Geography Set 10 | MROY Class

Geography Set 10 Questions & Answers

Which of the following renowned waterfalls are geographically located in the state of Jharkhand? – Ghaghri, Hundru, and Johna Falls
The Abbey Falls, Arisina Gundi Falls, Irupu Falls, and Kunchikal Falls are some of the important waterfalls located in which Indian state? – Karnataka
Athirappilly Falls, Meenmutty Falls, and Palaruvi Falls are renowned waterfalls situated in which state? – Kerala
Situated at a distance of about 40 km from Coimbatore in the Western Ghats, which waterfall is recognized as one of the main water sources for Coimbatore city? – Siruvani Waterfall
Situated in Sikkim at an altitude of about 3780 m, which glaciated tarn lake remains frozen during the winter season and is considered a sacred lake by both Buddhists and Hindus? – Tsongmo Lake
Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance, which lake in Rajasthan is divided by a 5 km long dam made of stones and is India’s largest salt lake? – Sambhar Lake
Located below the summit of the Baralacha Pass at a high altitude of 4980 m above sea level, Suraj Tal is the source of which river? – Bhaga River
Which of the following is a calm, quiet group of seven lakes situated near Bhimtal town in the Kumaun Division, recognized as a paradise for migratory birds? – Satta or Sat Tal
The classical “Thermal Concept” of the Indian monsoon proposed by Halley has been criticized by modern meteorologists. What is one of the primary criticisms regarding the low pressure areas that develop over continents during summer? – They represent cyclonic lows associated with dynamic factors, not exclusively thermal conditions.
According to climatologist Maung Tun Yin, what is the most important factor causing the abrupt advance of the subtropical jet stream to the south in the middle of October? – The plateau of Tibet becoming very cold in winter
During the “break monsoon” condition over India, what is the vertical extent of the low valley trough that develops over the Assam Plain? – It has a vertical extent of 2 to 3 kilometres.
The summer-time heating of the Tibetan Plateau produces a warm core thermal anticyclone (high pressure) in the middle part of the troposphere at a 500 mb level. This atmospheric process is officially called: – Anticyclogenesis
In the year 1967, an extremely high day temperature exceeding 54°C was recorded at which prominent location in northwestern India? – Sri Ganganagar
In his 1971 classification of Indian climate, Professor R.L. Singh divided the country into 10 major climatic divisions based on quantitative and qualitative variations in which two primary meteorological elements? – Rainfall and Temperature
According to the climatic divisions of India, the Konkan Coast stretches from the mouth of the Tapi river to Goa. Its mean annual range of temperature is notably small, typically varying between: – 3°C to 4°C
Which city is cited as a typical example of the Malabar Coast climatic region, where the average annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm and the annual range of temperature is around 3°C? – Kochi
The Central Arid Research Institute (CAZRI), which is instrumental in promoting drought-resistant plants, trees, and crops under the Drought Prone Area Programme, is located in which city? – Jodhpur
The main factors responsible for the occurrence of floods in India are broadly classified into three categories. These are Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and: – Geomorphic
The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, and west of which mountain range? – Aravallis
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are uniquely characterized by which type of natural vegetation covering their landscape? – Equatorial evergreen forests of heavy wood
The Bhabar plain consists of gravel and unassorted sediments deposited by rivers. It lies to the south of the Shiwalik and extends continuously from the Jammu Division in the west to which state in the east? – Assam
The Tarai plain is an ill-drained, marshy, and thickly forested tract lying immediately to the south of the Bhabar. What is the approximate width of this heavily forested zone? – 15 to 30 km
In the vast floodplains of the river channels, frequent floods continuously lay down fresh layers of silts which provide very fertile soils. This newer, highly fertile alluvium is officially known as: – Khadar
The Brahmaputra Valley represents the eastern part of the Great Plains of India. Approximately how long and how wide is this plain within the country? – 720 km long and 80 km wide
The Brahmaputra Plain features a gradual slope falling away from the Meghalaya Plateau. The general altitude of the Brahmaputra Plain varies from 130 m in the east down to only how many metres in the west? – 30 m
The Nicobar group of islands, located in the Bay of Bengal, comprises 18 distinct islands. Out of these 18 islands, exactly how many are officially inhabited by people? – 11
Which of the following is listed as one of the well-known surviving indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands? – Onges
The Minicoy is the largest island in the Lakshadweep archipelago. What is the approximate surface area of this largest island? – 4.5 sq km
Earthquakes are tectonic and crustal movements within the earth caused by natural or man-made stresses. Which of the following broad categories encompasses man-made stresses like large dam reservoirs? – Anthropogenic factors
Which of the following geological formations acts as a major connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains in the central highlands? – Maikal Range

MROY Class

Geography Set 10

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📌 Geography • Waterfalls

Q.1) Which of the following renowned waterfalls are geographically located in the state of Jharkhand?

Ans > (C) Ghaghri, Hundru, and Johna Falls

Explanation: According to the list of some of the important waterfalls in India, the Ghaghri, Hundru, and Johna falls are prominently located in the state of Jharkhand.
Geographical Context of the Chota Nagpur Plateau: The waterfalls of Jharkhand are primarily formed due to the rugged and undulating topography of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. This plateau is characterized by steep scarps and sudden drops in elevation, which create ideal geological conditions for rivers to cascade down as spectacular waterfalls.
The Subarnarekha River System: The famous Hundru Falls is created by the Subarnarekha River falling from a height of about 98 meters. This river is a critical water source for the region, and its rapid descent not only creates a scenic tourist destination but also generates significant hydroelectric power potential for the surrounding districts.
Cultural and Economic Significance: These waterfalls are deeply intertwined with local tribal culture and serve as major hubs for eco-tourism. The influx of tourists to Johna (also known as Gautamdhara) and Ghaghri falls provides vital alternative livelihood opportunities for local communities, helping to boost the rural economy outside of the region’s traditional mining sector.

📌 Geography • Waterfalls

Q.2) The Abbey Falls, Arisina Gundi Falls, Irupu Falls, and Kunchikal Falls are some of the important waterfalls located in which Indian state?

Ans > (B) Karnataka

Explanation: Karnataka hosts numerous spectacular waterfalls. Some of the most important ones include Abbey Falls, Arisina Gundi Falls, Hebbe Falls, Irupu Falls, Kalhatti Falls, Keppa Falls, Kunchikal Falls, and Magod Falls.
The Western Ghats Escarpment: Karnataka’s wealth of waterfalls is a direct result of the Western Ghats, a mountain range that forms a sheer escarpment parallel to the western coast. As rivers originate in these highlands and flow westward towards the Arabian Sea, they plunge over steep cliffs, creating high-altitude cascades like Kunchikal Falls.
Hydrological Importance: The rivers feeding these falls, such as the Varahi River (which forms Kunchikal) and the Kaveri river tributaries (which form Abbey and Irupu), are lifelines for southern India. The steep drops are heavily utilized by the state government for generating renewable hydroelectricity, powering major cities like Bengaluru and Mysuru.
Biodiversity Hotspots: The areas surrounding these waterfalls are draped in dense, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. These micro-habitats are incredibly rich in biodiversity, hosting endemic species of flora and fauna, including rare amphibians and the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque, making them critical zones for ecological conservation.

