Polity Set 120 | MROY Class

Polity Set 120 Questions & Answers

On what date was the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru? – December 13, 1946
The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was officially set up on: – August 29, 1947
Which Constitutional Amendment Act deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights in Part III? – 44th Amendment Act (1978)
The Tenth Schedule, detailing disqualifications on the grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution by the: – 52nd Amendment Act (1985)
Which Constitutional Amendment Act lowered the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years? – 61st Amendment Act (1988)
Which Amendment Act incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu as a Union Territory into the Indian Union? – 12th Amendment Act (1962)
Sikkim was granted the status of a full-fledged State of the Indian Union by which Constitutional Amendment? – 36th Amendment Act (1975)
The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act (2002) inserted which Article to make elementary education a Fundamental Right? – Article 21A
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status by which Amendment Act? – 102nd Amendment Act (2018)
A maximum of 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) was introduced in the Constitution by the: – 103rd Amendment Act (2019)
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council was formally established under Article 279A by the: – 101st Amendment Act (2016)
Which Part of the Constitution deals comprehensively with the Union Territories? – Part VIII
Which Article provides special provisions with respect to the state of Nagaland? – Article 371A
Article 371J provides special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region in the state of: – Karnataka
Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for the States and Union Territories? – Fourth Schedule
The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in which four states? – Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
What is the maximum duration for which President’s Rule (Article 356) can remain in force in a state? – 3 years
Financial Emergency is declared by the President under which Article of the Constitution? – Article 360
The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 on the recommendation of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption headed by: – K. Santhanam
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in: – 1993
Who replaced the Planning Commission to serve as the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India on January 1, 2015? – NITI Aayog
Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first used on an experimental basis in 1982 in the Parur assembly constituency of which state? – Kerala
In which year did the Election Commission introduce the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option on EVMs? – 2013
The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was first used in an assembly by-election in 2013 in the Noksen constituency of which state? – Nagaland
What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution to contest an election to a Panchayat or a Municipality? – 21 years
What is the minimum age required to be appointed as the Governor of a state in India? – 35 years
What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha or a State Legislative Council? – 30 years
What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or a State Legislative Assembly? – 25 years
Which authority registers political parties for the purpose of elections and grants them the status of national or state parties? – The Election Commission of India
A state legislature can participate in a constitutional amendment that affects federal provisions. What majority is required in the state legislature to ratify such an amendment? – Simple majority

MROY Class

Polity Set 120

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📌 History • Constituent Assembly

Q.1) On what date was the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru?

Ans > December 13, 1946

The Philosophical Foundation of the Constitution: The ‘Objectives Resolution’ was a momentous document in Indian history because it laid down the fundamental philosophy and the guiding principles for the framing of the Indian Constitution. It essentially acted as a roadmap for the Constituent Assembly.
Core Democratic Ideals Enshrined: This historic resolution firmly declared India as an Independent, Sovereign, and Republic nation. It explicitly guaranteed all its citizens justice, equality of status and opportunity, and fundamental freedoms.
Transformation into the Preamble: After extensive debates, the Constituent Assembly unanimously adopted the Objectives Resolution on January 22, 1947. A modified version of this very resolution eventually became the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

📌 History • Drafting Committee

Q.2) The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was officially set up on:

Ans > August 29, 1947

Formation and Crucial Mandate: Just two weeks after India gained independence, the Constituent Assembly established the Drafting Committee on August 29, 1947. This was tasked with the highly complex job of preparing a logical, cohesive draft of the new Constitution.
A Team of Legal Luminaries: The committee consisted of seven distinguished members led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. It included legal experts like N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, and Dr. K.M. Munshi.
Timeline and Dedication to the Draft: The Committee sat for 141 days to scrutinize, refine, and finalize the draft. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s logical arguments and dedication earned him the title of the “Father of the Indian Constitution.”

📌 Constitution • Fundamental Rights

Q.3) Which Constitutional Amendment Act deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights in Part III?

