continuous geosynclinal sedimentation led to the underthrusting of the Indian shield. This resulted in the outflow of ultrabasic rocks seen as exotic blocks, which are known as:

Ans > (C) Ophiolites

The Closure of the Tethys: Before the Himalayas existed, a vast body of water called the Tethys Sea separated India from Asia. As the Indian plate pushed northward, the heavy oceanic crust at the bottom of the Tethys Sea was forced under the Eurasian plate in a process called subduction.
The Nature of Ophiolites: Normally, heavy oceanic crust sinks entirely into the mantle and melts. However, during this violent collision, massive chunks of the deep ocean floor and the underlying ultrabasic mantle rocks were scraped off and violently thrust upwards onto the continental landmass. These displaced oceanic rocks are called ophiolites.
Tectonic Scars: Today, these ophiolites are found strung out along the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone—the exact geological “scar” or boundary where the Indian and Asian plates are welded together. Finding these dense, dark, deep-sea rocks high up in the Himalayas is the ultimate proof of plate tectonic theory.

📌 Lesser Himalayas • Miocene Uplift

Q.20) The second major uplift of the Himalayas, which resulted in the folding of the Lesser Himalayas, occurred around 45 million years ago during which geological period?

Ans > (C) Miocene Period

Episodic Uplift: The Himalayas did not pop up in a single geological event. They were formed in a series of intense tectonic thrusts or “phases” spanning millions of years. After the initial collision created the Greater Himalayas, tectonic stress continued to build up as India kept pushing north.
The Miocene Thrust: About 45 to 20 million years ago, during the Miocene period, this accumulated stress released violently. The crust buckled again, slightly to the south of the initial Greater Himalayan uplift, pushing up an entirely new parallel mountain chain known as the Lesser (or Middle) Himalayas.
Creating the Hill Stations: The ranges formed during this Miocene uplift include the famous Pir Panjal, Dhauladhar, and Mahabharat ranges. Standing at an average elevation of 3,500 to 4,500 meters, this specific geological formation is where almost all prominent Indian hill stations (like Shimla, Mussoorie, and Darjeeling) are located today.

📌 Shiwaliks • Post-Pliocene Uplift

Q.21) The third upheaval of the Himalayas occurred during the Post-Pliocene period, about 1.4 million years ago. Which specific Himalayan division was formed as a result of this folding?

Ans > (D) The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas)

A Mountain of Mud and Stones: By the time the Greater and Lesser Himalayas were established, mighty rivers were already flowing down their slopes, rapidly eroding the new mountains. These rivers dumped millions of tons of sand, clay, and massive boulders into a foredeep basin at the foot of the mountains over millions of years.
The Final Tectonic Push: As the Indian plate continued its relentless northward march into Asia during the Post-Pliocene period (roughly 1.4 million years ago), the tectonic compression finally reached this massive accumulation of river debris.
The Birth of the Shiwaliks: The intense pressure caused this massive basin of loose, fluvial (river-deposited) sediments to buckle, fold, and rise upwards. Because the Shiwaliks are essentially made of compressed river debris rather than solid crystalline basement rock, they are the youngest, lowest, and most landslide-prone ranges of the entire Himalayan system.

📌 Himalayan Boundaries • Main Boundary Thrust

Q.22) The Shiwaliks, characterized by their 5000-metre thick sequence of terrestrial sediments, are physically separated from the Lesser Himalayas to their north by which major tectonic boundary?

Ans > (B) Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)

The Architecture of Faults: The entire Himalayan mountain system is sliced longitudinally by massive fault lines—cracks in the earth’s crust where massive blocks of rock have been violently thrust over one another due to the collision between India and Eurasia.
The Main Boundary Thrust: The MBT is one of the most significant of these fault lines. It serves as the definitive structural boundary separating the older, harder, and highly metamorphosed rocks of the Lesser Himalayas from the younger, softer, uncompacted sedimentary rocks of the Shiwaliks to the south.
Seismic Significance: Because the Indian plate is still pushing into Asia, these fault lines are highly active. The Main Boundary Thrust acts as a massive release valve for tectonic stress, making the entire region along this fault line (stretching from Kashmir through Nepal to the Northeast) highly susceptible to major, devastating earthquakes.