📌 Geography • Waterfalls

Q.3) Athirappilly Falls, Meenmutty Falls, and Palaruvi Falls are renowned waterfalls situated in which state?

Ans > (C) Kerala

Explanation: The state of Kerala is home to several picturesque waterfalls, with some of the most notable being Athirappilly Falls, Meenmutty Falls, Palaruvi Falls, Soochipara Falls, and Thusharagiri Falls.
The Chalakudy River Ecosystem: Athirappilly Falls, often dubbed the “Niagara of India,” is situated on the Chalakudy River. This river originates in the Anamudi mountains and flows through deeply forested areas, supporting a highly specialized riparian ecosystem that is crucial for the survival of numerous endemic fish species.
Monsoonal Influence: The volume and majesty of Kerala’s waterfalls are heavily dependent on the Southwest Monsoon. During the monsoon season (June to September), these falls expand massively in width and force, whereas they can reduce to a fraction of their size during the dry summer months, showcasing the seasonal variability of peninsular rivers.
Conservation and Wildlife: The forests adjacent to these waterfalls, particularly around Athirappilly and Vazhachal, are famously home to all four South Indian species of hornbills. Ongoing conservation efforts continuously battle against proposed hydroelectric projects that threaten to submerge these pristine habitats and disrupt the delicate ecological balance.

📌 Geography • Waterfalls

Q.4) Situated at a distance of about 40 km from Coimbatore in the Western Ghats, which waterfall is recognized as one of the main water sources for Coimbatore city?

Ans > (B) Siruvani Waterfall

Explanation: The Siruvani Waterfall is situated at the Siruvani River at a distance of about 40 km from Coimbatore in the Western Ghats. It serves as one of the main water sources for Coimbatore city.
Reputation for Water Quality: The Siruvani River is legendary across southern India for the taste of its water. It is frequently cited as one of the sweetest water sources in the world, a unique characteristic attributed to the specific mineral composition of the rocks and the dense vegetation of the surrounding hills through which it flows.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: The waterfall and the associated Siruvani Dam are located deep within the protected forests of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Access to the falls is strictly controlled by the forest department to preserve the pristine nature of the catchment area and protect the wildlife, which includes elephants, leopards, and diverse birdlife.
Inter-State Cooperation: While the waterfall and the dam heavily serve the city of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, they are geographically located close to the border of Kerala. The management and water-sharing of the Siruvani reservoir stand as a notable example of interstate hydrological planning and historical agreements between the two southern states.

📌 Geography • Lakes

Q.5) Situated in Sikkim at an altitude of about 3780 m, which glaciated tarn lake remains frozen during the winter season and is considered a sacred lake by both Buddhists and Hindus?

Ans > (C) Tsongmo Lake

Explanation: Tsongmo Lake is situated in the state of Sikkim, about 40 km away from Gangtok. It is a glaciated tarn lake that is oval-shaped and remains frozen during the winter season, holding sacred significance for both Buddhists and Hindus.
Glacial Geomorphology: Tsongmo Lake (also known as Changu Lake) is a classic example of a glacial tarn, formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. It is fed directly by the melting snow cover of the surrounding rugged Himalayan mountains, which dictates its fluctuating water levels between the summer thaw and the winter freeze.
Spiritual and Cultural Heritage: The lake is deeply revered in local Sikkimese culture. Historically, Buddhist monks (lamas) would study the changing colors of the lake’s water to forecast the future; a dark, gloomy hue was believed to predict a year of hardship. A small temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is also situated on its banks.
Restricted Border Zone: Because of its proximity to the sensitive Nathu La pass and the international border with Tibet (China), Tsongmo Lake falls within a restricted military area. Indian tourists are required to obtain a special Inner Line Permit to visit the lake, while foreign nationals require even more stringent documentation.

📌 Geography • Lakes

Q.6) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance, which lake in Rajasthan is divided by a 5 km long dam made of stones and is India’s largest salt lake?

Ans > (B) Sambhar Lake

Explanation: Situated about 70 km to the west of Jaipur city, Sambhar Lake is the largest salt lake of India. On the eastern end, the lake is divided by a 5 km long dam made of stones, and it has been designated a Ramsar site of international importance.
Hydrology of an Inland Sink: Sambhar Lake is an extensive saline wetland that functions as an inland drainage basin. It is fed by several ephemeral seasonal rivers, including the Mendha and Rupangarh, but it has no natural outlet. Evaporation in the intense desert heat leaves behind vast, concentrated salt deposits.
Historical Salt Production: The lake has been a major site of salt extraction for centuries, controlled historically by the Rajputs, the Marathas, the Mughal Empire, and later the British. Today, it is managed jointly by the government via Sambhar Salts Limited, contributing a significant percentage to India’s total domestic salt production.
Avian Migration Hub: Designated as a Ramsar Site in 1990, Sambhar is a crucial wintering area for tens of thousands of migratory birds, most notably the Lesser Flamingo. However, in recent years, the ecosystem has faced severe threats from illegal pan-mining, groundwater depletion, and avian botulism outbreaks.

📌 Geography • Rivers & Lakes

Q.7) Located below the summit of the Baralacha Pass at a high altitude of 4980 m above sea level, Suraj Tal is the source of which river?

Ans > (B) Bhaga River

Explanation: Suraj Tal is located below the summit of the Baralacha Pass at a high altitude lake, 4980 m above sea level. This lake serves as the primary source of the Bhaga River, which is one of the main branches of the Chenab River.
High-Altitude Extreme Environment: Suraj Tal, translating to the “Lake of the Sun God,” is one of the highest lakes in India. Located in the frigid Lahaul and Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh, the lake remains completely frozen and largely inaccessible for more than half the year due to heavy snowfall and extreme sub-zero temperatures.
River System Genesis: The lake is the birthplace of the Bhaga river, an essential Himalayan waterway. The Bhaga flows down the rugged valleys to eventually merge with the Chandra river at Tandi. This confluence forms the Chandrabhaga river, which is later known as the mighty Chenab River when it enters the plains of Jammu and Punjab.
Strategic and Tourism Route: Suraj Tal lies directly along the famous Manali-Leh Highway, a vital strategic and touristic artery. The lake serves as a breathtaking, albeit challenging, stopover for motorcyclists, trekkers, and adventurers crossing the treacherous Baralacha Pass during the brief summer window when the roads are cleared of snow.

