Polity Set 136 | MROY Class

Polity Set 136 – Questions & Answers

Which British Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774)? – Regulating Act of 1773
Which Act created a new body called the ‘Board of Control’ to manage the political affairs of India? – Pitt’s India Act of 1784
Which Act made the Governor-General of Bengal the ‘Governor-General of India’? – Charter Act of 1833
Which Act abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred power directly to the British Crown? – Government of India Act of 1858
Which Act introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims in India? – Indian Councils Act of 1909
Which Act introduced the system of “dyarchy” in the provinces? – Government of India Act of 1919
Which Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced “provincial autonomy”? – Government of India Act of 1935
Which Schedule contains the names of the States and Union Territories? – First Schedule
Which Schedule deals with the emoluments and allowances of the President, Governors, Judges, and CAG? – Second Schedule
Which Schedule contains the forms of Oaths or Affirmations? – Third Schedule
Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha? – Fourth Schedule
Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes? – Fifth Schedule
Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram? – Sixth Schedule
Which Schedule deals with the division of powers (Union List, State List, Concurrent List)? – Seventh Schedule
Which Schedule contains the list of recognized official languages? – Eighth Schedule
Which Schedule was added by the 1st Amendment Act (1951) to protect land reform laws? – Ninth Schedule
Which Schedule contains provisions relating to disqualification on grounds of defection? – Tenth Schedule
Which Schedule specifies the powers and responsibilities of Panchayats (29 functional items)? – Eleventh Schedule
Which Schedule specifies the powers and responsibilities of Municipalities (18 functional items)? – Twelfth Schedule
The “Right to Equality” is covered by which range of Articles? – Articles 14 to 18
The “Right to Freedom” is covered by which range of Articles? – Articles 19 to 22
The “Right against Exploitation” is covered by which range of Articles? – Articles 23 to 24
The “Right to Freedom of Religion” is covered by which range of Articles? – Articles 25 to 28
The “Cultural and Educational Rights” are covered by which range of Articles? – Articles 29 to 30
Which Article protects laws giving effect to Directive Principles in Article 39(b) and (c) from being challenged? – Article 31C
Which Directive Principle directs the State to organize village panchayats? – Article 40
Which Directive Principle directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code? – Article 44
Which Directive Principle explicitly calls for the separation of the judiciary from the executive? – Article 50
Which Directive Principle directs the State to promote international peace and security? – Article 51
Which Article establishes the Right to Constitutional Remedies? – Article 32

MROY Class

Polity Set 136

Q: Which British Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges?

The Regulating Act of 1773 established the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Calcutta in 1774, laying the groundwork for centralized administration.

Q: Which Act created a new body called the 'Board of Control' to manage the political affairs of India, establishing a system of double government?

Pitt’s India Act of 1784 established a system of double government, creating the Board of Control to manage political affairs.

Q: Which Act made the Governor-General of Bengal the 'Governor-General of India' and vested in him all civil and military powers?

The Charter Act of 1833 elevated the Governor-General of Bengal to the 'Governor-General of India', centralizing British administration.

Q: Which Act abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the powers of government, territories, and revenues directly to the British Crown?

The Government of India Act of 1858 completely dissolved the East India Company, creating the office of the Secretary of State and the Viceroy of India.

Q: Which Act introduced, for the first time, a system of separate electorates for Muslims in India?

The Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms) introduced the system of separate electorates for Muslims.

Q: Which Act introduced the system of 'dyarchy' (divided subjects) in the provinces?

The Government of India Act of 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) introduced 'dyarchy' at the provincial level.

Q: Which Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced 'provincial autonomy' in its place?

The Government of India Act of 1935 abolished provincial dyarchy and introduced provincial autonomy.

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📌 Historical Background

Q.1) Which British Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges?

Ans > Regulating Act of 1773

Foundation of Central Administration: This act holds immense historical significance as it was the first major attempt by the British Parliament to regulate and control the affairs of the East India Company in India, laying the groundwork for centralized administration.
Establishment of the Apex Court: It mandated the creation of a Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Calcutta in 1774. Sir Elijah Impey was appointed as the very first Chief Justice, assisted by Chambers, Lemaistre, and Hyde.
Elevation of the Governor: The act altered the administrative hierarchy by designating the Governor of Bengal as the “Governor-General of Bengal.” Lord Warren Hastings became the first to hold this position.
Prohibition of Corruption: To curb rampant financial abuses, the legislation strictly prohibited the servants of the East India Company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents.