📌 Himalayan Boundaries • Himalayan Front Fault

Q.23) The Shiwaliks form normal Jura type of structures with alternating synclines and anticlines. Which active fault line separates the Shiwaliks from the Northern Plains of India?

Ans > (C) Himalayan Front Fault (HFF)

The Edge of the Mountains: The Himalayan Front Fault (HFF) is the southernmost major tectonic boundary of the Himalayan system. It marks the exact geological line where the folded mountains of the Shiwaliks abruptly end and the vast, flat alluvial expanses of the Indo-Gangetic Plains begin.
Active Uplift: The HFF is an active, “blind” thrust fault. The fact that this fault is highly active indicates that the Himalayas are still rising today. As the Indian plate continues to push beneath the mountains, the rocks along the HFF continue to fracture and shift.
Geomorphic Impact: This fault line is responsible for the distinct topographic break seen in northern India. Because it is a region of active tectonic stress, areas located precisely on or near the HFF experience frequent seismic tremors and face severe vulnerabilities to catastrophic earthquake events, heavily influencing infrastructure planning in North India.

📌 Trans-Himalayas • Tethys Sea

Q.24) The Trans-Himalayas, which are about 40 km wide, constitute the core of the Himalayan axis. These rocks contain fossils bearing marine sediments belonging to which ancient water body?

Ans > (C) Tethys

Beyond the Great Mountains: The Trans-Himalayas (meaning “across the Himalayas”) lie immediately to the north of the Great Himalayan range. This zone encompasses the rugged, desolate ranges of Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar, extending well into the Tibetan plateau.
The Tethys Connection: Millions of years ago, before the Indian plate collided with Eurasia, a massive, shallow ocean called the Tethys Sea existed between the two landmasses. As the plates collided, the sediment lying at the bottom of this sea was squeezed, pushed upwards, and folded into towering mountain ranges.
Marine Fossils at High Altitude: Because the rocks of the Trans-Himalayas are made from the uplifted floor of the Tethys Sea, geologists find perfectly preserved fossils of ancient marine life—such as ammonites and sea lilies—embedded in rocks sitting at staggering elevations of 4,000 to 5,000 meters above modern sea level.

📌 Himalayan Boundaries • Main Central Thrust

Q.25) The Greater Himalayas rise abruptly like a wall to the north of the Lesser Himalayas. Which massive fault separates the Greater Himalayas from the Lesser Himalayas?

Ans > (A) Main Central Thrust (MCT)

The Core Mountain Wall: The Greater Himalayas (or Himadri) are the highest, most continuous, and most formidable mountain range on earth, containing almost all of the world’s highest peaks, including Everest and Kanchenjunga. They form an abrupt, massive wall that towers over the lower ranges to their south.
The Mechanics of the MCT: The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is a colossal, ductile shear zone. It is the specific tectonic fault where the immensely hard, ancient crystalline rocks of the Greater Himalayas were violently pushed up and thrust southwards directly over the younger, less metamorphosed rocks of the Lesser Himalayas.
Geological Danger Zone: The MCT is not just a historical feature; it represents an active zone of deep crustal weakness. Over recorded history, several catastrophic, high-magnitude earthquakes in the Himalayan region have been traced directly back to the sudden release of built-up tectonic energy along this specific thrust line.

📌 Greater Himalayas • Basal Complex

Q.26) The basal complex of the Greater Himalayas is composed of which highly metamorphosed, ancient rock system?

Ans > (C) Archaean

The Foundation of the Giants: When observing the towering peaks of the Greater Himalayas, the visible surface rock is just the outer shell. The foundational “basal complex” or the deep core of this massive mountain range is composed of ancient Archaean rocks, some of the oldest materials found on Earth’s crust.
Formation Under Extreme Conditions: These Archaean rocks (primarily granites and gneisses) were formed over 2.5 billion years ago. During the violent collision between the Indian and Asian plates, these deep-seated ancient rocks were subjected to unimaginable heat and pressure, causing them to highly metamorphose and recrystallize.
Total Absence of Fossils: Because the Archaean era predates the evolution of complex, multi-cellular life forms, and because the rocks underwent such extreme metamorphic cooking and crushing during the Himalayan uplift, these foundational rocks are entirely devoid of any biological fossils, unlike the marine-fossil-rich Trans-Himalayas to their north.