Ans > 44th Amendment Act (1978)

Original Status as a Fundamental Right: When enacted in 1950, the Right to Property was protected as a Fundamental Right under Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, safeguarding against deprivation without compensation.
The Socio-Economic Conflict: Massive agrarian land reforms and the abolition of the Zamindari system led to constant litigation by landowners, causing frequent clashes between the Judiciary and the Parliament.
The Morarji Desai Government’s Intervention: To resolve this, the Janata Party government passed the 44th Amendment Act in 1978. It removed the Right to Property from Part III and inserted it as Article 300A in Part XII, reducing it to a legal right.

📌 Constitution • Amendments

Q.4) The Tenth Schedule, detailing disqualifications on the grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution by the:

Ans > 52nd Amendment Act (1985)

The “Aaya Ram Gaya Ram” Political Era: During the 1960s and 1970s, Indian politics was plagued by rampant political defections and horse-trading, leading to highly unstable state and central governments.
Enactment of the Anti-Defection Law: To combat political opportunism, the Rajiv Gandhi government introduced the 52nd Amendment Act in 1985, adding the Tenth Schedule to clearly lay down disqualification grounds.
Conditions for Disqualification and Exceptions: A member is disqualified if they voluntarily give up their party membership or vote against the party whip. Exceptions originally existed for party splits but were later tightened by the 91st Amendment in 2003.

📌 Elections • Amendments

Q.5) Which Constitutional Amendment Act lowered the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years?

Ans > 61st Amendment Act (1988)

Empowering the Indian Youth: The decision was driven by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi’s vision to increase youth participation. The government argued the youth were literate, politically aware, and capable of choosing representatives.
Amending Universal Adult Suffrage: The 61st Amendment Act specifically amended Article 326, which guarantees elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
Massive Electoral Impact: Coming into force in 1989, it added an estimated 50 million new, young voters to the electoral rolls just ahead of the 1989 general elections, altering demographic strategies of political parties.

📌 Union Territories • Integration

Q.6) Which Amendment Act incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu as a Union Territory into the Indian Union?

Ans > 12th Amendment Act (1962)

The Legacy of Portuguese Colonialism: Even after 1947, Goa, Daman, and Diu remained firmly under Portuguese colonial control, who refused repeated diplomatic requests from the Indian government to hand them over.
Military Intervention via Operation Vijay: After exhausted diplomatic efforts, the Indian government launched “Operation Vijay” in December 1961, successfully liberating the enclaves with minimal casualties.
Constitutional Integration and Evolution: The 12th Amendment Act in 1962 formally incorporated them as a Union Territory. Goa was later elevated to a full-fledged state in 1987.

📌 States Reorganization • Sikkim

Q.7) Sikkim was granted the status of a full-fledged State of the Indian Union by which Constitutional Amendment?

Ans > 36th Amendment Act (1975)

From Protectorate to Associate State: Previously an Indian protectorate ruled by the Chogyal monarchy, Sikkim was initially granted a transitional “Associate State” status via the 35th Amendment Act in 1974.
The Abolition of the Monarchy: In an April 1975 referendum, the vast majority of the Sikkimese population voted to abolish the Chogyal monarchy and fully merge with India.
The 36th Amendment and Full Statehood: Respecting the democratic mandate, the Indian Parliament enacted the 36th Amendment Act in 1975, recognizing Sikkim as the 22nd full-fledged state of the Indian Union.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Education

Q.8) The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act (2002) inserted which Article to make elementary education a Fundamental Right?

Ans > Article 21A

Elevation from Directive Principle: Prior to 2002, free education was only a non-justiciable DPSP under Article 45. The 86th Amendment elevated it to a legally enforceable Fundamental Right.
The Specifics of Article 21A: Inserted alongside the right to life and liberty, Article 21A mandates the State to provide free and compulsory education to all children specifically in the age group of 6 to 14 years.
The Corresponding Duty and the RTE Act: The amendment also added a Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)) for parents. The Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009 later created the framework to enforce this right.

📌 Constitutional Bodies • NCBC

Q.9) The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status by which Amendment Act?

