Modern History Set 100 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 100 – Questions & Answers

The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted the resolution on ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy’ in its 1931 session. Where was this session held? – Karachi
Who was the President of the Indian National Congress during the historic 1929 Lahore session where the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution was passed? – Jawaharlal Nehru
The Swaraj Party was formed in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru following the failure of which movement? – The Non-Cooperation Movement
Who among the following was the first Indian woman to preside over a session of the Indian National Congress? – Sarojini Naidu
At the 1938 Haripura session of the Indian National Congress, who was unanimously elected as the President? – Subhas Chandra Bose
The famous nationalist poem ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ was popularized by which revolutionary leader? – Ramprasad Bismil
Which prominent leader was affectionately known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’? – Dadabhai Naoroji
The English-language newspaper The Bengalee was founded and edited by which prominent moderate leader? – Surendranath Banerjea
The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’ was founded in 1904 by whom? – V.D. Savarkar
The daring Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was orchestrated by the members of which revolutionary group? – Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
Which British police officer was assassinated by Bhagat Singh and his associates in Lahore in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai? – John P. Saunders
The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was masterminded by the revolutionary leader Surya Sen. He was popularly known as: – Masterda
Mahatma Gandhi’s first major experiment with Satyagraha on Indian soil was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). It was directed against which oppressive system? – Tinkathia system
During the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, which young leader emerged as a trusted lieutenant of Mahatma Gandhi? – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar took place on April 13, 1919, on the day of which major festival? – Baisakhi
The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 following a violent incident at which location? – Chauri Chaura
To launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi undertook the Dandi March to protest against which British law? – The Salt Tax
The historic ‘Quit India’ movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in which month and year? – August 1942
The ‘August Offer’ of 1940, proposing Dominion Status for India after the war, was made by which British Viceroy? – Lord Linlithgow
Following the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city? – Bombay
The Indian National Army (INA) was originally organized in Malaya in 1942 by which former officer of the British Indian Army? – Captain Mohan Singh
In 1946, a massive mutiny against the British occurred in Bombay involving the ratings of which branch of the armed forces? – The Royal Indian Navy (RIN)
The Cabinet Mission of 1946 proposed a complex structural plan for India. Which of the following British leaders was NOT a member of this mission? – Clement Attlee
Frustrated by the political deadlock, the Muslim League called for “Direct Action Day” to demand an independent Pakistan. On what date was it observed? – August 16, 1946
The plan that laid down the formal procedure for the partition of India into two independent dominions is widely known as what? – The Mountbatten Plan
Who was appointed as the chairman of the two boundary commissions tasked with demarcating the borders of India and Pakistan in 1947? – Sir Cyril Radcliffe
Following independence on August 15, 1947, who was requested by the Indian leadership to continue as the first Governor-General of the Dominion of India? – Lord Mountbatten
Who holds the distinction of being the first and only Indian to serve as the Governor-General of independent India? – C. Rajagopalachari
The monumental task of politically integrating over 500 princely states into the newly formed Indian Union was spearheaded by which leader? – Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
While most princely states acceded smoothly, the integration of which state required a military police action known as ‘Operation Polo’ in September 1948? – Hyderabad

MROY Class

Modern History Set 100

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📌 INC Sessions

Q.1) The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted the resolution on ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy’ in its 1931 session. Where was this session held?

Ans > Karachi

Historical Context: The 1931 Karachi Session was presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, held shortly after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the tragic execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru, making the political atmosphere incredibly highly charged.
The Draftsmen: The landmark resolution on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme was meticulously drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru, heavily incorporating vital inputs from M.N. Roy.
Civil Liberties Guaranteed: This historic resolution guaranteed basic civil liberties, absolute free speech, freedom of the press, and equal democratic rights for all citizens irrespective of caste, creed, or sex.
Economic Blueprint: Economically, the resolution forcefully called for a substantial reduction in agricultural rent and revenue, explicit exemption from rent for uneconomic land holdings, and state control of key strategic industries, mines, and national transport.
Labor Protections: It also strongly advocated for a mandatory living wage for industrial workers, strictly limited working hours, the right to form unions, and specialized protection of women workers, acting as the foundational blueprint for the welfare state policies of modern, independent India.

📌 INC Sessions

Q.2) Who was the President of the Indian National Congress during the historic 1929 Lahore session where the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution was passed?

Ans > Jawaharlal Nehru

Generational Shift: The historic 1929 Lahore session of the INC was held under the incredibly dynamic presidency of a young Jawaharlal Nehru, marking a massive, deliberate generational shift in the core Congress leadership.
Abandoning Dominion Status: During this pivotal session, the Congress formally adopted the ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence resolution, permanently abandoning the earlier, more moderate demand for mere Dominion Status within the British Empire.
The Midnight Flag Hoisting: On the highly symbolic midnight of December 31, 1929, Nehru proudly hoisted the newly adopted tricolor flag of India on the muddy banks of the Ravi River, amidst massive crowds fiercely cheering for freedom.
Pledge of Independence: The Congress Working Committee decisively declared that January 26, 1930, would be observed universally as the first Independence Day, where citizens across the country took a public, solemn pledge to fight endlessly for complete self-rule.
Constitutional Legacy: This specific date held such immense, deep-rooted historical significance that when India eventually gained independence, the new Constitution was formally adopted and brought into effect on January 26, 1950, which is why the nation proudly celebrates it as Republic Day.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.3) The Swaraj Party was formed in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru following the failure of which movement?