📌 Historical Background

Q.2) Which Act created a new body called the ‘Board of Control’ to manage the political affairs of India, establishing a system of double government?

Ans > Pitt’s India Act of 1784

Separation of Powers: Named after British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, this act established a system of double government in India. It separated the commercial functions from the political functions of the East India Company.
Creation of the Board of Control: To manage political, military, and revenue affairs, the act created a new governing body in Britain called the Board of Control, giving the British government direct oversight.
Restriction of the Court of Directors: The existing Court of Directors was restricted strictly to managing the commercial and trading activities of the company.
Assertion of British Sovereignty: This legislation marked the first time that the company’s territories were officially referred to as the ‘British possessions in India’.

📌 Historical Background

Q.3) Which Act made the Governor-General of Bengal the ‘Governor-General of India’ and vested in him all civil and military powers?

Ans > Charter Act of 1833

Pinnacle of Centralization: Also known as the Saint Helena Act, this legislation marked the most decisive step toward the centralization of British administration, stripping the governors of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers.
Creation of a National Executive: It elevated the Governor-General of Bengal to the “Governor-General of India.” Lord William Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India.
End of Commercial Operations: The act transformed the East India Company. It ceased functioning as a commercial enterprise and became a purely administrative body operating on behalf of the British Crown.
Early Attempt at Open Competition: The act made a pioneering attempt to introduce open competition for the selection of civil servants.

📌 Historical Background

Q.4) Which Act abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the powers of government, territories, and revenues directly to the British Crown?

Ans > Government of India Act of 1858

Aftermath of the Mutiny: Enacted largely as a direct consequence of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, this act was officially titled the “Act for the Good Government of India.”
Abolition of Company Rule: The legislation completely dissolved the East India Company and definitively abolished the dual government system established by Pitt’s India Act.
Creation of the Secretary of State: It created the new office of the Secretary of State for India, a member of the British cabinet vested with complete authority and control over Indian administration.
Introduction of the Viceroy: The act changed the title of the Governor-General of India to the “Viceroy of India,” serving as the direct representative of the British Crown. Lord Canning was the first Viceroy.

📌 Historical Background

Q.5) Which Act introduced, for the first time, a system of separate electorates for Muslims in India?

Ans > Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)

The Morley-Minto Reforms: Named after John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, and Lord Minto, the Viceroy of India at the time of its passing.
Birth of Communal Representation: It created separate electorates for Muslims, meaning that Muslim members were to be elected exclusively by Muslim voters.
Father of the Communal Electorate: Lord Minto came to be historically known as the “Father of Communal Electorate” because this legislation legalized communalism.
Indian Entry into Executive Councils: Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council as a law member.

📌 Historical Background

Q.6) Which Act introduced the system of “dyarchy” (divided subjects) in the provinces?

Ans > Government of India Act of 1919

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: Widely known as the Mont-Ford Reforms, based on proposals drafted by Edwin Montagu and Lord Chelmsford.
Implementation of Dyarchy: The act introduced “dyarchy” at the provincial level. Subjects were split into “transferred subjects” and “reserved subjects”.
Introduction of Bicameralism: The act introduced a bicameral legislature at the central level, replacing the Indian Legislative Council with an Upper House and a Lower House.
Direct Elections: The legislation introduced direct elections with restricted franchise based on property or tax, and paved the way for the Central Public Service Commission in 1926.

📌 Historical Background

Q.7) Which Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced “provincial autonomy” in its place?

Ans > Government of India Act of 1935

A Massive Legislative Document: It was the longest Act ever passed by the British Parliament (321 sections, 10 schedules), serving as a major blueprint for the Constitution of India.
Establishment of Provincial Autonomy: The act abolished the flawed system of dyarchy in the provinces and introduced “provincial autonomy,” allowing independent administration.
Division of Legislative Powers: It divided legislative powers between the Centre and provinces strictly into the Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List.
Creation of Federal Institutions: The act provided for the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and a Federal Court.

📌 Schedules

Q.8) Which Schedule of the Constitution contains the names of the States and Union Territories and their territorial extent?