Ans > 102nd Amendment Act (2018)

Origins in the Indra Sawhney Judgment: The NCBC began in 1993 as a statutory body in response to the Supreme Court mandate in the Mandal Commission case, advising on OBC inclusions/exclusions.
Achieving Constitutional Parity: The 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 inserted Article 338B, elevating the NCBC to a constitutional body on identical legal footing with the NCSC and NCST.
Enhanced Investigative Powers: It expanded the NCBC’s authority, giving it civil court powers to independently investigate and hear specific complaints regarding the deprivation of rights for backward classes.

📌 Fundamental Rights • Reservation

Q.10) A maximum of 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) was introduced in the Constitution by the:

Ans > 103rd Amendment Act (2019)

A Paradigm Shift in Reservation Logic: Historically granted for social and educational backwardness, the 103rd Amendment marked a shift by introducing purely “economic backwardness” as a valid criterion.
Targeting the General Category: It provides a maximum of 10% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions exclusively for EWS individuals in the General Category not covered under SC/ST/OBC quotas.
Amending Fundamental Rights: The amendment inserted clauses into Article 15(6) and 16(6). The Supreme Court upheld its constitutional validity in a 3:2 majority ruling in 2022.

📌 Economy • Taxation

Q.11) The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council was formally established under Article 279A by the:

Ans > 101st Amendment Act (2016)

The Overhaul of Indirect Taxation: The 101st Amendment represents the most sweeping indirect tax reform, subsuming a complex web of Central and State indirect taxes into a streamlined Goods and Services Tax (GST).
The Federal Structure of the GST Council: Created under Article 279A, the GST Council is a unique forum of cooperative federalism chaired by the Union Finance Minister and comprising state finance ministers.
The Mechanics of the Weighted Voting System: It operates on a balanced weighted voting system (Centre holds one-third, States two-thirds) where any major decision requires a three-fourths (75%) majority.

📌 Constitution • Union Territories

Q.12) Which Part of the Constitution deals comprehensively with the Union Territories?

Ans > Part VIII

Direct Administration by the President: Part VIII (Articles 239 to 241) is dedicated to the governance of UTs. They are under the direct administrative control of the Union Government via a President-appointed administrator.
Exceptions to the Rule: While most UTs are ruled directly, Part VIII allows special provisions for legislative assemblies and councils of ministers in specific UTs like Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu & Kashmir.
Historical Genesis: UTs did not exist in the 1950 Constitution. They were introduced by the 7th Amendment and States Reorganisation Act of 1956, replacing the complex Part A, B, C, D categorization.

📌 Special Provisions • States

Q.13) Which Article provides special provisions with respect to the state of Nagaland?

Ans > Article 371A

Safeguarding Naga Culture: Inserted by the 13th Amendment Act (1962), its primary intent is to protect the deeply rooted traditional lifestyle and culture of the Naga tribes from outside interference.
Immunity from Central Laws: No Act of Parliament concerning Naga religion, customary law, or administration of civil/criminal justice based on customary law applies unless the state assembly passes a resolution agreeing to it.
Protection of Land and Governor’s Powers: It prevents the alienation of Naga lands and grants the Governor special discretionary responsibilities regarding maintaining law and order.

📌 Special Provisions • Karnataka

Q.14) Article 371J provides special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region in the state of:

Ans > Karnataka

Targeting Deep-Rooted Regional Disparity: Inserted via the 98th Amendment Act (2012), it aims to accelerate socio-economic development for the historically backward Kalyana-Karnataka region.
Mandate for a Separate Development Board: It legally obligates the Governor to establish a dedicated development board, ensuring an equitable and proportional allocation of financial funds from the state budget.
Reservation in Education and Employment: It acts as an affirmative action tool, guaranteeing targeted reservations in educational institutions and state government jobs exclusively for local residents.

📌 Parliament • Rajya Sabha

Q.15) Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for the States and Union Territories?

Ans > Fourth Schedule

The Federal Blueprint for the Upper House: The Fourth Schedule is the foundational document detailing how the 250 available seats in the Rajya Sabha are distributed among States and UTs.
Population-Based Allocation: Unlike the US Senate, India adopted a strictly population-based allocation system. Highly populous states like UP command 31 seats, while smaller states get a single seat.
Representation for Select Union Territories: The Schedule only allocates seats to UTs that possess an elected legislative assembly (Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu & Kashmir), as members are indirectly elected by MLAs.