Ans > The Non-Cooperation Movement

Origins of the Party: Formally established in January 1923, the Swaraj Party (officially named the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party) was the political brainchild of Chittaranjan Das (serving as President) and Motilal Nehru (serving as Secretary).
The Political Vacuum: It emerged directly from the massive political vacuum, confusion, and widespread national disappointment that instantly followed Mahatma Gandhi’s sudden, highly controversial withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement after the violent Chauri Chaura incident in 1922.
The ‘Pro-Changers’ Strategy: The faction known as the ‘Pro-Changers’ (led by Das and Nehru) fiercely advocated for entering the British-created legislative councils to systematically disrupt colonial administration, a strategy famously termed as “wrecking the legislatures from within.”
The ‘No-Changers’ Contrast: In sharp contrast, the ‘No-Changers’ (including leaders like Vallabhbhai Patel and C. Rajagopalachari) wanted to boycott the councils completely and focus strictly on Gandhian constructive work, such as promoting Khadi and Hindu-Muslim unity.
Electoral Impact: The Swarajists achieved highly significant electoral success in the 1923 elections, successfully exposing the absolute hollowness of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, though the party’s momentum eventually weakened after the tragic, untimely death of C.R. Das in 1925.

📌 INC Leaders

Q.4) Who among the following was the first Indian woman to preside over a session of the Indian National Congress?

Ans > Sarojini Naidu

The Nightingale of India: Sarojini Naidu, universally revered as the ‘Nightingale of India’ (Bharat Kokila) for her exquisite, highly acclaimed English poetry, achieved a massive historic political milestone by presiding over the Kanpur session of the INC in 1925.
A Crucial Distinction: She holds the absolute distinct honor of being the very first *Indian* woman to ever become Congress President, though it is vital to note that Annie Besant, an Irish theosophist, was the absolute first woman to hold the post in 1917.
Champion of Women’s Rights: Naidu was a fierce, highly vocal advocate for women’s emancipation in India, heavily involved in the strategic establishment of the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) and deeply committed to fostering Hindu-Muslim unity.
Close Associate of Gandhi: She was an incredibly close, deeply trusted associate of Mahatma Gandhi, accompanying him to the pivotal Second Round Table Conference in London in 1931 and actively leading the highly volatile Dharsana Salt Works protest during the Salt Satyagraha.
First Female Governor: Following India’s hard-won independence in 1947, she broke yet another massive political glass ceiling by being appointed as the Governor of the United Provinces (modern-day Uttar Pradesh), becoming India’s absolute first female provincial governor.

📌 INC Sessions

Q.5) At the 1938 Haripura session of the Indian National Congress, who was unanimously elected as the President?

Ans > Subhas Chandra Bose

Unanimous Leadership: The 1938 Haripura session held in Gujarat was incredibly significant as the highly charismatic, radically socialist youth leader Subhas Chandra Bose was unanimously elected as the President of the Indian National Congress.
A Modern Industrial Vision: During his powerful presidential address, Bose strongly and eloquently articulated his massive vision for a modernized, heavily industrialized, and strongly socialist independent India, which differed sharply from Mahatma Gandhi’s village-centric, cottage-industry economic model.
National Planning Committee: A major, long-lasting milestone of his presidency was the formal establishment of the National Planning Committee in 1938. He shrewdly appointed Jawaharlal Nehru to chair this committee, laying the critical intellectual groundwork for India’s future Five-Year Plans.
Stance on Princely States: The session also heavily discussed the critical political role of the princely states, definitively declaring that the Congress’s ultimate goal of Purna Swaraj explicitly included the complete democratic integration and freedom of these autocratic princely territories.
The Ideological Rift: Bose’s fiercely aggressive, uncompromising stance against British imperialism eventually led to a bitter, highly public ideological fallout with the Gandhian right-wing, resulting in his dramatic resignation following his re-election at the subsequent Tripuri session in 1939 and the formation of the Forward Bloc.

📌 Revolutionary Movement

Q.6) The famous nationalist poem ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ was popularized by which revolutionary leader?