Ans > First Schedule

Geographical Blueprint of the Nation: The First Schedule serves as the definitive geographical directory, explicitly listing the names of all the States and Union Territories.
Defining Territorial Extent: It legally defines the exact territorial extent and boundaries of every single state and union territory.
Dynamic and Amendable Nature: The contents are updated whenever Parliament forms a new state, alters boundaries, or changes names under Article 3.
Recent Modifications: A recent example is the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act of 2019, modifying this schedule.

📌 Schedules

Q.9) Which Schedule deals with the provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Judges, and CAG?

Ans > Second Schedule

Financial Protections for Constitutional Posts: The Second Schedule outlines the specific salaries, allowances, and privileges granted to high-ranking functionaries.
Coverage of the Executive and Judiciary: It covers the President of India, State Governors, Judges of the Supreme Court, and Judges of High Courts.
Coverage of Legislative Officers: It details emoluments for presiding officers like the Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, and Deputy Chairman.
Exclusion of Elected Ministers: It does not contain salary details for the PM or Chief Ministers; those are determined by standard legislation.

📌 Schedules

Q.10) Which Schedule contains the forms of Oaths or Affirmations for Union Ministers, MPs, Judges, and State Ministers?

Ans > Third Schedule

Pledges of Constitutional Allegiance: The Third Schedule provides the exact textual formats for the oaths of office and secrecy.
Scope of Ministerial and Legislative Oaths: It contains oaths for Union Ministers, State Ministers, MPs, MLAs/MLCs, and election candidates.
Oaths for the Judiciary and Auditors: It meticulously outlines oaths for Supreme Court Judges, High Court Judges, and the CAG.
Notable Constitutional Exceptions: Oaths for the President (Art 60), Vice-President (Art 69), and Governors (Art 159) are notably absent, embedded in specific Articles instead.

📌 Schedules

Q.11) Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the States and Union Territories?

Ans > Fourth Schedule

Framework for the Upper House: The Fourth Schedule dictates the exact allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) for states and UTs.
Population-Based Representation: The distribution of Rajya Sabha seats in India is fundamentally based on the population size of each respective state.
Imbalance of State Power: Larger states hold significantly more political weight (e.g., UP has 31 seats, Goa has 1).
Inclusion of Specific Union Territories: The schedule only allocates seats to UTs that possess a legislative assembly (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K).

📌 Schedules

Q.12) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (except in four specific North-Eastern states)?

Ans > Fifth Schedule

Protection of Indigenous Communities: The Fifth Schedule is explicitly designed to protect the cultural identity and land rights of Scheduled Tribes in designated “Scheduled Areas”.
Special Executive Powers of the Governor: It grants the Governor extraordinary powers to restrict or modify the application of Parliament or State laws to these areas.
Establishment of Tribes Advisory Councils: The schedule mandates creating TACs (up to 20 members) to advise on tribal welfare.
Prevention of Land Alienation: Empowers the Governor to frame regulations to prohibit the transfer of tribal land to non-tribal individuals.

📌 Schedules

Q.13) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?

Ans > Sixth Schedule

Exclusive Focus on the Northeast: The Sixth Schedule is exclusively applicable to tribal areas in just four states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (AMTM).
Creation of Autonomous Districts: Provides for the formation of “Autonomous District Councils” (ADCs) that function essentially as mini-legislatures.
Vast Legislative and Judicial Powers: These ADCs have substantial powers over land use, forests, inheritance, marriage, and indigenous customs.
Greater Autonomy than the Fifth Schedule: It offers a significantly higher degree of self-governance compared to the Fifth Schedule.

📌 Schedules

Q.14) Which Schedule deals with the division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List?

Ans > Seventh Schedule

Bedrock of Indian Federalism: The Seventh Schedule operationalizes Article 246, establishing the federal structure by dividing legislative powers.
The Union List: Originally 97 (now 100) subjects of national importance like defense, foreign affairs, and banking, exclusively for Parliament.
The State List: Originally 66 (now 61) subjects relevant to local governance like police, public health, and agriculture.
The Concurrent List: Contains 52 subjects like education and criminal law where both Parliament and State Legislatures can make laws.

📌 Schedules

Q.15) Which Schedule contains the list of recognized official languages of India?