📌 Administration • Tribal Areas

Q.16) The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in which four states?

Ans > Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram

The Concept of “State within a State”: Drafted under the Gopinath Bordoloi Committee, it allows the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in AMTM states, providing a highly decentralized governance model.
Legislative and Judicial Autonomy: ADCs have the legislative authority to pass laws on land, forest, and social customs, and can constitute village courts to hear trial cases based on customary laws.
Protection from Dominance: It preserves tribal identity by granting financial and legislative autonomy, preventing distinct indigenous cultures from being overwhelmed by non-tribal majorities.

📌 Emergency Provisions • State

Q.17) What is the maximum duration for which President’s Rule (Article 356) can remain in force in a state (subject to parliamentary approval every six months)?

Ans > 3 years

The “Failure of Constitutional Machinery”: Invoked under Article 356 when the President is satisfied that a state government cannot be carried on in accordance with the Constitution.
The Strict Maximum Time Limit: It can be extended by Parliament in increments of six months, but the Constitution places a hard ceiling: it cannot be extended beyond a maximum continuous period of three years.
The Hurdle for Extending Beyond One Year: The 44th Amendment required two conditions to extend beyond one year: a National Emergency must be in operation, and the Election Commission must certify that holding elections is impossible.

📌 Emergency Provisions • Financial

Q.18) Financial Emergency is declared by the President under which Article of the Constitution?

Ans > Article 360

The Threat to Economic Stability: Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency if the financial stability or credit credibility of India is severely threatened.
Drastic Centralization of Financial Power: The Union Government gains sweeping executive authority to direct state governments to observe stringent canons of financial propriety and control state budgets.
Impact on Salaries: The President can order the reduction of salaries of persons serving the Union or States, including Supreme Court Judges. Remarkably, Article 360 has never been invoked in independent India.

📌 Statutory Bodies • CVC

Q.19) The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 on the recommendation of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption headed by:

Ans > K. Santhanam

Tackling Bureaucratic Corruption: Growing concerns regarding rampant corruption led the government to constitute the Santhanam Committee, whose exhaustive report led directly to the formation of the CVC in 1964.
Evolution to Statutory Independence: Functioning strictly as an advisory body for nearly four decades, the Parliament enacted the CVC Act in 2003 following the Vineet Narain case, granting it independent, statutory status.
The Apex Anti-Corruption Overseer: Today, the CVC acts as the apex vigilance institution, monitoring vigilance activity and exercising superintendence over the CBI regarding anti-corruption investigations.

📌 Statutory Bodies • NHRC

Q.20) The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in:

Ans > 1993

International Alignment with the Paris Principles: The NHRC was established in 1993 to align India’s human rights framework with the “Paris Principles” adopted by the UN General Assembly.
Statutory Mandate and Composition: Created under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, it mandates that the Chairperson must be a retired Chief Justice of India or a retired Judge of the Supreme Court.
Extensive Investigative Powers: Possessing civil court powers, it can take suo motu cognizance of human rights violations, summon witnesses, and inspect jail conditions, acting as the primary human rights watchdog.

📌 Executive Bodies • NITI Aayog

Q.21) Who replaced the Planning Commission to serve as the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India on January 1, 2015?

Ans > NITI Aayog

The End of the Five-Year Plan Era: Believing the top-down Planning Commission model to be obsolete, the government dissolved it and replaced it with NITI Aayog on January 1, 2015.
Championing Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog features a Governing Council comprising all state Chief Ministers and UT Lieutenant Governors, ensuring states act as equal partners in national policies.
A Knowledge and Innovation Hub: Positioned as a premier policy think tank, it provides strategic input, fosters innovation, and monitors progress toward Sustainable Development Goals without allocating funds directly.

📌 Elections • Technology

Q.22) Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first used on an experimental basis in 1982 in the Parur assembly constituency of which state?