📌 Geography • Lakes

Q.8) Which of the following is a calm, quiet group of seven lakes situated near Bhimtal town in the Kumaun Division, recognized as a paradise for migratory birds?

Ans > (C) Satta or Sat Tal

Explanation: Satta or Sat Tal is a calm, quiet group of seven lakes near Bhimtal town of the Kumaun Division of Uttarakhand. Situated at an altitude of 1370 m above mean sea level, these lakes are considered a paradise for migratory birds.
Interconnected Hydrology: Sat Tal, meaning “Seven Lakes,” is a unique, interconnected group of freshwater lakes (including Purna Tal, Sita Tal, and Ram Tal) nestled within the lower Himalayan range. The lakes are fed by underground springs and surface runoff, operating as a single hydrological unit that helps maintain the region’s groundwater table.
Avian Diversity: The area is celebrated globally by ornithologists as a premier birding destination. The surrounding dense forests of oak and pine provide an unpolluted habitat that attracts hundreds of species of resident and migratory birds, including kingfishers, barbets, and woodpeckers, untouched by the commercial noise of nearby Nainital.
Environmental Conservation Concerns: Despite its natural beauty, the Sat Tal ecosystem is increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization, deforestation in the catchment area, and unregulated tourism. Environmental groups have been advocating strongly to declare it an eco-sensitive zone to prevent construction debris and plastic waste from choking the interconnected natural channels.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.9) The classical “Thermal Concept” of the Indian monsoon proposed by Halley has been criticized by modern meteorologists. What is one of the primary criticisms regarding the low pressure areas that develop over continents during summer?

Ans > (C) They represent cyclonic lows associated with dynamic factors, not exclusively thermal conditions.

Explanation: Halley’s concept has been criticized because the low pressure areas that develop over the continents during the summer season are not stationary and are not exclusively related to low thermal conditions. In fact, they represent cyclonic lows associated with dynamic factors and cannot be termed as only thermally induced.
Halley’s 17th-Century Model: Sir Edmond Halley proposed in 1686 that the monsoon was essentially a giant sea breeze caused by the differential heating of the Asian landmass and the Indian Ocean. While conceptually elegant and easy to understand, this purely thermal model failed to explain the sudden bursts, breaks, and complex spatial distribution of monsoon rainfall.
Role of Dynamic Meteorology: Modern climatology incorporates dynamic factors, showing that the monsoon is largely driven by the shifting of global wind belts, the Coriolis force, and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The low-pressure systems are actually dynamic cyclonic circulations that move and evolve, rather than just static heat-induced vacuums over the land.
Modern Forecasting Tools: Because the thermal concept was insufficient, modern Indian meteorologists rely on complex computational models. They track upper-air circulations, oceanic temperatures (like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation), and atmospheric pressure gradients across the globe to predict the highly erratic behavior of the Indian monsoon season.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.10) According to climatologist Maung Tun Yin, what is the most important factor causing the abrupt advance of the subtropical jet stream to the south in the middle of October?

Ans > (A) The plateau of Tibet becoming very cold in winter

Explanation: Yin considers that there is a correspondence between the shifting of the jet and the slowing down of the westerlies over the whole of Eurasia. He identifies that the plateau of Tibet becomes very cold in winter and proves to be the most important factor in causing the advance of the jet far to the south in the middle of October.
The Tibetan Plateau’s Thermal Influence: The Tibetan Plateau, often called the “Roof of the World,” possesses an enormous landmass at an extremely high altitude. In winter, this vast area loses heat rapidly through terrestrial radiation, acting as a massive high-altitude cold source that drastically alters the atmospheric pressure dynamics over the entire Asian continent.
Jet Stream Bifurcation and Shift: The intense cooling of Tibet forces the high-altitude westerly jet streams to shift southward and physically bifurcate around the Himalayan massif. This sudden southern shift of the jet stream in October marks the definitive end of the summer monsoon and the onset of the stable, dry winter conditions over northern India.
Impact on Winter Weather Patterns: The southward positioning of this subtropical westerly jet stream is responsible for bringing “Western Disturbances” from the Mediterranean Sea into India. These cyclonic disturbances cause the crucial winter rainfall in Punjab and Haryana, which is absolutely vital for the success of the Rabi (winter) crops, particularly wheat.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.11) During the “break monsoon” condition over India, what is the vertical extent of the low valley trough that develops over the Assam Plain?

Ans > (C) It has a vertical extent of 2 to 3 kilometres.

Explanation: Under weak monsoon conditions and in the years when the eastern end of the axis of the monsoon trough is oriented southward in Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, a low valley trough develops over the Assam Plain. The vertical extent of this low valley trough is 2 to 3 kilometres.
Mechanics of the Monsoon Break: A “break” in the monsoon occurs when the primary monsoon trough (a belt of low pressure) shifts abruptly northward toward the foothills of the Himalayas. This shift halts rainfall over the central and peninsular regions of India for several days or even weeks, leading to severe agricultural distress if prolonged.
Topographical Confinement in Assam: During this phase, moisture-laden winds from the Bay of Bengal are forced directly into the northeastern states. The atmospheric trough that forms over the Assam plain is vertically confined to 2–3 kilometers by the surrounding high mountain ranges, trapping the moisture and leading to highly localized, intense atmospheric instability.
Disastrous Flooding Consequences: Because this confined low valley trough continuously dumps massive amounts of concentrated rainfall over the catchment areas of the Brahmaputra, the “break” period in central India almost always directly correlates with devastating, catastrophic flooding and landslides in Assam, Sub-Himalayan West Bengal, and northern Bihar.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.12) The summer-time heating of the Tibetan Plateau produces a warm core thermal anticyclone (high pressure) in the middle part of the troposphere at a 500 mb level. This atmospheric process is officially called:

Ans > (B) Anticyclogenesis

Explanation: A warm core anticyclone (high pressure) is formed over the Tibetan plateau during the summer monsoon period. The formation of this anticyclone in the middle part of the troposphere at the 500 mb level is the result of a process called anticyclogenesis.
The Tibetan Heat Pump: During the summer months, the massive elevated landmass of the Tibetan Plateau absorbs intense solar radiation, acting as a giant high-altitude radiator. It heats the middle of the troposphere far more efficiently than the surrounding air at the same elevation, reversing the typical vertical pressure gradients found elsewhere.
Formation of the Warm Core: This intense localized heating causes the air to expand and rise, ultimately leading to a high-pressure system (anticyclone) forming aloft at around the 500 millibar atmospheric level. The creation and intensification of this specific high-pressure cell over Tibet is what meteorologists refer to as anticyclogenesis.
Driving the Tropical Easterly Jet: The high-pressure cell generated by anticyclogenesis forces air outward. This upper-air divergence travels southward towards the equator and helps generate the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream. This jet stream is a critical atmospheric component that violently pulls the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds onto the Indian subcontinent.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.13) In the year 1967, an extremely high day temperature exceeding 54°C was recorded at which prominent location in northwestern India?