Ans > Eighth Schedule

Constitutional Recognition of Languages: The Eighth Schedule promotes linguistic diversity and cultural representation within the nation’s governance.
Original vs. Current Count: Adopted in 1950 with 14 official languages, it has expanded through amendments to 22 recognized languages today.
Timeline of Linguistic Amendments: Sindhi (1967), Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (1992), and Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali (2003).
The Notable Absence of English: English is not recognized as an official language under the Eighth Schedule.

📌 Schedules

Q.16) Which Schedule was added by the 1st Amendment Act (1951) to protect state laws related to land reform and the abolition of the Zamindari system from judicial review?

Ans > Ninth Schedule

The Very First Constitutional Amendment: The Ninth Schedule was introduced by the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act in 1951 by PM Jawaharlal Nehru.
A Shield for Agrarian Reforms: Designed to protect state laws pertaining to land reform and Zamindari abolition from being struck down for violating Fundamental Rights.
The “Blanket Protection” Controversy: Used historically to bypass constitutional scrutiny for controversial legislation.
The I.R. Coelho Landmark Judgment: In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that laws placed here after April 24, 1973, can be reviewed if they violate the “Basic Structure”.

📌 Schedules

Q.17) Which Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act (1985), contains provisions relating to disqualification of MPs and MLAs on the grounds of defection?

Ans > Tenth Schedule

The Anti-Defection Law: Added via the 52nd Amendment Act in 1985 during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure to ensure political stability.
Combatting “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” Politics: Designed to curb the rampant practice of legislators frequently switching political parties for personal gain.
Conditions for Disqualification: Disqualifies elected MPs/MLAs if they voluntarily give up party membership or vote against party whips.
Exceptions for Mergers: Protects legislators from disqualification if their original political party merges with another party (requires two-thirds agreement).

📌 Schedules

Q.18) Which Schedule, added by the 73rd Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (containing 29 functional items)?

Ans > Eleventh Schedule

Constitutionalizing Rural Self-Government: Incorporated by the historic 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 to grant constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Fulfilling Gandhian Directives: Translated Article 40 from an ideological guideline into an enforceable, democratic reality.
Transfer of 29 Functional Subjects: Provides a comprehensive list of 29 specific functional items devolved to Panchayats.
Scope of Decentralized Powers: Covers areas like agriculture, minor irrigation, rural housing, drinking water, and poverty alleviation.

📌 Schedules

Q.19) Which Schedule, added by the 74th Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities (containing 18 functional items)?

Ans > Twelfth Schedule

Empowering Urban Local Bodies: Added by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 to grant constitutional autonomy to urban local self-government institutions.
A Three-Tier Urban Framework: Established a uniform structure: Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Councils, and Municipal Corporations.
Allocation of 18 Functional Subjects: Explicitly lists 18 functional items granting administrative control over urban management.
Focus on Urban Planning and Welfare: Includes town planning, regulation of land use, water supply, public health, and slum improvement.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.20) The “Right to Equality” in the Constitution is comprehensively covered by which range of Articles?

Ans > Articles 14 to 18

The Foundation of a Just Society: The Right to Equality (Articles 14-18) serves as the philosophical bedrock of Indian democracy.
Equality Before the Law: Article 14 ensures every individual is equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of laws.
Prohibition of Discrimination: Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or birth place; Article 16 guarantees equality in public employment.
Abolition of Social Evils: Article 17 abolishes the oppressive practice of “untouchability”, while Article 18 abolishes aristocratic titles.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.21) The “Right to Freedom” is covered by which range of Articles?

Ans > Articles 19 to 22

The Six Fundamental Freedoms: Article 19 guarantees six basic freedoms: speech/expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession.
Protection Against Arbitrary Conviction: Article 20 protects against retrospective criminal laws, double jeopardy, and self-incrimination.
The Widest Fundamental Right: Article 21, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty, encompasses the right to privacy, clean environment, and health.
Safeguards Against Arrest and Detention: Article 22 provides protection against arbitrary arrest and preventive detention.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.22) The “Right against Exploitation” (prohibiting human trafficking and child labor) is covered by which range of Articles?