Ans > Kerala

The Need for Electoral Modernization: Plagued by slow counting, paper consumption, and the threat of “booth capturing,” the Election Commission sought technological solutions to secure the voting process.
The Historic Kerala Experiment: EVMs saw their first experimental deployment in 50 polling stations during a by-election in the Parur assembly constituency in Kerala in May 1982.
Legal Challenges and Ultimate Triumph: Initially struck down by the Supreme Court due to lack of legal backing, Parliament amended the Representation of the People Act in 1989, paving the way for nationwide EVM adoption.

📌 Elections • Reforms

Q.23) In which year did the Election Commission introduce the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option on EVMs following a Supreme Court directive?

Ans > 2013

The Fundamental Right to Reject: In a landmark 2013 judgment responding to a PUCL petition, the Supreme Court ruled that citizens have a fundamental right to express disapproval of all candidates.
Implementation on Voting Machines: The Election Commission introduced the NOTA button as the final option on all EVMs starting in 2013, accompanied by a distinctive ballot paper symbol.
Symbolic Power Over Electoral Impact: While it acts as a democratic safety valve, NOTA does not possess legal “right to reject” authority; the candidate with the highest remaining votes is still declared the winner.

📌 Elections • VVPAT

Q.24) The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was first used in an assembly by-election in 2013 in the Noksen constituency of which state?

Ans > Nagaland

Enhancing Electoral Transparency: The VVPAT system is a physical verification mechanism attached to EVMs, allowing voters to visually confirm their vote accurately recorded, boosting public confidence.
The Supreme Court Catalyst: The Subramanian Swamy vs ECI case saw the Supreme Court mandate the phased rollout of VVPATs, emphasizing that a verifiable paper trail is indispensable for free and fair elections.
The Noksen By-Election Milestone: It saw its first live deployment in the Noksen assembly constituency in Nagaland in 2013. The printed slip is visible for exactly seven seconds before dropping into a secure box.

📌 Qualifications • Local Govt

Q.25) What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution to contest an election to a Panchayat or a Municipality?

Ans > 21 years

Grassroots Democratic Empowerment: By setting the minimum contesting age at just 21, the Constitution deliberately empowers younger citizens to actively participate in grassroots community leadership.
The Constitutional Mandate of 1992: This specific age qualification is a strict constitutional mandate codified under Article 243V (Panchayats) and Article 243ZG (Municipalities) via the 73rd and 74th Amendments.
A Tiered System of Political Maturity: A citizen votes at 18, can become a Sarpanch at 21, an MLA/MP at 25, and must be 30/35 for upper houses and prestigious constitutional posts.

📌 Qualifications • Governor

Q.26) What is the minimum age required to be appointed as the Governor of a state in India?

Ans > 35 years

The Need for Administrative Gravitas: The Governor acts as the vital constitutional link between the Union and the State. A high minimum age ensures political maturity to manage complex constitutional crises.
Strict Constitutional Qualifications: Article 157 explicitly lays down only two fundamental qualifications for a Governor: they must be an Indian citizen and have completed the age of 35 years.
Parity with Highest Offices: The 35-year minimum age requirement places the office of the Governor on par with the President of India or the Vice-President, reflecting its immense constitutional dignity.

📌 Qualifications • Legislature

Q.27) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha or a State Legislative Council?

Ans > 30 years

The Philosophy of the “House of Elders”: The Rajya Sabha and Vidhan Parishad act as deliberate, revisory chambers. Setting the age at 30 aligns with their concept as “Houses of Elders.”
Ensuring Experienced Deliberation: Mandated by Article 84 and Article 173, the 30-year requirement ensures members bring a higher degree of professional or political life experience to legislative debates.
Sustaining Permanent Chambers: Requiring older, more settled members helps maintain the institutional memory of these permanent continuous chambers, where one-third of members retire every two years.

📌 Qualifications • Legislature

Q.28) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or a State Legislative Assembly?

Ans > 25 years

Balancing Youth Energy with Basic Maturity: Setting the age at 25 strikes a balance, allowing dynamic youthful representation while ensuring the candidate has passed into basic adulthood.
Explicit Constitutional Directives: Article 84(b) and Article 173(b) explicitly set the exact same 25-year minimum age rule for seeking a seat in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly, respectively.
The Pathway to the Prime Ministership: Because the Prime Minister or Chief Minister must be a member of the legislature, a citizen theoretically becomes legally eligible to be the Prime Minister at exactly 25 years old.