Ans > Ramprasad Bismil

Origins of the Poem: While the iconic, deeply patriotic Urdu poem ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ was originally penned in 1921 by Bismil Azimabadi of Patna, it was permanently immortalized as a revolutionary war cry by Ramprasad Bismil.
The Revolutionary Leader: Ramprasad Bismil was a brilliant poet himself, a fierce, uncompromising revolutionary leader, and one of the core founding members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), an organization heavily dedicated to the armed overthrow of the British Empire.
Spirit of Sacrifice: The poem’s iconic opening lines (“The desire for martyrdom is now in our hearts, let us see how much strength the executioner has”) perfectly captured the fearless, highly sacrificial spirit of the young, radicalized revolutionary generation.
March to the Gallows: Bismil famously, proudly, and defiantly sang these exact poetic lines as he walked to the gallows to be hanged by the British colonial authorities on December 19, 1927, in the heavily guarded Gorakhpur jail.
The Kakori Mastermind: His tragic execution was a direct result of his masterminding the highly daring Kakori Train Robbery of 1925, a massive revolutionary action that deeply shook the British administration and massively inspired future revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad.

📌 Early Nationalists

Q.7) Which prominent leader was affectionately known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?

Ans > Dadabhai Naoroji

The Towering Moderate: Affectionately and universally revered as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, Dadabhai Naoroji was an absolute towering intellectual and political figure during the foundational, moderate phase of the Indian independence movement.
The Drain of Wealth Theory: His most monumental, long-lasting contribution to Indian economic nationalism was the formal formulation of the pioneering “Drain of Wealth” theory, meticulously detailed in his groundbreaking book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.”
Proving Imperial Exploitation: Through highly extensive, irrefutable statistical analysis, Naoroji proved beyond doubt that British imperial policies—such as home charges, guaranteed railway interest, and massive military expenditures—were systematically siphoning wealth out of India, causing engineered famines and mass poverty.
Breaking Racial Barriers in Parliament: In 1892, he shattered a massive global racial barrier by becoming the very first Asian to be elected as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons, proudly representing Finsbury Central on a Liberal Party ticket to voice Indian grievances directly in London.
Demanding Swaraj: As a deeply unifying moderate force, he presided over the Indian National Congress three separate times (1886, 1893, and 1906), famously declaring ‘Swaraj’ or self-government as the ultimate, non-negotiable political goal of the Congress during the highly volatile 1906 Calcutta session.

📌 Press & Literature

Q.8) The English-language newspaper The Bengalee was founded and edited by which prominent moderate leader?

Ans > Surendranath Banerjea

The Teacher of the Nation: Surendranath Banerjea, deeply and respectfully known as ‘Rashtraguru’ (Teacher of the Nation), was one of the earliest, most eloquent, and highly influential political leaders of the Indian nationalist movement during the late 19th century.
Power of the Press: In 1879, he took over the editorship of the highly influential English-language newspaper ‘The Bengalee’, utilizing its powerful, widely read editorial columns to aggressively build and shape nationalist public opinion against deeply oppressive colonial policies.
Early Political Organization: He was highly instrumental in founding the Indian National Association in 1876, which was the absolute first major, organized political organization of its kind in India, significantly predating the formal establishment of the Indian National Congress.
The ICS Agitation: Banerjea famously led a massive, nationwide agitation against the discriminatory, racially motivated lowering of the maximum age limit for the prestigious Indian Civil Service (ICS) examinations, fighting fiercely for equal administrative opportunities for highly educated Indians.
A Staunch Constitutionalist: A staunch moderate who believed deeply in constitutional methods, he strongly and vocally opposed the disastrous partition of Bengal in 1905, but eventually left the Congress when extremist factions gained control, later serving as a minister in the Bengal government under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms.

📌 Revolutionary Movement

Q.9) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’ was founded in 1904 by whom?

Ans > V.D. Savarkar

Birth of the Secret Society: The Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was a highly secretive, incredibly influential underground revolutionary organization formally founded in 1904 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his older brother, Ganesh Damodar Savarkar.
Evolution from Mitra Mela: The organization originally started in 1899 in Nashik under the seemingly innocuous name ‘Mitra Mela’, initially functioning as a youth club before rapidly evolving into a radical, militant network deeply dedicated to armed rebellion against British rule.
Inspired by Mazzini: V.D. Savarkar drew massive, profound ideological inspiration from Giuseppe Mazzini, heavily modeling Abhinav Bharat on Mazzini’s famous ‘Young Italy’ movement, going so far as to translate Mazzini’s biography into Marathi to deeply inspire Indian youth.
International Arms Smuggling: The society rapidly expanded its covert network across western India and established crucial international links, particularly through the India House in London, heavily smuggling revolutionary literature, bomb-making manuals, and firearms (like Browning pistols) directly into India.
The Nashik Conspiracy: The organization orchestrated several high-profile political assassinations, most notably the 1909 killing of Arthur Jackson, the District Magistrate of Nashik, which directly led to the infamous Nashik Conspiracy Case and the subsequent, brutal life imprisonment of the Savarkar brothers in the Cellular Jail in Andaman.

📌 Revolutionary Movement

Q.10) The daring Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was orchestrated by the members of which revolutionary group?