Ans > Articles 23 to 24

Defending Human Dignity: Dedicated to upholding human dignity and protecting vulnerable segments of society from systemic exploitation.
Eradication of Human Trafficking: Article 23 explicitly prohibits traffic in human beings, ‘begar’ (unpaid forced labor), and forced labor.
Protection of Children in Workplaces: Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years in factories, mines, or hazardous employment.
Exceptions for Public Purpose: Article 23 allows the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes (like military conscription).

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.23) The “Right to Freedom of Religion” is covered by which range of Articles?

Ans > Articles 25 to 28

Securing India’s Secular Fabric: These articles establish and maintain the secular character of the Indian state, treating all religions with equal respect.
Individual Religious Freedom: Article 25 guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
Institutional Religious Rights: Article 26 grants religious denominations the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious purposes.
Financial and Educational Safeguards: Article 27 protects citizens from taxes meant to promote specific religions, while Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in State-funded institutions.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.24) The “Cultural and Educational Rights” (protecting the interests of minorities) are covered by which range of Articles?

Ans > Articles 29 to 30

Preserving India’s Diverse Tapestry: Reassures minority communities that their distinct cultural identities and languages will be actively protected.
Protection of Linguistic and Cultural Identity: Article 29 guarantees the right to conserve a distinct language, script, or culture.
Empowering Minority Education: Article 30 grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Non-Discrimination in State Aid: Article 30 ensures the State shall not discriminate in granting financial aid based on minority management.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.25) Which Article (added by the 25th Amendment Act) protects laws giving effect to the Directive Principles specified in Article 39(b) and (c) from being challenged on the grounds of contravention of Articles 14 and 19?

Ans > Article 31C

A Shift Toward Socialist Policies: Inserted by the 25th Amendment Act in 1971 under PM Indira Gandhi to facilitate socialist economic policies.
Primacy of Directive Principles: It elevated specific Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights, declaring laws securing Article 39(b) and (c) immune from voiding under Articles 14 or 19.
Focus on Wealth Redistribution: Protects directives mandating equitable distribution of resources and preventing the concentration of wealth.
The Kesavananda Bharati Implication: The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the first part of Article 31C in the historic 1973 case.

📌 Directive Principles

Q.26) Which Directive Principle directs the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers to function as units of self-government?

Ans > Article 40

Rooted in Gandhian Philosophy: Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of ‘Gram Swaraj’, envisioning villages as independent, self-governing republics.
The Push for Decentralization: Instructs the State to organize village panchayats and provide them with authority for grassroots self-government.
A Long Period of Dormancy: Remained largely a non-binding moral directive for over four decades.
Realization Through Amendment: Fully realized in 1992 with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, making the Panchayati Raj system mandatory.

📌 Directive Principles

Q.27) Which Directive Principle directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens throughout the territory of India?

Ans > Article 44

A Liberal-Intellectual Directive: Envisions a secular legal framework where all citizens are governed by the same civil laws, regardless of religion.
Replacing Distinct Personal Laws: Aims to replace diverse, religion-specific personal laws governing marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
A Highly Debated Objective: Remains one of the most hotly debated directives, balancing national integration with minority religious freedoms.
Current State of Implementation: Goa is the only Indian state currently operating under a form of a Uniform Civil Code.

📌 Directive Principles

Q.28) Which Directive Principle explicitly calls for the separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State?

Ans > Article 50

Ensuring Judicial Independence: Directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive, ensuring courts function free from political pressure.
Dismantling Colonial Structures: Designed to dismantle the colonial practice where executive officers wielded extensive judicial powers.
Protecting Citizen Rights: Separation is crucial for impartial review and striking down of unconstitutional executive orders.
Implementation via the CrPC: Realized through the enactment of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) in 1973, structurally separating judicial and executive magistrates.

📌 Directive Principles

Q.29) Which Directive Principle directs the State to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations?

Ans > Article 51

The Constitutional Basis of Foreign Policy: The only constitutional provision that directly lays down the framework for India’s foreign policy.
Commitment to Global Peace: Mandates the State to actively promote international peace, reflecting post-WWII anti-colonial sentiment.
Respect for International Law: Directs the government to foster deep respect for international law and established treaty obligations.
Advocating Peaceful Dispute Resolution: Encourages the settlement of international disputes through peaceful means like arbitration and diplomacy.