📌 Lesser Himalayas • Rock Composition

Q.27) The Lesser Himalayas range from 80 km in width with an average height of 1300-5000 m. Geologically, what do the main rocks of the Lesser Himalayas primarily consist of?

Ans > (C) Unfossiliferous sediments or metamorphosed crystalline rocks

The Middle Mountain Makeup: The Lesser (or Middle) Himalayas act as a complex transitional zone between the towering crystalline peaks of the Greater Himalayas and the soft, loose river sediments of the Shiwaliks. Their geological makeup is highly diverse but distinctly defined by what they lack: fossils.
Unfossiliferous Nature: The predominant rocks here are ancient slates, quartzites, and limestones. These sedimentary rocks were deposited in shallow waters hundreds of millions of years ago, long before the Himalayan uplift. However, they are overwhelmingly “unfossiliferous” either because they formed before complex life existed or because extreme tectonic pressure destroyed any trace of fossils.
Commercial Importance: Because the Lesser Himalayas underwent moderate to high metamorphism, the original sedimentary rocks hardened into highly durable materials. The slates and quartzites quarried from this region are extensively used today in North India for roofing, flooring, and general construction materials.

📌 Lesser Himalayas • Autochthonous Belts

Q.28) Along the southern margin of the Lesser Himalayas lies an autochthonous belt of highly compressed rocks. Which of the following is an example of such a thrust found in the Kashmir region?

Ans > (B) Murree and Panjal thrust

Understanding Tectonic Belts: In structural geology, when mountains are folded, rock masses are often pushed far away from their original location (known as allochthonous rocks). However, rocks that remain essentially in the same place where they originally formed—despite being heavily compressed and folded—are called autochthonous rocks.
The Kashmir Geology: The Kashmir region presents a highly complex geological structure. Along the southern edge of the Lesser Himalayas in this area, intense tectonic forces created massive local faults or “thrusts” where these native autochthonous rocks were violently folded over one another without being displaced over long distances.
The Murree and Panjal Significance: The Murree and Panjal thrusts are prime examples of this phenomenon in Kashmir. They trap a specific belt of highly compressed, native sedimentary and volcanic rocks between them. Studying these specific thrust zones allows geologists to understand the exact sequence of the local tectonic violence that formed the Kashmir valley.

📌 Shiwaliks • Geographic Extent

Q.29) The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) stretch continuously from the Jammu Division to Assam. How does the width of the Shiwalik range vary across this distance?

Ans > (A) 8 km in the east to 45 km in the west

The Tectonic Squeeze: The Shiwalik range is not uniform; it radically changes shape from west to east. This is directly tied to how the Indian tectonic plate collided with Eurasia. The eastern edge of the Indian plate swung in faster and hit the Asian landmass harder than the western edge.
Geographical Narrowing: Because the compressive tectonic forces were significantly stronger and tighter in the east (near modern-day Arunachal Pradesh and Assam), the Shiwalik rocks were violently squeezed together, making the mountain range very narrow, sometimes barely 8 kilometers wide, or even merging completely with the Lesser Himalayas.
Broad Western Expanse: Conversely, in the west (Jammu and Punjab regions), the tectonic collision was slightly less severe. The Shiwalik sediments were allowed to spread out and fold more gently, resulting in a much wider mountain belt that spans up to 45 kilometers. This wider western expanse also allowed for the formation of the famous “Duns” (longitudinal valleys like Dehradun).

📌 Shiwaliks • Geological Composition

Q.30) The Shiwaliks are essentially composed of massive sedimentary deposits. To which specific geological period do these conglomerates, sandstones, and clays mostly belong?

Ans > (C) Upper Tertiary Period

Mountains Born from Rivers: Unlike the older Himalayan ranges formed from ancient marine beds or deep crustal magma, the Shiwaliks are essentially giant piles of river debris. As the Greater and Lesser Himalayas rose, fast-flowing mountain rivers aggressively eroded them, carrying massive amounts of silt, clay, sand, and boulders downstream.
The Molasse Basin: These rivers dumped this staggering volume of debris (known as molasse) into a massive depression at the foot of the mountains over millions of years. This intense period of erosion and deposition occurred primarily during the Upper Tertiary period (ranging roughly from the Miocene to the Pleistocene epochs).
Lithification and Uplift: Over millions of years, these Upper Tertiary river deposits were compacted into soft sedimentary rocks like conglomerates and sandstones. A final tectonic push then folded these soft, young rocks upward to create the Shiwalik hills we see today, making them the most recent, softest, and most easily eroded mountains in the entire system.