Ans > Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)

The Execution Date: The daring Kakori Train Robbery, officially and respectfully known as the Kakori Train Action, was meticulously planned and flawlessly executed on August 9, 1925, near Lucknow in the United Provinces.
The Orchestrators: The massive operation was exclusively orchestrated by the core, highly trained members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), a militant revolutionary group fiercely dedicated to the immediate, armed overthrow of the British colonial government.
The Strategic Objective: The primary objective was absolutely not personal gain, but rather the strategic expropriation of official British government treasury funds being transported on the Number 8 Down Train, money desperately needed to secretly purchase weapons and fund underground revolutionary activities.
The Key Leaders: The daring raid was actively led by prominent revolutionary leaders including Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Chandrashekhar Azad, who successfully stopped the train and looted the heavily guarded government cash safe.
The Brutal Aftermath: The British response was swift and exceptionally brutal. In the massive crackdown that followed, over 40 revolutionaries were arrested. Following a highly publicized trial, Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Lahiri, and Roshan Singh were sentenced to death by hanging, heavily fueling massive national outrage.

📌 Revolutionary Movement

Q.11) Which British police officer was assassinated by Bhagat Singh and his associates in Lahore in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai?

Ans > John P. Saunders

The Vow of Retribution: On December 17, 1928, exactly one month after the tragic death of veteran nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai, revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar executed a daring assassination in broad daylight in Lahore.
The Intended Target: The primary, actual target of the assassination plot was James A. Scott, the brutal Superintendent of Police who had personally ordered the violent baton (lathi) charge on a peaceful anti-Simon Commission protest that directly caused Lajpat Rai’s fatal injuries.
The Case of Mistaken Identity: Due to a critical, highly tense error in identification by their spotter, the revolutionaries mistakenly shot and killed John P. Saunders, a young Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters on his motorcycle.
The Brilliant Escape: Following the bold assassination, the revolutionaries successfully escaped through a complex, meticulously planned disguise operation, with Bhagat Singh cutting his hair, dressing as a wealthy Western gentleman, and traveling to Calcutta with Durgawati Devi posing as his wife.
The Legacy and Execution: This bold act of violent retribution made Bhagat Singh a massive national icon overnight. However, the subsequent investigation eventually linked them to the murder, leading directly to the infamous Lahore Conspiracy Case and their tragic, widely mourned execution on March 23, 1931.

📌 Revolutionary Movement

Q.12) The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was masterminded by the revolutionary leader Surya Sen. He was popularly known as:

Ans > Masterda

An Audacious Uprising: The Chittagong Armoury Raid of April 1930 stands as one of the most audacious, brilliantly coordinated, and fiercely romanticized armed uprisings against British colonial rule in the entire history of the Indian independence movement.
The Beloved Teacher: The entire, highly complex operation was brilliantly masterminded by Surya Sen, a highly respected local school teacher universally and affectionately referred to as ‘Masterda’ by his deeply loyal, highly radicalized young followers.
Capturing the Armories: Operating under the formal banner of the Indian Republican Army (Chittagong Branch), a dedicated group of teenagers and young men successfully captured the city’s police and auxiliary forces armories, completely cutting off telegraph and railway communications to isolate the city.
Provisional Independent Government: In a moment of immense historic defiance and immense bravery, Surya Sen proudly hoisted the Indian national flag outside the captured armory, formally declaring the establishment of a Provisional Independent Government of India.
The Tragic Aftermath: Despite initial stunning success, the revolutionaries tragically failed to locate the ammunition for the captured weapons. Following a massive British military counter-attack and a fierce gun battle on Jalalabad Hill, many were martyred. Surya Sen successfully evaded capture for years before being betrayed, brutally tortured, and hanged in 1934.

📌 Gandhian Movements

Q.13) Mahatma Gandhi’s first major experiment with Satyagraha on Indian soil was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). It was directed against which oppressive system?

Ans > Tinkathia system

A Pivotal First Step: The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917, situated deeply in the rural heart of Bihar, marks an incredibly pivotal moment in history as Mahatma Gandhi’s absolute first major, highly successful experiment with the concept of Satyagraha on Indian soil.
The Oppressive Tinkathia System: The massive protest was fiercely directed against the highly exploitative ‘Tinkathia’ system, under which wealthy European colonial planters legally coerced impoverished Indian peasant farmers to dedicate exactly 3/20th (or 15%) of their best arable land exclusively to the cultivation of indigo.
Economic Devastation: This forced cultivation was financially devastating for the farmers, as indigo rapidly depleted soil fertility, and the planters heavily suppressed purchase prices, driving the helpless peasantry into a vicious, inescapable cycle of perpetual debt and mass starvation.
The Empirical Approach: Gandhi arrived in Champaran at the earnest behest of Raj Kumar Shukla and employed a completely novel political strategy: conducting a massive, methodical, and deeply empirical public inquiry, gathering thousands of meticulously documented testimonies directly from the suffering farmers.
Victory for Civil Disobedience: When the local British administration ordered Gandhi to leave the district, his calm but firm refusal to obey the unjust order shocked the authorities. This peaceful defiance eventually forced the government to establish the Champaran Agrarian Committee, leading directly to the complete abolition of the Tinkathia system.