📌 Elections • Party Registration

Q.29) Which authority registers political parties for the purpose of elections and grants them the status of national or state parties based on their poll performance?

Ans > The Election Commission of India

The Ultimate Arbitrator of Political Registration: The ECI derives its sweeping power to register political parties directly from Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, ensuring impartiality.
Performance-Based Recognition System: Based on strict mathematical criteria (vote percentage or seats won), the ECI elevates registered parties to the prestigious status of recognized “National Parties” or “State Parties.”
Exclusive Privileges: Recognized parties receive a reserved electoral symbol, free broadcast time on Doordarshan/radio networks during elections, and require only one proposer for candidate nomination.

📌 Parliament • Amendments

Q.30) A state legislature can participate in a constitutional amendment that affects federal provisions. What majority is required in the state legislature to ratify such an amendment?

Ans > Simple majority

Safeguarding the Federal Structure: Article 368 requires that if an amendment alters core federal dynamics (like Presidential elections or High Court powers), it needs mandatory ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
The Nuance of the Simple Majority Threshold: While Parliament must pass the bill with a rigorous “Special Majority”, state legislatures are only required to ratify it using a standard “Simple Majority” (over 50% present and voting).
Historical Examples: The 101st Amendment Act (GST) fundamentally altered taxation powers and was successfully passed via Special Majority in Parliament and rapidly ratified by a Simple Majority in states.

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 120

Constituent Assembly: Objectives Resolution was moved on December 13, 1946 by Nehru.
Drafting Committee: Set up on August 29, 1947, headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Fundamental Rights: 44th Amendment Act (1978) removed Right to Property.
Anti-Defection Law: 52nd Amendment Act (1985) added the Tenth Schedule.
Voting Age: 61st Amendment Act lowered voting age from 21 to 18.
Union Territories: 12th Amendment incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu.
Statehood: 36th Amendment Act (1975) made Sikkim a full-fledged state.
Education: Article 21A (86th Amendment) makes elementary education a Fundamental Right.
Constitutional Bodies: 102nd Amendment conferred constitutional status to NCBC.
Reservations: 103rd Amendment introduced EWS reservation.
Taxation: 101st Amendment established the GST Council under Article 279A.
Administration: Part VIII of the Constitution deals comprehensively with Union Territories.
Special Provisions: Article 371A safeguards Naga culture and land rights.
Regional Development: Article 371J provides for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region.
Rajya Sabha: Fourth Schedule allocates seats for States and Union Territories.
Tribal Areas: Sixth Schedule provides for administration in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram.
State Emergency: President’s Rule can remain in force for a maximum of 3 years.
Financial Emergency: Declared by the President under Article 360 (never used).
Vigilance: CVC established in 1964 via the Santhanam Committee report.
Human Rights: NHRC is a statutory body established in 1993.
Think Tank: NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015.
Elections Tech: EVMs first used experimentally in Kerala in 1982.
Voter Choice: NOTA introduced on EVMs by ECI in 2013.
Transparency: VVPAT first used in Nagaland’s Noksen by-election in 2013.
Local Government: Minimum age to contest Panchayat/Municipality is 21 years.
State Executive: Minimum age required for appointment as Governor is 35 years.
Upper Houses: Minimum age for Rajya Sabha/State Legislative Council is 30 years.
Lower Houses: Minimum age for Lok Sabha/State Legislative Assembly is 25 years.
Political Parties: Election Commission registers and recognizes national/state parties.
Federal Amendments: State legislatures require a simple majority to ratify.

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Polity Set 120

Q.1) On what date was the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru?

Q.2) The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was officially set up on:

Q.3) Which Constitutional Amendment Act deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights in Part III?

Q.4) The Tenth Schedule, detailing disqualifications on the grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution by the:

Q.5) Which Constitutional Amendment Act lowered the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years?

Q.6) Which Amendment Act incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu as a Union Territory into the Indian Union?

Q.7) Sikkim was granted the status of a full-fledged State of the Indian Union by which Constitutional Amendment?