Ans > (C) Sri Ganganagar

Explanation: According to the climate records of India, a temperature exceeding 54°C was recorded at Sri Ganganagar in 1967. In some places in north-western India, the day temperature can routinely reach as high as 45°C or 47°C.
Extreme Continental Climate: Sri Ganganagar is located in the northernmost part of Rajasthan, deep inland and far removed from any moderating oceanic influences. Its geographic position subjects it to intense solar insolation and scorching, dry desert winds called the “Loo,” leading to some of the most brutal summer temperatures in the country.
Record Verification and Updates: While older textbooks and historical literature widely cite the 1967 Sri Ganganagar reading of 54°C, modern meteorological standards point out that older equipment lacked modern calibration. Today, the Indian Meteorological Department officially recognizes 51.0°C, recorded in Phalodi, Rajasthan in 2016, as the highest reliably authenticated temperature.
Agricultural Adaptation: Despite these seemingly uninhabitable temperatures, Sri Ganganagar is a highly productive agricultural district. The introduction of the Indira Gandhi Canal transformed this harsh desert landscape into the “food basket of Rajasthan,” proving that with robust irrigation infrastructure, communities can thrive even under extreme thermal stress.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.14) In his 1971 classification of Indian climate, Professor R.L. Singh divided the country into 10 major climatic divisions based on quantitative and qualitative variations in which two primary meteorological elements?

Ans > (B) Rainfall and Temperature

Explanation: Professor R.L. Singh modified the climatic divisions of Stamp and Kendrew in 1971. His classification is quantitative as well as qualitative, largely based on the amount of rainfall and temperature.
Evolution of Climate Classification: Before R.L. Singh, Indian geography heavily relied on broad global models like Köppen’s or the colonial-era classifications by Stamp and Kendrew. Singh realized these models were inadequate for India’s extreme topographical diversity and sought a system that blended rigorous meteorological data with observable ground realities.
Focus on Rainfall and Temperature: Singh selected rainfall and temperature because they are the most critical determinants of natural vegetation patterns, soil formation, and agricultural viability in India. By tracking the spatial and seasonal distribution of these two metrics, he could accurately map the transition from arid deserts to humid rainforests.
Utility for Regional Planning: The resulting division of India into 10 major and several minor sub-divisions remains a cornerstone in Indian geographical studies. This granular classification provides essential data for government bodies handling agricultural planning, drought mitigation, and infrastructure development tailored to the specific climatic constraints of each distinct region.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.15) According to the climatic divisions of India, the Konkan Coast stretches from the mouth of the Tapi river to Goa. Its mean annual range of temperature is notably small, typically varying between:

Ans > (A) 3°C to 4°C

Explanation: The Konkan Coast stretches from the mouth of Tapi river to Goa, receiving an average annual rainfall of more than 200 cm. Its average annual range of temperature varies between 3°C to 4°C depending on the distance from the coast and the equator.
The Moderating Oceanic Effect: The incredibly narrow temperature range (3°C to 4°C) of the Konkan coast is caused by the proximity of the Arabian Sea. Water has a very high specific heat capacity, meaning it heats and cools much slower than land, providing a constant moderating influence that prevents extreme temperature spikes or drops.
Orographic Boundaries: The region is physically trapped between the Arabian Sea to the west and the towering Western Ghats to the east. This geographic funnel not only guarantees very high rainfall during the monsoon but also traps humid, maritime air year-round, resulting in a persistent, muggy, and highly equable tropical climate.
Horticultural Prosperity: This unique combination of high humidity, heavy seasonal rainfall, and a minimal temperature range makes the Konkan lateritic soil incredibly fertile for specific cash crops. It provides the exact climatic conditions required for cultivating world-renowned agricultural exports, most notably the Alphonso mango, cashew nuts, and coconuts.

📌 Geography • Climate

Q.16) Which city is cited as a typical example of the Malabar Coast climatic region, where the average annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm and the annual range of temperature is around 3°C?

Ans > (C) Kochi

Explanation: The Malabar Coast climatic division lies between Goa and Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The average annual temperature reads around 27°C with a 3°C annual range of temperature, and Kochi is noted as a typical example of this region.
Equatorial Proximity and Climate: Kochi sits geographically close to the equator, which guarantees consistent, intense solar radiation year-round. This proximity, combined with the continuous influence of the Arabian Sea, creates an Amw (Tropical Monsoon) climate type characterized by high, stable temperatures and an incredibly low annual temperature variation.
First to Receive the Monsoon: The Malabar Coast is the entry point for the Southwest Monsoon on the Indian mainland. Kochi experiences exceptionally heavy rainfall exceeding 250 cm annually, as the moisture-laden winds strike the Western Ghats. It also receives significant pre-monsoon “mango showers,” making it wet for a large portion of the year.
Historical Spice Trade Hub: The specific climate of the Kochi region supports dense tropical rainforests and perfect conditions for growing black pepper, cardamom, and cinnamon. This climatic advantage is exactly what turned Kochi into a global historical epicenter for the spice trade, attracting Arab, Chinese, and European merchants for centuries.

📌 Geography • Institutes

Q.17) The Central Arid Research Institute (CAZRI), which is instrumental in promoting drought-resistant plants, trees, and crops under the Drought Prone Area Programme, is located in which city?

Ans > (B) Jodhpur

Explanation: Some of the important achievements of the Drought Prone Area Programme include the Indira Gandhi Canal Project, Sardar Sarovar Project (Narmada), and the Central Arid Research Institute in Jodhpur, which promotes drought-resistant plants, trees, and crops.
Establishment and Core Mandate: Founded in 1959, CAZRI operates under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Located in Jodhpur, the “Gateway to Thar,” its primary mission is to conduct scientific research to prevent desertification, manage arid ecosystems, and improve the socioeconomic conditions of people living in harsh desert environments.
Innovations in Desert Agriculture: CAZRI has been globally recognized for its development of specialized drought-resistant crop varieties. By genetically improving crops like bajra (pearl millet), moth bean, and guar, and by introducing hardy tree species like the Khejri, the institute ensures food and fodder security during prolonged periods of failed monsoons.
Sustainable Resource Management: Beyond botany, CAZRI utilizes modern technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map groundwater tables and soil health. They pioneer techniques in sand dune stabilization, rainwater harvesting, and solar energy utilization, creating holistic survival strategies for India’s expanding arid zones.