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 18

Q1: Maharashtra Plateau’s basaltic sheet formed during the Cretaceous Period (Deccan Traps).
Q2: A 1000-metre fault caused downwarping, creating the straight western coastline.
Q3: The Tapi River flows west through a rift valley with a steep northern gradient.
Q4: The Mahanadi Basin is geographically and culturally known as the Chhattisgarh Plain.
Q5: Gondwana bituminous coal from Chhattisgarh Basin fuels the Bhilai Steel Plant.
Q6: The Garhjat Hills, rich in ancient Archaean rocks, are known as the Orissa Highlands.
Q7: Mulangiri is the highest peak of the Baba-Budan Hills on the Karnataka Plateau.
Q8: The highly forested western tract of the Karnataka Plateau is called the Malnad.
Q9: Charnockites form the hard Archaean rock base of the Javadi and Shevaroy hills.
Q10: The Western Ghats span about 1600 km from the Tapi River to Kanyakumari.
Q11: The Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are structurally classified as Block Mountains.
Q12: The swift-flowing Sharavati River forms the famous 250m high Jog Falls.
Q13: The average elevation of the Western Ghats generally ranges from 1000 to 1300 metres.
Q14: Anaimudi (2695 m) is the highest peak in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India.
Q15: The Eastern Ghats reach an average elevation of 1100 metres between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers.
Q16: Approximately 98% of India’s Gondwana coal deposits lie in the Peninsular region.
Q17: H.H. Hess advocated the ‘Sea-Floor Spreading’ concept foundational to Plate Tectonics.
Q18: The Indian-Asian plate collision caused about 500 km of crustal shortening.
Q19: Ophiolites are exotic blocks of ultrabasic rocks thrust upwards during Himalayan uplift.
Q20: The second major uplift folding the Lesser Himalayas occurred in the Miocene Period.
Q21: The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) formed from the third upheaval in the Post-Pliocene period.
Q22: The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) separates the Shiwaliks from the Lesser Himalayas.
Q23: The active Himalayan Front Fault (HFF) separates the Shiwaliks from the Northern Plains.
Q24: Trans-Himalayan rocks contain marine fossils from the ancient Tethys Sea.
Q25: The Main Central Thrust (MCT) separates the Greater Himalayas from the Lesser Himalayas.
Q26: The basal complex of the Greater Himalayas consists of highly metamorphosed Archaean rocks.
Q27: The Lesser Himalayas primarily consist of unfossiliferous sediments or metamorphosed crystalline rocks.
Q28: The Murree and Panjal thrusts trap autochthonous belts of rock in the Kashmir region.
Q29: The Shiwaliks vary in width from 8 km in the east to 45 km in the west.
Q30: The massive sedimentary deposits of the Shiwaliks belong mostly to the Upper Tertiary Period.

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Geography Set 18

Q.1) The plateau of Maharashtra (North Deccan) is predominantly covered by a basaltic sheet. This basaltic sheet, which diminishes in thickness towards the east and south-east, belongs to which geological period?

Q.2) Which of the following is considered the most striking geological feature of the Maharashtra Plateau, which gave rise to the present shoreline of the Arabian Sea?

Q.3) Through the northern part of the Maharashtra Plateau, which major river flows from east to west with a gentle slope in the south and a steep gradient in the north?

Q.4) The Mahanadi Basin sprawls over districts such as Raipur, Bilaspur, and Durg. By what other regional name is this basin widely known?

Q.5) The Gondwana formations located within the Chhattisgarh basin are rich in bituminous coal. This coal is primarily extracted and supplied to which major industrial facility?

Q.6) The Garhjat Hills, largely composed of Archaean rocks like granite, gneisses, and magmatic rocks, are alternatively known as the:

Q.7) The Karnataka Plateau spans the state of Karnataka and the Cannanore and Kozhikode districts of Kerala. What is the name of the highest peak in this plateau, located in the Baba-Budan Hills?