📌 Gandhian Movements

Q.14) During the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, which young leader emerged as a trusted lieutenant of Mahatma Gandhi?

Ans > Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

The Agricultural Crisis: The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 in Gujarat was a highly significant peasant movement triggered by a massive, devastating crop failure caused by severe drought and a concurrent, deadly outbreak of the bubonic plague.
Unjust Tax Demands: Despite the catastrophic agricultural collapse that left farmers completely destitute, the British colonial administration rigidly refused to grant the customary remission of land revenue, stubbornly demanding the immediate, full payment of taxes.
The Call for Non-Payment: Mahatma Gandhi provided the overarching spiritual and political guidance for the movement, fiercely advising the desperate farmers to practice non-violent civil disobedience by simply refusing to pay the unjust taxes, even at the massive risk of losing their lands and property.
Patel’s Organizational Brilliance: However, it was a young, incredibly capable lawyer named Vallabhbhai Patel who truly emerged as the primary organizational force. Patel tirelessly traveled from village to village, deeply mobilizing the peasantry and maintaining strict discipline in the face of brutal government confiscations.
A Formidable Victory: The government eventually capitulated, secretly ordering officials to collect revenue only from those genuinely capable of paying and officially suspending the tax for the current and subsequent year. This massive victory firmly established Sardar Patel as a formidable, highly trusted national leader and Gandhi’s chief lieutenant.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.15) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar took place on April 13, 1919, on the day of which major festival?

Ans > Baisakhi

A Day of Infamy: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, an event of unparalleled brutality and horror, occurred in Amritsar, Punjab, on April 13, 1919, deeply traumatizing the nation and permanently altering the trajectory of the Indian freedom struggle.
The Festival of Baisakhi: The tragic event took place precisely on the joyous, highly culturally significant day of Baisakhi, a major spring harvest festival, meaning the enclosed ground was densely packed with thousands of unsuspecting men, women, and children from surrounding villages.
The Peaceful Protest: The massive crowd had gathered largely for peaceful celebration, alongside a peaceful political protest demanding the immediate release of two beloved local nationalist leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal, who had been unjustly arrested under the draconian Rowlatt Act.
Dyer’s Brutality: Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, fiercely determined to “produce a moral effect” and permanently crush Indian defiance, marched his heavily armed Gurkha and Baloch troops into the enclosed ground, completely blocked the only narrow exit, and ordered them to fire indiscriminately into the dense, unarmed crowd without any prior warning.
The Horrific Aftermath: The troops fired exactly 1,650 rounds until their ammunition was virtually exhausted. Official British figures massively underreported the casualties at 379 dead, while Indian estimates placed the death toll well over 1,000, prompting Rabindranath Tagore to publicly renounce his British knighthood in sheer disgust.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.16) The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 following a violent incident at which location?

Ans > Chauri Chaura

The Location: The highly pivotal Chauri Chaura incident occurred on February 4, 1922, in a small, rural town heavily situated in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces (modern-day Uttar Pradesh), acting as a massive turning point in modern Indian history.
The Peak of the Movement: At the time, Mahatma Gandhi’s highly successful Non-Cooperation Movement was at its absolute peak, heavily mobilizing millions of Indians to peacefully boycott British goods, courts, and educational institutions in explicit demand of Swaraj.
Unprovoked Police Brutality: On that fateful day, a large group of peaceful protesters, actively agitating against highly inflated food prices and local liquor sales, were mercilessly beaten and fired upon by the local armed police force.
The Violent Retaliation: Enraged by the unprovoked police brutality, the massive mob violently retaliated, chasing the heavily outnumbered policemen back into their station house. The mob then deliberately set the entire building on fire, resulting in the gruesome death of 22 policemen and one civilian.
The Abrupt Withdrawal: Deeply horrified by this sudden, brutal lapse into mass violence, Mahatma Gandhi immediately and unilaterally called off the entire national Non-Cooperation Movement. He firmly believed the Indian masses were not yet adequately trained in the strict moral discipline required for absolute non-violent Satyagraha, despite facing immense criticism from younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose.

📌 Gandhian Movements

Q.17) To launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi undertook the Dandi March to protest against which British law?

Ans > The Salt Tax

The Catalyst for Civil Disobedience: The historic Dandi March, also universally known as the Salt Satyagraha, was aggressively launched by Mahatma Gandhi on March 12, 1930, serving as the massive, brilliant catalyst for the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement.
Targeting the Salt Monopoly: Gandhi strategically targeted the deeply oppressive 1882 British Salt Act, a draconian colonial law that established an absolute British monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, imposing a heavy, unjust tax on an absolute, universal dietary necessity.
A Unifying Issue: By precisely targeting salt, Gandhi chose a deeply emotive, universally unifying issue that directly affected every single Indian household, effortlessly bridging massive divides of caste, religion, and economic class in a way no complex political demand ever could.
The 240-Mile Journey: Accompanied by exactly 78 strictly chosen, highly disciplined ashramites, Gandhi embarked on a grueling 240-mile (386 km) march from the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to the small coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat, drawing massive international press coverage along the way.
Breaking the Law: On the morning of April 6, 1930, Gandhi ceremoniously broke the colonial law by picking up a small lump of natural salt from the muddy beach, instantly sparking a massive, nationwide wave of illegal salt manufacturing, boycotts, and widespread peaceful protests that deeply shook the foundations of the British Empire.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.18) The historic ‘Quit India’ movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in which month and year?