📌 Geography • Natural Hazards

Q.18) The main factors responsible for the occurrence of floods in India are broadly classified into three categories. These are Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and:

Ans > (B) Geomorphic

Explanation: According to the geographical classification, the main factors responsible for the occurrence of floods are: (i) Meteorological, (ii) Geomorphic, and (iii) Anthropogenic.
Understanding Geomorphic Factors: Geomorphic factors relate to the physical shape, structure, and natural evolution of the earth’s surface. In the context of flooding, this includes natural phenomena like the gradient of riverbeds, the meandering nature of mature rivers, natural subsidence, and the innate drainage capacity of a specific topographical basin.
The Himalayan River Challenge: India’s northern rivers are highly susceptible to geomorphic flooding. Rivers like the Brahmaputra and Kosi carry massive loads of silt from the young, easily erodible Himalayan mountains. When they reach the flat plains, the water velocity drops, depositing the silt, raising the riverbed, and forcing the river to overflow its banks.
Interaction with Human Activity: While geomorphic factors are entirely natural, they are frequently exacerbated by anthropogenic (human-made) factors. Deforestation in the catchment areas dramatically increases soil erosion, thereby accelerating geomorphic siltation, while poorly planned embankments attempt to artificially constrain rivers that naturally need to meander, leading to catastrophic breaches.

📌 Geography • Flora

Q.19) The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, and west of which mountain range?

Ans > (C) Aravallis

Explanation: The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, west of the Aravallis, Kachchh, and north-western parts of Gujarat.
The Aravallis as a Climatic Divide: The Aravalli Range acts as a monumental climatic and floristic barrier in northwestern India. Because the range runs parallel to the direction of the moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds coming from the Arabian Sea, it fails to induce heavy orographic rainfall, leaving the region to its west largely arid and semi-arid.
Xerophytic Flora Characteristics: The vegetation in the Indus Plain floristic region is specifically adapted to survive extreme heat and scarce water. The flora is dominantly xerophytic, characterized by deep taproots, thorny branches, thick waxy cuticles, and tiny leaves to minimize water loss through transpiration, featuring species like Acacia (Babool) and Prosopis.
Socio-Ecological Dynamics: Because dense forests cannot grow in this floristic zone, the landscape is dominated by sparse scrublands and hardy grasses. This ecology historically shaped the human geography of the region, supporting nomadic pastoralism and massive livestock rearing (sheep, goats, and camels) rather than intensive, settled agriculture.

📌 Geography • Flora

Q.20) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are uniquely characterized by which type of natural vegetation covering their landscape?

Ans > (B) Equatorial evergreen forests of heavy wood

Explanation: According to the spatial distribution of flora, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are covered by the equatorial evergreen forests of heavy wood.
Climatic Drivers of Vegetation: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located very close to the equator and experience a hot, humid equatorial climate with copious rainfall distributed almost evenly throughout the year. This environment eliminates a distinct dry season, allowing vegetation to remain lush, green, and actively growing year-round.
Canopy Structure and Timber: The resulting forests are incredibly dense, multi-tiered tropical evergreen ecosystems. They are heavily populated by massive, hardwood timber species—such as Mahogany, Padauk, and Gurjan—which form a towering closed canopy that blocks sunlight from reaching the forest floor, restricting the growth of dense underbrush.
Ecological Significance: These heavy wood forests are biological treasure troves, hosting a remarkably high percentage of endemic flora and fauna not found anywhere else on Earth. They are also vital to the survival of indigenous tribes who rely entirely on the forest’s undisturbed biodiversity for shelter, foraging, and traditional medicinal resources.

📌 Geography • Physiography

Q.21) The Bhabar plain consists of gravel and unassorted sediments deposited by rivers. It lies to the south of the Shiwalik and extends continuously from the Jammu Division in the west to which state in the east?

Ans > (B) Assam

Explanation: The Bhabar plain lies to the south of the Shiwalik from west to east (Jammu Division to Assam). Its width is generally 8 to 15 km.
Geological Formation: The Bhabar is a narrow, porous belt positioned perfectly at the rupture of slope where the steep Himalayan foothills (Shiwaliks) transition into the flat plains. As fast-moving mountain rivers hit this flat land, they immediately lose their carrying capacity, dumping massive loads of coarse boulders, pebbles, and gravel in alluvial fans.
Subterranean Hydrology: Because the sediment is so large and unassorted, the Bhabar belt is highly porous. Consequently, smaller Himalayan streams effectively disappear underground as they enter this zone, flowing entirely beneath the surface of the gravel beds, leaving dry river channels above ground for most of the year.
Agricultural and Ecological Traits: The gravel-heavy soil of the Bhabar is entirely unsuitable for traditional crop cultivation. However, the region successfully supports deeply rooted, massive trees, such as Sal. These dense forest corridors serve as crucial, uninterrupted habitats and migration routes for megafauna like the Asian Elephant and Bengal Tiger.

📌 Geography • Physiography

Q.22) The Tarai plain is an ill-drained, marshy, and thickly forested tract lying immediately to the south of the Bhabar. What is the approximate width of this heavily forested zone?

Ans > (B) 15 to 30 km

Explanation: South of the Bhabar lies a 15-30 km wide marshy tract called the Tarai. It is an ill-drained, damp, and thickly forested narrow tract.
Hydrological Re-emergence: The Tarai represents the exact line where the underground streams of the porous Bhabar belt hit finer soils and re-emerge onto the surface. Because the land is exceptionally flat, this vast volume of surfacing water has no clear drainage channels, creating a continuous 15-30 km wide zone of swamps, bogs, and marshes.
Historical Health Hazards: Historically, the Tarai was avoided by human settlements due to its incredibly dense, suffocating jungle and stagnant waters. It was a notorious breeding ground for mosquitoes, making it a highly lethal zone for malaria, which acted as a natural barrier between the plains and the hills.
Modern Transformation: Following India’s independence, massive government drives eradicated malaria, and vast tracts of the Tarai were aggressively cleared of forests to resettle refugees and expand agriculture. Today, the nitrogen-rich soil is heavily utilized for farming sugarcane and wheat, leaving only protected pockets like the Dudhwa National Park as remnants of the original ecosystem.

📌 Geography • Physiography / Soils

Q.23) In the vast floodplains of the river channels, frequent floods continuously lay down fresh layers of silts which provide very fertile soils. This newer, highly fertile alluvium is officially known as:

Ans > (B) Khadar

Explanation: The frequent floods, although a cause of immense damage to life and property, lay down fresh layers of silts in the flood plains every year, providing rich fertile soils known as Khadar.
Annual Soil Renewal: Khadar is the youngest geological formation of the Indo-Gangetic plain. It occupies the low-lying areas adjacent to active river channels. Every monsoon, rivers overflow their banks and deposit fresh, nutrient-rich Himalayan silt, effectively renewing the soil’s fertility naturally on an annual basis.
Chemical and Textural Profile: Unlike older soils, Khadar alluvium is light in color, sandy in texture, and lacks the calcareous concretions (kankar nodules) that make older soils tough to plough. It is exceptionally rich in potash, though somewhat deficient in phosphorus, making it highly porous and excellent for intensive farming.
Agricultural Goldmine: Because of its natural fertility and ease of irrigation (due to the high water table near the rivers), Khadar regions are the most intensively cultivated agricultural lands in India. They support massive yields of water-intensive cash crops and staple cereals like rice, wheat, jute, and sugarcane without requiring heavy synthetic fertilizers.