Q.8) In the regional division of the Karnataka Plateau, the heavily forested and dissected western hilly tract adjoining the Western Ghats is known as:

Q.9) The Tamil Nadu Uplands lie between the South Sahyadri and the Tamil Nadu coastal plains. Which specific Archaean rock type is prominently found in the Javadi and Shevaroy hills of this region?

Q.10) The Western Ghats (Sahyadris) form a major watershed and run parallel to the western coast. What is the approximate total length of this continuous mountain chain from the mouth of the Tapi river to Kanyakumari?

Q.11) Due to the downwarping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea, the Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are structurally classified as which type of mountains?

Q.12) The steep western slopes of the Sahyadris cause the westward-flowing rivers to be very swift. Which river forms the Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls), one of the highest waterfalls in India at 250 m?

Q.13) What is the general average elevation range of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)?

Q.14) The Western Ghats feature several prominent peaks. Which peak is the highest in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India, located in the Anaimalai Hills at an elevation of 2695 m?

Q.15) Between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers, the Eastern Ghats exhibit their most prominent and continuous stretch. What is the average elevation of the Eastern Ghats in this specific sector?

Q.16) The Peninsular plateau is richly endowed with natural resources. Approximately what percentage of India’s total Gondwana coal deposits are found within the Peninsular region?

Q.17) The Theory of Plate Tectonics is fundamental to understanding the origin of the Himalayas. Which scientist advocated the preceding concept of ‘Sea-Floor Spreading’ upon which this theory is based?

Q.18) According to estimates based on plate tectonics, the convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate caused massive lateral compression. How much crustal shortening is estimated to have occurred in the Himalayan region?

Q.19) During the first major phase of Himalayan uplift, the continuous geosynclinal sedimentation led to the underthrusting of the Indian shield. This resulted in the outflow of ultrabasic rocks seen as exotic blocks, which are known as:

Q.20) The second major uplift of the Himalayas, which resulted in the folding of the Lesser Himalayas, occurred around 45 million years ago during which geological period?

Q.21) The third upheaval of the Himalayas occurred during the Post-Pliocene period, about 1.4 million years ago. Which specific Himalayan division was formed as a result of this folding?

Q.22) The Shiwaliks, characterized by their 5000-metre thick sequence of terrestrial sediments, are physically separated from the Lesser Himalayas to their north by which major tectonic boundary?

Q.23) The Shiwaliks form normal Jura type of structures with alternating synclines and anticlines. Which active fault line separates the Shiwaliks from the Northern Plains of India?

Q.24) The Trans-Himalayas, which are about 40 km wide, constitute the core of the Himalayan axis. These rocks contain fossils bearing marine sediments belonging to which ancient water body?

Q.25) The Greater Himalayas rise abruptly like a wall to the north of the Lesser Himalayas. Which massive fault separates the Greater Himalayas from the Lesser Himalayas?

Q.26) The basal complex of the Greater Himalayas is composed of which highly metamorphosed, ancient rock system?

Q.27) The Lesser Himalayas range from 80 km in width with an average height of 1300-5000 m. Geologically, what do the main rocks of the Lesser Himalayas primarily consist of?

Q.28) Along the southern margin of the Lesser Himalayas lies an autochthonous belt of highly compressed rocks. Which of the following is an example of such a thrust found in the Kashmir region?

Q.29) The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) stretch continuously from the Jammu Division to Assam. How does the width of the Shiwalik range vary across this distance?

Q.30) The Shiwaliks are essentially composed of massive sedimentary deposits. To which specific geological period do these conglomerates, sandstones, and clays mostly belong?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 18

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Q.1) The plateau of Maharashtra (North Deccan) is predominantly covered by a basaltic sheet. This basaltic sheet, which diminishes in thickness towards the east and south-east, belongs to which geological period?

Q.2) Which of the following is considered the most striking geological feature of the Maharashtra Plateau, which gave rise to the present shoreline of the Arabian Sea?

Q.3) Through the northern part of the Maharashtra Plateau, which major river flows from east to west with a gentle slope in the south and a steep gradient in the north?

Q.4) The Mahanadi Basin sprawls over districts such as Raipur, Bilaspur, and Durg. By what other regional name is this basin widely known?