Ans > August 1942

The August Revolution: The historic Quit India Movement, famously referred to in Hindi as the August Kranti (August Revolution), was aggressively launched by the Indian National Congress in August 1942 amidst the massive global chaos of World War II.
Failure of the Cripps Mission: The immediate, primary catalyst for the movement was the disastrous failure of the Cripps Mission, which had utterly failed to guarantee any meaningful, immediate transfer of democratic power to Indian political leaders.
The Threat of Japanese Invasion: Furthermore, the rapid, terrifying advance of the Japanese military across Southeast Asia and up to the borders of Burma created a genuine, massive fear that India would be the next battleground, prompting the Congress to demand immediate British withdrawal to allow Indians to defend themselves.
The “Do or Die” Mandate: On August 8, 1942, at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay, Mahatma Gandhi delivered his absolutely iconic, fiery “Do or Die” (Karo ya Maro) speech, fiercely urging the masses to either free India immediately or die in the attempt.
The Leaderless Uprising: Within hours of the resolution passing, the British government executed a massive, pre-planned crackdown, aggressively arresting the entire top tier of the Congress leadership. This created a massive leadership vacuum, leading to spontaneous, leaderless, and often highly violent nationwide uprisings, widespread sabotage of railway lines, and the establishment of several parallel underground governments in regions like Ballia, Tamluk, and Satara.

📌 Pre-Independence Policy

Q.19) The ‘August Offer’ of 1940, proposing Dominion Status for India after the war, was made by which British Viceroy?

Ans > Lord Linlithgow

Desperation During WWII: The ‘August Offer’ was a massive, desperate political proposal formally issued by the British Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, on August 8, 1940, during a highly critical and disastrous phase of World War II for the British Empire.
Seeking Indian Cooperation: Following the sudden, shocking fall of France and the terrifying onset of the Battle of Britain, the British government desperately needed the full, active cooperation of the massive Indian population and its immense industrial resources for the global war effort.
Acknowledging Indian Rights: The proposal was highly significant because, for the absolute first time, the British formally and officially acknowledged the inherent right of Indians to frame their own constitution, completely shifting away from previous paternalistic policies.
The Specific Proposals: The core terms of the offer promised the expansion of the Viceroy’s Executive Council to include more Indians, the establishment of a formal advisory war council, and a firm promise to grant India ‘Dominion Status’ at an unspecified time strictly after the war concluded.
Massive Political Failure: However, the offer was a massive political failure. The Indian National Congress utterly rejected it because they had moved far past Dominion Status and were fiercely demanding ‘Purna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence). Simultaneously, the Muslim League aggressively rejected it because the proposal did not explicitly guarantee the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.20) Following the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Ans > Bombay

The Historic Venue: The historic Quit India resolution was formally ratified and passed by the All India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, during a highly charged, massive session held at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in the city of Bombay.
Demanding Immediate Withdrawal: The resolution explicitly and aggressively demanded an immediate end to British colonial rule in India, formally sanctioning a massive, non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale if the British refused to immediately transfer power.
Renaming the Maidan: The venue, Gowalia Tank Maidan, holds such immense historical significance due to this specific event that it was subsequently renamed ‘August Kranti Maidan’ (August Revolution Ground) to eternally honor the massive movement born there.
Aruna Asaf Ali’s Defiance: It was at this exact location that a young, highly courageous Aruna Asaf Ali famously hoisted the Indian tricolor flag the very next morning, openly defying heavily armed British police forces directly after the top leadership had been secretly arrested overnight.
The Midnight Arrests: The swift, brutal midnight arrests of Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and the entire Congress Working Committee effectively meant the movement was entirely leaderless from day one. This directly caused the protests to rapidly devolve into massive, decentralized, and highly militant uprisings involving the severe sabotage of colonial infrastructure across the country, which the British mercilessly suppressed using military force.

📌 Indian National Army

Q.21) The Indian National Army (INA) was originally organized in Malaya in 1942 by which former officer of the British Indian Army?