Q.8) The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act (2002) inserted which Article to make elementary education a Fundamental Right?

Q.9) The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status by which Amendment Act?

Q.10) A maximum of 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) was introduced in the Constitution by the:

Q.11) The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council was formally established under Article 279A by the:

Q.12) Which Part of the Constitution deals comprehensively with the Union Territories?

Q.13) Which Article provides special provisions with respect to the state of Nagaland?

Q.14) Article 371J provides special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region in the state of:

Q.15) Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for the States and Union Territories?

Q.16) The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in which four states?

Q.17) What is the maximum duration for which President’s Rule (Article 356) can remain in force in a state (subject to parliamentary approval every six months)?

Q.18) Financial Emergency is declared by the President under which Article of the Constitution?

Q.19) The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 on the recommendation of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption headed by:

Q.20) The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in:

Q.21) Who replaced the Planning Commission to serve as the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India on January 1, 2015?

Q.22) Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first used on an experimental basis in 1982 in the Parur assembly constituency of which state?

Q.23) In which year did the Election Commission introduce the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option on EVMs following a Supreme Court directive?

Q.24) The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was first used in an assembly by-election in 2013 in the Noksen constituency of which state?

Q.25) What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution to contest an election to a Panchayat or a Municipality?

Q.26) What is the minimum age required to be appointed as the Governor of a state in India?

Q.27) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha or a State Legislative Council?

Q.28) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or a State Legislative Assembly?

Q.29) Which authority registers political parties for the purpose of elections and grants them the status of national or state parties based on their poll performance?

Q.30) A state legislature can participate in a constitutional amendment that affects federal provisions. What majority is required in the state legislature to ratify such an amendment?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 120

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Q.1) On what date was the historic ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru?

Q.2) The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was officially set up on:

Q.3) Which Constitutional Amendment Act deleted the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights in Part III?

Q.4) The Tenth Schedule, detailing disqualifications on the grounds of defection, was added to the Constitution by the:

Q.5) Which Constitutional Amendment Act lowered the voting age for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies from 21 years to 18 years?

Q.6) Which Amendment Act incorporated Goa, Daman, and Diu as a Union Territory into the Indian Union?

Q.7) Sikkim was granted the status of a full-fledged State of the Indian Union by which Constitutional Amendment?

Q.8) The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act (2002) inserted which Article to make elementary education a Fundamental Right?

Q.9) The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was conferred constitutional status by which Amendment Act?

Q.10) A maximum of 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) was introduced in the Constitution by the:

Q.11) The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council was formally established under Article 279A by the:

Q.12) Which Part of the Constitution deals comprehensively with the Union Territories?

Q.13) Which Article provides special provisions with respect to the state of Nagaland?

Q.14) Article 371J provides special provisions for the Hyderabad-Karnataka region in the state of:

Q.15) Which Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha for the States and Union Territories?

Q.16) The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in which four states?

Q.17) What is the maximum duration for which President’s Rule (Article 356) can remain in force in a state (subject to parliamentary approval every six months)?

Q.18) Financial Emergency is declared by the President under which Article of the Constitution?

Q.19) The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in 1964 on the recommendation of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption headed by:

Q.20) The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in:

Q.21) Who replaced the Planning Commission to serve as the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India on January 1, 2015?

Q.22) Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first used on an experimental basis in 1982 in the Parur assembly constituency of which state?

Q.23) In which year did the Election Commission introduce the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option on EVMs following a Supreme Court directive?

Q.24) The Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) system was first used in an assembly by-election in 2013 in the Noksen constituency of which state?

Q.25) What is the minimum age prescribed by the Constitution to contest an election to a Panchayat or a Municipality?

Q.26) What is the minimum age required to be appointed as the Governor of a state in India?

Q.27) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha or a State Legislative Council?

Q.28) What is the minimum age prescribed to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or a State Legislative Assembly?

Q.29) Which authority registers political parties for the purpose of elections and grants them the status of national or state parties based on their poll performance?

Q.30) A state legislature can participate in a constitutional amendment that affects federal provisions. What majority is required in the state legislature to ratify such an amendment?

📌 Quick Summary — Polity Set 120

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