Q.5) The Gondwana formations located within the Chhattisgarh basin are rich in bituminous coal. This coal is primarily extracted and supplied to which major industrial facility?

Q.6) The Garhjat Hills, largely composed of Archaean rocks like granite, gneisses, and magmatic rocks, are alternatively known as the:

Q.7) The Karnataka Plateau spans the state of Karnataka and the Cannanore and Kozhikode districts of Kerala. What is the name of the highest peak in this plateau, located in the Baba-Budan Hills?

Q.8) In the regional division of the Karnataka Plateau, the heavily forested and dissected western hilly tract adjoining the Western Ghats is known as:

Q.9) The Tamil Nadu Uplands lie between the South Sahyadri and the Tamil Nadu coastal plains. Which specific Archaean rock type is prominently found in the Javadi and Shevaroy hills of this region?

Q.10) The Western Ghats (Sahyadris) form a major watershed and run parallel to the western coast. What is the approximate total length of this continuous mountain chain from the mouth of the Tapi river to Kanyakumari?

Q.11) Due to the downwarping of a part of land into the Arabian Sea, the Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are structurally classified as which type of mountains?

Q.12) The steep western slopes of the Sahyadris cause the westward-flowing rivers to be very swift. Which river forms the Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls), one of the highest waterfalls in India at 250 m?

Q.13) What is the general average elevation range of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris)?

Q.14) The Western Ghats feature several prominent peaks. Which peak is the highest in the Western Ghats and Peninsular India, located in the Anaimalai Hills at an elevation of 2695 m?

Q.15) Between the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers, the Eastern Ghats exhibit their most prominent and continuous stretch. What is the average elevation of the Eastern Ghats in this specific sector?

Q.16) The Peninsular plateau is richly endowed with natural resources. Approximately what percentage of India’s total Gondwana coal deposits are found within the Peninsular region?

Q.17) The Theory of Plate Tectonics is fundamental to understanding the origin of the Himalayas. Which scientist advocated the preceding concept of ‘Sea-Floor Spreading’ upon which this theory is based?

Q.18) According to estimates based on plate tectonics, the convergence and collision of the Indian Plate with the Asian Plate caused massive lateral compression. How much crustal shortening is estimated to have occurred in the Himalayan region?

Q.19) During the first major phase of Himalayan uplift, the continuous geosynclinal sedimentation led to the underthrusting of the Indian shield. This resulted in the outflow of ultrabasic rocks seen as exotic blocks, which are known as:

Q.20) The second major uplift of the Himalayas, which resulted in the folding of the Lesser Himalayas, occurred around 45 million years ago during which geological period?

Q.21) The third upheaval of the Himalayas occurred during the Post-Pliocene period, about 1.4 million years ago. Which specific Himalayan division was formed as a result of this folding?

Q.22) The Shiwaliks, characterized by their 5000-metre thick sequence of terrestrial sediments, are physically separated from the Lesser Himalayas to their north by which major tectonic boundary?

Q.23) The Shiwaliks form normal Jura type of structures with alternating synclines and anticlines. Which active fault line separates the Shiwaliks from the Northern Plains of India?

Q.24) The Trans-Himalayas, which are about 40 km wide, constitute the core of the Himalayan axis. These rocks contain fossils bearing marine sediments belonging to which ancient water body?

Q.25) The Greater Himalayas rise abruptly like a wall to the north of the Lesser Himalayas. Which massive fault separates the Greater Himalayas from the Lesser Himalayas?

Q.26) The basal complex of the Greater Himalayas is composed of which highly metamorphosed, ancient rock system?

Q.27) The Lesser Himalayas range from 80 km in width with an average height of 1300-5000 m. Geologically, what do the main rocks of the Lesser Himalayas primarily consist of?

Q.28) Along the southern margin of the Lesser Himalayas lies an autochthonous belt of highly compressed rocks. Which of the following is an example of such a thrust found in the Kashmir region?

Q.29) The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas) stretch continuously from the Jammu Division to Assam. How does the width of the Shiwalik range vary across this distance?

Q.30) The Shiwaliks are essentially composed of massive sedimentary deposits. To which specific geological period do these conglomerates, sandstones, and clays mostly belong?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 18

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