Ans > Captain Mohan Singh

The Origin in Malaya: The Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) was originally conceived and structurally organized in early 1942 in Malaya by Captain Mohan Singh, a former officer serving in the British Indian Army.
The Fall of Singapore: Following the massive, humiliating defeat of British forces and the dramatic Fall of Singapore in February 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army captured tens of thousands of Indian soldiers as prisoners of war (POWs).
Switching Allegiances: Working closely with Major Iwaichi Fujiwara of Japanese military intelligence, Captain Mohan Singh successfully persuaded roughly 40,000 of these highly demoralized Indian POWs to switch allegiances and take up arms to fiercely fight for India’s liberation against the British.
The First INA’s Collapse: This first iteration of the INA ultimately collapsed due to massive, deep-seated disagreements between Mohan Singh and the Japanese command regarding the absolute autonomy, size, and specific combat deployment of the Indian troops.
Revival Under Bose: The movement was spectacularly and fiercely revived in 1943 when Subhas Chandra Bose arrived in Southeast Asia. Netaji completely overhauled the organization, massively expanded recruitment to include civilian expatriates (even forming the all-female Rani of Jhansi regiment), and launched a massive military campaign against British forces on the borders of Imphal and Kohima.

📌 Freedom Struggle

Q.22) In 1946, a massive mutiny against the British occurred in Bombay involving the ratings of which branch of the armed forces?

Ans > The Royal Indian Navy (RIN)

The Naval Uprising: The massive Royal Indian Navy (RIN) mutiny, also known as the 1946 Naval Uprising, erupted suddenly on February 18, 1946, aboard the signal ship HMIS Talwar, anchored heavily in the port of Bombay.
The Initial Grievances: The initial spark for the massive strike was seemingly mundane—a fierce protest by the naval ratings (junior sailors) against the distribution of deeply substandard, unpalatable food and the horrific, rampant racial abuse directed at them by their British commanding officers.
Politicization of the Strike: However, the localized strike rapidly transformed into a fiercely political, massive anti-colonial revolt. The sailors boldly hoisted the tricolor flags of the Congress, the Muslim League, and the Communist Party on the ships, openly demanding the immediate release of INA prisoners and all political detainees.
A Nationwide Spread: The mutiny spread like absolute wildfire across the Indian coastline. Within days, it involved over 20,000 sailors, directly encompassing 78 naval ships and 20 shore establishments in major ports ranging from Karachi to Calcutta, bringing the naval infrastructure to a complete halt.
The Psychological Blow: Although the mutiny was ultimately called off following heavy, pragmatic intervention and explicit guarantees from major national leaders like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and M.A. Jinnah, it severely terrified the British administration. It clearly demonstrated that the absolute loyalty of the Indian armed forces—the primary pillar of the British Empire—was utterly broken, heavily accelerating the final transfer of power.

📌 Pre-Independence Policy

Q.23) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 proposed a complex structural plan for India. Which of the following British leaders was NOT a member of this mission?

Ans > Clement Attlee

The High-Powered Delegation: The Cabinet Mission of 1946 was a highly critical, high-powered diplomatic delegation sent directly by the newly elected British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, desperately attempting to resolve the massive political deadlock preventing the transfer of power.
The Three Members: The mission consisted strictly of three senior British cabinet ministers: Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Secretary of State for India), Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade), and A.V. Alexander (First Lord of the Admiralty). Prime Minister Clement Attlee himself was NOT a member of the delegation.
The Primary Objective: The primary, desperate objective of the mission was to maintain the geographical unity of India and strictly avoid the catastrophic partition demanded by the Muslim League, while simultaneously attempting to satisfy their massive anxieties regarding Hindu majority rule.
The Federal Proposal: To achieve this, the mission proposed a highly complex, three-tiered federal structure. It envisioned a weak, limited central government controlling only defense, foreign affairs, and communications, while granting maximum autonomy to strongly grouped provincial clusters (categorized into Hindu-majority and Muslim-majority sections).
The Final Breakdown: Ultimately, the highly convoluted plan failed disastrously. While both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League initially accepted it with massive reservations, totally conflicting interpretations regarding the compulsory nature of the provincial groupings led to a complete breakdown in trust, plunging the country directly toward inevitable partition.

📌 Independence & Partition

Q.24) Frustrated by the political deadlock, the Muslim League called for “Direct Action Day” to demand an independent Pakistan. On what date was it observed?

Ans > August 16, 1946

The Call for Direct Action: Direct Action Day, heavily observed on August 16, 1946, was officially called by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the All-India Muslim League to aggressively demonstrate massive popular support for the immediate creation of an independent Pakistan.
Rejecting the Cabinet Mission: The call for “Direct Action” was essentially a fierce, final withdrawal of the Muslim League’s acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan, following a massive breakdown in negotiations with the Indian National Congress regarding the formation of the Interim Government.
Jinnah’s Ultimatum: Jinnah famously declared, “We shall have India divided or we shall have India destroyed,” urging Muslims to fiercely suspend all normal business and heavily gather in public to assert their absolute political demands for a separate nation.
The Great Calcutta Killings: While intended as a massive political demonstration, the day triggered unprecedented, horrific communal violence, particularly in the Bengal province. The event in Calcutta rapidly degenerated into the infamous “Great Calcutta Killings,” leading to massive, targeted slaughter between Hindu and Muslim communities.
The Point of No Return: The brutal riots lasted for several days, resulting in the tragic deaths of an estimated 4,000 to 10,000 people, leaving tens of thousands massively displaced. This horrific violence heavily spread to Noakhali, Bihar, and Punjab, effectively acting as the final, bloody catalyst that convinced most political leaders that the partition of India was absolutely inevitable to avoid a full-scale civil war.