📌 Geography • Physiography

Q.24) The Brahmaputra Valley represents the eastern part of the Great Plains of India. Approximately how long and how wide is this plain within the country?

Ans > (B) 720 km long and 80 km wide

Explanation: The Brahmaputra Plain stretches over an area of about 56,275 sq km and is the eastern part of the Great Plains of India. It is about 720 km long and about 80 km wide.
Geological Tectonic Depression: The Brahmaputra Valley is a vast, elongated structural depression framed by the mighty Himalayas to the north and the ancient Meghalaya plateau to the south. This narrow, 720 km by 80 km trough was created by complex tectonic activities and subsequently filled by massive sediment deposits from the Brahmaputra River.
Hyper-Sedimentation and Braiding: The Brahmaputra carries one of the highest sediment yields of any river in the world, largely due to heavy Himalayan erosion. When forced into this relatively narrow valley, the sediment forms massive sandbars, causing the river to constantly bifurcate and braid into multiple shifting channels.
Formation of Riverine Islands: The immense volume of water and silt trapped in this narrow corridor leads to the creation of massive mid-river landmasses. The most famous resulting feature is Majuli, recognized as one of the world’s largest river islands, which suffers from severe ongoing erosion due to the river’s turbulent, shifting nature.

📌 Geography • Physiography

Q.25) The Brahmaputra Plain features a gradual slope falling away from the Meghalaya Plateau. The general altitude of the Brahmaputra Plain varies from 130 m in the east down to only how many metres in the west?

Ans > (A) 30 m

Explanation: The general altitude of the Brahmaputra Plain varies between 130 m in the east to only 30 m in the west, indicating a highly gradual fall.
The Sluggish River Gradient: The Brahmaputra plain has an incredibly gentle gradient, dropping a mere 100 meters over a distance of more than 700 kilometers. This almost flat topography severely reduces the kinetic velocity of the river, forcing it to abruptly dump the massive silt load it carried down from the steep Himalayas.
Aggravation of Annual Floods: Because the western end of the plain (near the Bangladesh border) sits at a mere 30 meters above sea level, the river lacks the hydraulic push to quickly evacuate monsoon rainwater into the Bay of Bengal. This topographical bottleneck is the primary geographical reason for the catastrophic, prolonged annual floods in Assam.
Navigational Implications: While the flat terrain creates flood hazards, it also provides a major logistical advantage. The gentle slope and deep, slow-moving waters make the Brahmaputra highly navigable for large inland water vessels. It has been designated as National Waterway 2, serving as a critical commercial transport artery for the Northeast region.

📌 Geography • Islands

Q.26) The Nicobar group of islands, located in the Bay of Bengal, comprises 18 distinct islands. Out of these 18 islands, exactly how many are officially inhabited by people?

Ans > (C) 11

Explanation: The Nicobar group of islands comprise 18 islands in total, out of which only 11 are inhabited. (Note: While modern government updates note 22 islands, standard syllabus references 18/11).
Geostrategic Isolation: The Nicobar archipelago is situated closer to Southeast Asia (specifically Sumatra, Indonesia) than to the Indian mainland. This extreme geographical isolation is the primary reason why only 11 islands host human populations, as supplying and developing infrastructure across the deep oceanic channels of the uninhabited islands is highly prohibitive.
Impact of the 2004 Tsunami: The inhabited islands, including Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar, were catastrophically devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Entire coastlines were permanently altered, villages were wiped out, and the delicate demographic balance of the local populations was severely disrupted, leading to massive government rehabilitation efforts.
Strict Protection Laws: The uninhabited status of many islands is maintained intentionally by the Indian Government. Under strict tribal and environmental protection laws, unauthorized access to many of these islands is forbidden to protect the fragile rainforest ecosystems, endemic wildlife, and the sovereignty of the indigenous Shompen and Nicobarese tribes.

📌 Geography • Tribes

Q.27) Which of the following is listed as one of the well-known surviving indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Ans > (C) Onges

Explanation: Some of the well-known surviving tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar are the Onges, Jarawas, and Sentinelese.
Ethnic and Historical Origins: The Onges are one of the most ancient indigenous peoples in the world, categorized as a Negrito ethnic group. Anthropological evidence suggests their ancestors migrated out of Africa tens of thousands of years ago, living in total isolation on the Andaman Islands as semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers until British colonization.
Demographic Collapse: Before the mid-19th century, the Onges were thriving across Little Andaman Island. However, exposure to outside diseases (like syphilis and measles) brought by colonizers and settlers, combined with loss of traditional hunting grounds, caused a catastrophic demographic collapse, reducing their population from thousands to roughly a hundred individuals today.
Modern Government Welfare: To prevent their total extinction, the Indian government has enacted strict laws declaring their remaining habitats as protected tribal reserves. The welfare administration now provides them with food rations, medical care, and permanent settlements in areas like Dugong Creek, while strictly restricting outside contact to prevent further cultural and biological exploitation.

📌 Geography • Islands

Q.28) The Minicoy is the largest island in the Lakshadweep archipelago. What is the approximate surface area of this largest island?

Ans > (B) 4.5 sq km

Explanation: The Minicoy is the largest island in Lakshadweep, possessing an area of 4.5 sq km and featuring a light house and a weather observatory. (Note: Standard curricula use 4.5 sq km, though modern surveys often place Andrott slightly larger).
Coral Atoll Geomorphology: Minicoy is a classic example of a coral atoll, formed atop a submerged volcanic peak. The island is incredibly flat and narrow, curving around a central, shallow blue lagoon. The entire landmass is constructed purely from coral detritus and sand, making it highly vulnerable to global sea-level rise.
Cultural and Linguistic Divergence: Geographically, Minicoy is separated from the rest of the Lakshadweep islands by the vast Nine Degree Channel. Due to its proximity to the Maldives, the local culture, cuisine, and language diverge completely from the Malayalam-speaking northern islands; the residents here speak Mahl, a dialect of the Maldivian language.
Maritime Navigational Importance: Given its strategic location directly on the busy international sea lanes traversing the Indian Ocean, Minicoy has immense maritime importance. The British constructed a massive lighthouse there in 1885, which, alongside the modern weather observatory, remains critical for guiding global shipping safely around the treacherous coral reefs.

📌 Geography • Seismology

Q.29) Earthquakes are tectonic and crustal movements within the earth caused by natural or man-made stresses. Which of the following broad categories encompasses man-made stresses like large dam reservoirs?