📌 Fundamental Rights

Q.30) Which Article of the Constitution establishes the Right to Constitutional Remedies, allowing individuals to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Ans > Article 32

The Soul of the Constitution: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar famously described Article 32 as the very “heart and soul” of the Constitution.
A Fundamental Right in Itself: Makes the right to seek remedies for the violation of Fundamental Rights a Fundamental Right in and of itself.
Direct Access to the Supreme Court: Empowers citizens whose fundamental rights are violated to bypass lower courts and move directly to the Supreme Court.
The Power to Issue Writs: Grants the Supreme Court authority to issue directions, orders, or writs (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, Certiorari).

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 136

Regulating Act 1773: First major attempt by the British to regulate the EIC; established the Supreme Court at Calcutta.
Pitt’s India Act 1784: Created the Board of Control to manage political affairs, establishing a double government.
Charter Act 1833: Centralized administration; made the Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of India.
Government of India Act 1858: Abolished EIC rule; transferred powers to the British Crown via the Viceroy.
Indian Councils Act 1909: Also known as Morley-Minto Reforms; introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
Government of India Act 1919: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms; introduced “dyarchy” in the provinces and bicameralism at the center.
Government of India Act 1935: Abolished dyarchy and introduced “provincial autonomy” with federal lists.
First Schedule: Contains the geographical names and territorial extent of States and Union Territories.
Second Schedule: Provisions regarding the emoluments, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Judges, etc.
Third Schedule: Contains the specific forms of Oaths or Affirmations for various high-ranking officials.
Fourth Schedule: Dictates the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the States and UTs based on population.
Fifth Schedule: Administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes outside the Northeast.
Sixth Schedule: Administration of specific tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram (AMTM).
Seventh Schedule: Divides legislative powers between the Union and States via the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists.
Eighth Schedule: Contains the list of 22 recognized official languages of the Republic of India.
Ninth Schedule: Added by 1st Amendment; protects land reform laws from judicial review (with post-1973 caveats).
Tenth Schedule: Added by 52nd Amendment; contains the Anti-Defection Law.
Eleventh Schedule: Added by 73rd Amendment; details the 29 functional items and powers of Panchayats.
Twelfth Schedule: Added by 74th Amendment; details the 18 functional items and powers of Municipalities.
Articles 14-18: The Right to Equality (equality before law, no discrimination, abolishing untouchability/titles).
Articles 19-22: The Right to Freedom (six freedoms, protection in conviction, life & personal liberty, safeguard against arrest).
Articles 23-24: The Right against Exploitation (prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and hazardous child labor).
Articles 25-28: The Right to Freedom of Religion (maintaining the secular fabric of the Indian state).
Articles 29-30: Cultural and Educational Rights for the protection and preservation of minority interests.
Article 31C: Added by 25th Amendment; protects specific socialist Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights.
Article 40: Gandhian Directive Principle commanding the State to organize village panchayats for self-government.
Article 44: Liberal-Intellectual Directive directing the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens.
Article 50: Directs the State to actively separate the judiciary from the executive in public services.
Article 51: Forms the basis of India’s foreign policy; promotes international peace and security.
Article 32: The Right to Constitutional Remedies (the “heart and soul” of the Constitution) allowing direct access to the Supreme Court via writs.

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Polity Set 136

Q.1) Which British Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges?

Q.2) Which Act created a new body called the ‘Board of Control’ to manage the political affairs of India, establishing a system of double government?

Q.3) Which Act made the Governor-General of Bengal the ‘Governor-General of India’ and vested in him all civil and military powers?

Q.4) Which Act abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the powers of government, territories, and revenues directly to the British Crown?

Q.5) Which Act introduced, for the first time, a system of separate electorates for Muslims in India?

Q.6) Which Act introduced the system of “dyarchy” (divided subjects) in the provinces?

Q.7) Which Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced “provincial autonomy” in its place?

Q.8) Which Schedule of the Constitution contains the names of the States and Union Territories and their territorial extent?

Q.9) Which Schedule deals with the provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Judges, and CAG?

Q.10) Which Schedule contains the forms of Oaths or Affirmations for Union Ministers, MPs, Judges, and State Ministers?

Q.11) Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the States and Union Territories?

Q.12) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (except in four specific North-Eastern states)?