Ans > (C) Anthropogenic factors

Explanation: Earthquakes are caused by natural or man-made stresses, which are categorized into (i) volcanic eruptions, (ii) ruptures and sudden movements of rocks, (iii) movement of plates, and (iv) anthropogenic factors (which include man-made stresses like huge reservoirs).
Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS): The phenomenon of dams causing earthquakes is known as Reservoir-Induced Seismicity. When massive river valleys are flooded to create artificial lakes behind a dam, billions of tons of water push down on the earth’s crust. This immense, unnatural weight can alter local tectonic stress fields.
The Mechanics of Fault Lubrication: It is not just the weight of the water, but the hydrostatic pressure that causes issues. Water slowly percolates through micro-fractures in the bedrock deep into the earth. This water acts as a high-pressure lubricant on existing, dormant geological fault lines, causing them to suddenly slip and trigger earthquakes.
The Koyna Dam Tragedy: The most famous global example of an anthropogenic earthquake occurred in India at the Koyna Dam in Maharashtra in 1967. The massive reservoir triggered a devastating 6.3 magnitude earthquake that killed nearly 200 people, forcing geologists worldwide to radically update how they assess the seismic risks of mega-dam projects.

📌 Geography • Mountain Ranges

Q.30) Which of the following geological formations acts as a major connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains in the central highlands?

Ans > (B) Maikal Range

Explanation: In the South Central Highlands, the Maikal Range forms a connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains.
Geological Structure and Location: The Maikal Range is a major topographical feature of the central Indian highlands, primarily situated in the state of Chhattisgarh and extending into Madhya Pradesh. It functions as a rugged, forested eastern continuation of the Satpura range, forming a crucial physical bridge that connects northward to the Vindhyan system.
Birthplace of Major Rivers: The range is geologically famous for its radial drainage pattern, specifically around the Amarkantak plateau. It acts as the critical watershed and birthplace for two of India’s major rivers flowing in completely opposite directions: the Narmada (flowing west to the Arabian Sea) and the Son (flowing north to join the Ganges).
Biodiversity and Tribal Homeland: The dense, deciduous forests blanketing the Maikal hills are globally recognized as a premier biodiversity hotspot, famously housing the Kanha Tiger Reserve. Additionally, the remote, rugged terrain has served for centuries as a protected homeland for indigenous tribal communities, particularly the Baigas and the Gonds, who rely on its ecosystem.

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 10

Waterfalls: Ghaghri, Hundru, and Johna Falls are located in Jharkhand.
Waterfalls: Abbey, Arisina Gundi, Irupu, and Kunchikal Falls are in Karnataka.
Waterfalls: Athirappilly, Meenmutty, and Palaruvi Falls are situated in Kerala.
Waterfalls: Siruvani Waterfall in the Western Ghats is a main water source for Coimbatore city.
Lakes: Tsongmo Lake in Sikkim is a sacred glaciated tarn that freezes in winter.
Lakes: Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan is India’s largest salt lake and a Ramsar site.
Rivers & Lakes: Suraj Tal at Baralacha Pass is the source of the Bhaga River.
Lakes: Satta or Sat Tal is a calm group of seven lakes near Bhimtal in Uttarakhand.
Climate: Modern meteorology links summer low pressure areas to dynamic cyclonic factors rather than just thermal heating.
Climate: The cooling of the Tibetan Plateau in winter is key to the southward advance of the subtropical jet stream in October.
Climate: During a “break monsoon,” the low valley trough over the Assam Plain has a vertical extent of 2 to 3 km.
Climate: Summer heating of the Tibetan Plateau creates a high pressure anticyclone via anticyclogenesis at 500 mb.
Climate: Sri Ganganagar in northwestern India recorded a day temperature exceeding 54°C in 1967.
Climate: Prof R.L. Singh based his 1971 climatic classification primarily on rainfall and temperature.
Climate: The Konkan Coast features a small mean annual temperature range of 3°C to 4°C.
Climate: Kochi is a typical example of the Malabar Coast climatic region (rainfall > 250 cm, range ~3°C).
Institutes: CAZRI, promoting drought-resistant flora under the Drought Prone Area Programme, is located in Jodhpur.
Natural Hazards: Floods are broadly caused by Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and Geomorphic factors.
Flora: The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads west of the Aravallis.
Flora: Andaman and Nicobar Islands are covered by equatorial evergreen forests of heavy wood.
Physiography: The Bhabar plain lies south of the Shiwaliks, extending eastwards to Assam.
Physiography: The thickly forested, marshy Tarai plain lies south of Bhabar with a width of 15 to 30 km.
Physiography / Soils: Khadar is the newer, highly fertile alluvium laid down by frequent river floods.
Physiography: The Brahmaputra Valley is approximately 720 km long and 80 km wide.
Physiography: The Brahmaputra Plain’s altitude falls gradually to only 30 m in the west.
Islands: Of the 18 distinct islands in the Nicobar group, 11 are officially inhabited.
Tribes: The Onges are one of the well-known surviving indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Islands: Minicoy, the largest island in Lakshadweep, has an area of 4.5 sq km.
Seismology: Earthquakes caused by man-made stresses like large dam reservoirs fall under anthropogenic factors.
Mountain Ranges: The Maikal Range forms a major connecting link between the Vindhyans and Satpura mountains.

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Geography Set 10

Q.1) Which of the following renowned waterfalls are geographically located in the state of Jharkhand?

Q.2) The Abbey Falls, Arisina Gundi Falls, Irupu Falls, and Kunchikal Falls are some of the important waterfalls located in which Indian state?

Q.3) Athirappilly Falls, Meenmutty Falls, and Palaruvi Falls are renowned waterfalls situated in which state?

Q.4) Situated at a distance of about 40 km from Coimbatore in the Western Ghats, which waterfall is recognized as one of the main water sources for Coimbatore city?

Q.5) Situated in Sikkim at an altitude of about 3780 m, which glaciated tarn lake remains frozen during the winter season and is considered a sacred lake by both Buddhists and Hindus?

Q.6) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance, which lake in Rajasthan is divided by a 5 km long dam made of stones and is India’s largest salt lake?

Q.7) Located below the summit of the Baralacha Pass at a high altitude of 4980 m above sea level, Suraj Tal is the source of which river?

Q.8) Which of the following is a calm, quiet group of seven lakes situated near Bhimtal town in the Kumaun Division, recognized as a paradise for migratory birds?

Q.9) The classical “Thermal Concept” of the Indian monsoon proposed by Halley has been criticized by modern meteorologists. What is one of the primary criticisms regarding the low pressure areas that develop over continents during summer?

Q.10) According to climatologist Maung Tun Yin, what is the most important factor causing the abrupt advance of the subtropical jet stream to the south in the middle of October?

Q.11) During the “break monsoon” condition over India, what is the vertical extent of the low valley trough that develops over the Assam Plain?

Q.12) The summer-time heating of the Tibetan Plateau produces a warm core thermal anticyclone (high pressure) in the middle part of the troposphere at a 500 mb level. This atmospheric process is officially called:

Q.13) In the year 1967, an extremely high day temperature exceeding 54°C was recorded at which prominent location in northwestern India?