Q.13) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?

Q.14) Which Schedule deals with the division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List?

Q.15) Which Schedule contains the list of recognized official languages of India?

Q.16) Which Schedule was added by the 1st Amendment Act (1951) to protect state laws related to land reform and the abolition of the Zamindari system from judicial review?

Q.17) Which Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act (1985), contains provisions relating to disqualification of MPs and MLAs on the grounds of defection?

Q.18) Which Schedule, added by the 73rd Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (containing 29 functional items)?

Q.19) Which Schedule, added by the 74th Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities (containing 18 functional items)?

Q.20) The “Right to Equality” in the Constitution is comprehensively covered by which range of Articles?

Q.21) The “Right to Freedom” is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.22) The “Right against Exploitation” (prohibiting human trafficking and child labor) is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.23) The “Right to Freedom of Religion” is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.24) The “Cultural and Educational Rights” (protecting the interests of minorities) are covered by which range of Articles?

Q.25) Which Article (added by the 25th Amendment Act) protects laws giving effect to the Directive Principles specified in Article 39(b) and (c) from being challenged on the grounds of contravention of Articles 14 and 19?

Q.26) Which Directive Principle directs the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers to function as units of self-government?

Q.27) Which Directive Principle directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens throughout the territory of India?

Q.28) Which Directive Principle explicitly calls for the separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State?

Q.29) Which Directive Principle directs the State to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations?

Q.30) Which Article of the Constitution establishes the Right to Constitutional Remedies, allowing individuals to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 136

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Q.1) Which British Act established the Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges?

Q.2) Which Act created a new body called the ‘Board of Control’ to manage the political affairs of India, establishing a system of double government?

Q.3) Which Act made the Governor-General of Bengal the ‘Governor-General of India’ and vested in him all civil and military powers?

Q.4) Which Act abolished the rule of the East India Company and transferred the powers of government, territories, and revenues directly to the British Crown?

Q.5) Which Act introduced, for the first time, a system of separate electorates for Muslims in India?

Q.6) Which Act introduced the system of “dyarchy” (divided subjects) in the provinces?

Q.7) Which Act abolished dyarchy in the provinces and introduced “provincial autonomy” in its place?

Q.8) Which Schedule of the Constitution contains the names of the States and Union Territories and their territorial extent?

Q.9) Which Schedule deals with the provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Judges, and CAG?

Q.10) Which Schedule contains the forms of Oaths or Affirmations for Union Ministers, MPs, Judges, and State Ministers?

Q.11) Which Schedule deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the States and Union Territories?

Q.12) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes (except in four specific North-Eastern states)?

Q.13) Which Schedule contains provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram?

Q.14) Which Schedule deals with the division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List?

Q.15) Which Schedule contains the list of recognized official languages of India?

Q.16) Which Schedule was added by the 1st Amendment Act (1951) to protect state laws related to land reform and the abolition of the Zamindari system from judicial review?

Q.17) Which Schedule, added by the 52nd Amendment Act (1985), contains provisions relating to disqualification of MPs and MLAs on the grounds of defection?

Q.18) Which Schedule, added by the 73rd Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (containing 29 functional items)?

Q.19) Which Schedule, added by the 74th Amendment Act (1992), specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities (containing 18 functional items)?

Q.20) The “Right to Equality” in the Constitution is comprehensively covered by which range of Articles?

Q.21) The “Right to Freedom” is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.22) The “Right against Exploitation” (prohibiting human trafficking and child labor) is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.23) The “Right to Freedom of Religion” is covered by which range of Articles?

Q.24) The “Cultural and Educational Rights” (protecting the interests of minorities) are covered by which range of Articles?

Q.25) Which Article (added by the 25th Amendment Act) protects laws giving effect to the Directive Principles specified in Article 39(b) and (c) from being challenged on the grounds of contravention of Articles 14 and 19?

Q.26) Which Directive Principle directs the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers to function as units of self-government?

Q.27) Which Directive Principle directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens throughout the territory of India?

Q.28) Which Directive Principle explicitly calls for the separation of the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State?

Q.29) Which Directive Principle directs the State to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honorable relations between nations?

Q.30) Which Article of the Constitution establishes the Right to Constitutional Remedies, allowing individuals to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 136

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