Q.14) In his 1971 classification of Indian climate, Professor R.L. Singh divided the country into 10 major climatic divisions based on quantitative and qualitative variations in which two primary meteorological elements?

Q.15) According to the climatic divisions of India, the Konkan Coast stretches from the mouth of the Tapi river to Goa. Its mean annual range of temperature is notably small, typically varying between:

Q.16) Which city is cited as a typical example of the Malabar Coast climatic region, where the average annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm and the annual range of temperature is around 3°C?

Q.17) The Central Arid Research Institute (CAZRI), which is instrumental in promoting drought-resistant plants, trees, and crops under the Drought Prone Area Programme, is located in which city?

Q.18) The main factors responsible for the occurrence of floods in India are broadly classified into three categories. These are Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and:

Q.19) The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, and west of which mountain range?

Q.20) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are uniquely characterized by which type of natural vegetation covering their landscape?

Q.21) The Bhabar plain consists of gravel and unassorted sediments deposited by rivers. It lies to the south of the Shiwalik and extends continuously from the Jammu Division in the west to which state in the east?

Q.22) The Tarai plain is an ill-drained, marshy, and thickly forested tract lying immediately to the south of the Bhabar. What is the approximate width of this heavily forested zone?

Q.23) In the vast floodplains of the river channels, frequent floods continuously lay down fresh layers of silts which provide very fertile soils. This newer, highly fertile alluvium is officially known as:

Q.24) The Brahmaputra Valley represents the eastern part of the Great Plains of India. Approximately how long and how wide is this plain within the country?

Q.25) The Brahmaputra Plain features a gradual slope falling away from the Meghalaya Plateau. The general altitude of the Brahmaputra Plain varies from 130 m in the east down to only how many metres in the west?

Q.26) The Nicobar group of islands, located in the Bay of Bengal, comprises 18 distinct islands. Out of these 18 islands, exactly how many are officially inhabited by people?

Q.27) Which of the following is listed as one of the well-known surviving indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Q.28) The Minicoy is the largest island in the Lakshadweep archipelago. What is the approximate surface area of this largest island?

Q.29) Earthquakes are tectonic and crustal movements within the earth caused by natural or man-made stresses. Which of the following broad categories encompasses man-made stresses like large dam reservoirs?

Q.30) Which of the following geological formations acts as a major connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains in the central highlands?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 10

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Q.1) Which of the following renowned waterfalls are geographically located in the state of Jharkhand?

Q.2) The Abbey Falls, Arisina Gundi Falls, Irupu Falls, and Kunchikal Falls are some of the important waterfalls located in which Indian state?

Q.3) Athirappilly Falls, Meenmutty Falls, and Palaruvi Falls are renowned waterfalls situated in which state?

Q.4) Situated at a distance of about 40 km from Coimbatore in the Western Ghats, which waterfall is recognized as one of the main water sources for Coimbatore city?

Q.5) Situated in Sikkim at an altitude of about 3780 m, which glaciated tarn lake remains frozen during the winter season and is considered a sacred lake by both Buddhists and Hindus?

Q.6) Designated as a Ramsar site of international importance, which lake in Rajasthan is divided by a 5 km long dam made of stones and is India’s largest salt lake?

Q.7) Located below the summit of the Baralacha Pass at a high altitude of 4980 m above sea level, Suraj Tal is the source of which river?

Q.8) Which of the following is a calm, quiet group of seven lakes situated near Bhimtal town in the Kumaun Division, recognized as a paradise for migratory birds?

Q.9) The classical “Thermal Concept” of the Indian monsoon proposed by Halley has been criticized by modern meteorologists. What is one of the primary criticisms regarding the low pressure areas that develop over continents during summer?

Q.10) According to climatologist Maung Tun Yin, what is the most important factor causing the abrupt advance of the subtropical jet stream to the south in the middle of October?

Q.11) During the “break monsoon” condition over India, what is the vertical extent of the low valley trough that develops over the Assam Plain?

Q.12) The summer-time heating of the Tibetan Plateau produces a warm core thermal anticyclone (high pressure) in the middle part of the troposphere at a 500 mb level. This atmospheric process is officially called:

Q.13) In the year 1967, an extremely high day temperature exceeding 54°C was recorded at which prominent location in northwestern India?

Q.14) In his 1971 classification of Indian climate, Professor R.L. Singh divided the country into 10 major climatic divisions based on quantitative and qualitative variations in which two primary meteorological elements?

Q.15) According to the climatic divisions of India, the Konkan Coast stretches from the mouth of the Tapi river to Goa. Its mean annual range of temperature is notably small, typically varying between:

Q.16) Which city is cited as a typical example of the Malabar Coast climatic region, where the average annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm and the annual range of temperature is around 3°C?

Q.17) The Central Arid Research Institute (CAZRI), which is instrumental in promoting drought-resistant plants, trees, and crops under the Drought Prone Area Programme, is located in which city?

Q.18) The main factors responsible for the occurrence of floods in India are broadly classified into three categories. These are Meteorological, Anthropogenic, and:

Q.19) The floristic region of the Indus Plain spreads over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, western parts of Gujarat, and west of which mountain range?

Q.20) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are uniquely characterized by which type of natural vegetation covering their landscape?

Q.21) The Bhabar plain consists of gravel and unassorted sediments deposited by rivers. It lies to the south of the Shiwalik and extends continuously from the Jammu Division in the west to which state in the east?

Q.22) The Tarai plain is an ill-drained, marshy, and thickly forested tract lying immediately to the south of the Bhabar. What is the approximate width of this heavily forested zone?

Q.23) In the vast floodplains of the river channels, frequent floods continuously lay down fresh layers of silts which provide very fertile soils. This newer, highly fertile alluvium is officially known as:

Q.24) The Brahmaputra Valley represents the eastern part of the Great Plains of India. Approximately how long and how wide is this plain within the country?

Q.25) The Brahmaputra Plain features a gradual slope falling away from the Meghalaya Plateau. The general altitude of the Brahmaputra Plain varies from 130 m in the east down to only how many metres in the west?

Q.26) The Nicobar group of islands, located in the Bay of Bengal, comprises 18 distinct islands. Out of these 18 islands, exactly how many are officially inhabited by people?

Q.27) Which of the following is listed as one of the well-known surviving indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Q.28) The Minicoy is the largest island in the Lakshadweep archipelago. What is the approximate surface area of this largest island?

Q.29) Earthquakes are tectonic and crustal movements within the earth caused by natural or man-made stresses. Which of the following broad categories encompasses man-made stresses like large dam reservoirs?

Q.30) Which of the following geological formations acts as a major connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains in the central highlands?

📌 Quick Summary — Geography Set 10

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

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