📌 Independence & Partition

Q.25) The plan that laid down the formal procedure for the partition of India into two independent dominions is widely known as what?

Ans > The Mountbatten Plan

The Definitive Blueprint: The Mountbatten Plan, formally announced on June 3, 1947, was the absolute final, definitive political blueprint that laid down the exact, formal procedures for the complete partition of British India and the immediate transfer of sovereign power.
Accelerating the Withdrawal: Realizing that the deeply entrenched communal divide had reached a point of absolute no return and that maintaining a united India was completely impossible, Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten rapidly drafted this plan to heavily accelerate the British withdrawal.
Accepting Partition: The core tenet of the plan formally and officially accepted the principle of partition, establishing the legal creation of two entirely independent sovereign dominions: India and Pakistan, effectively recognizing the core demand of the Muslim League.
The Democratic Process: The plan meticulously outlined the complex democratic process for partition. It mandated that the highly volatile legislative assemblies of Bengal and Punjab would formally vote on whether their respective provinces should be geographically partitioned based on Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts.
Advancing the Date: Furthermore, the plan heavily granted the 565 semi-autonomous princely states the absolute choice to accede to either India or Pakistan (or theoretically remain independent), and shockingly advanced the formal date for the massive transfer of power from June 1948 to August 15, 1947, leaving minimal time for proper administrative transition.

📌 Independence & Partition

Q.26) Who was appointed as the chairman of the two boundary commissions tasked with demarcating the borders of India and Pakistan in 1947?

Ans > Sir Cyril Radcliffe

The Inexperienced Chairman: Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a highly respected but completely inexperienced British lawyer, was specifically chosen by the British government to chair the two massive Boundary Commissions tasked with precisely demarcating the new international borders for Punjab and Bengal in 1947.
The Illusion of Impartiality: Radcliffe was deliberately selected specifically because he had absolutely no prior knowledge of India, zero political history in the subcontinent, and had never even visited the region before. The British foolishly believed this total ignorance would guarantee absolute impartiality in drawing the lines.
An Impossible Deadline: Arriving in India in July 1947, Radcliffe was given an impossibly short, utterly absurd deadline of just five weeks to meticulously divide massive territories containing over 88 million people, heavily relying on outdated, highly inaccurate census data and faulty maps.
Splitting Communities: Working in extreme isolation in Delhi and facing massive, intense political pressure from both Congress and Muslim League representatives, Radcliffe finalized the heavily disputed borders, effectively splitting densely integrated communities, rivers, and critical infrastructure straight down the middle.
The Tragic Consequence: The resulting “Radcliffe Line” was kept highly secret and intentionally published only on August 17, 1947—two days after Independence. The sheer confusion over the final boundary lines directly triggered mass panic, triggering one of the most violent, massive, and bloody human migrations in global history, resulting in millions of deaths and displaced refugees.

📌 Post-Independence

Q.27) Following independence on August 15, 1947, who was requested by the Indian leadership to continue as the first Governor-General of the Dominion of India?

Ans > Lord Mountbatten

The Transition of Power: Following the formal midnight transfer of power on August 15, 1947, the towering British aristocrat Lord Louis Mountbatten transitioned from being the final Viceroy of the British Empire to serving as the absolute first Governor-General of the newly independent Dominion of India.
A Strategic Request: His continuation in this massive constitutional role was an explicit, highly strategic request made directly by the Indian leadership, specifically spearheaded by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Managing Post-Partition Chaos: The newly formed Indian government desperately recognized that Mountbatten’s immense military experience, massive administrative capability, and deep connections with the British military establishment were absolutely vital to manage the chaotic, bloody logistical nightmares immediately following the traumatic partition.
Role in Integration and Kashmir: During his tenure as Governor-General, Mountbatten played a highly critical, controversial role heavily advising the Indian cabinet during the massive crisis of the integration of the princely states, specifically during the massive military conflict over the accession of Jammu and Kashmir.
Pakistan’s Divergent Path: In stark contrast to India’s decision, the leadership of Pakistan fiercely refused a joint Governor-Generalship. Muhammad Ali Jinnah insisted on assuming the position himself for the Dominion of Pakistan, ensuring that Mountbatten served exclusively as the head of state for India until he finally departed in June 1948.

📌 Post-Independence

Q.28) Who holds the distinction of being the first and only Indian to serve as the Governor-General of independent India?

Ans > C. Rajagopalachari

A Unique Distinction: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, affectionately and universally known as Rajaji, holds the incredibly unique and massive historical distinction of being the first, and absolutely the only, Indian citizen to ever serve as the Governor-General of independent India.
Assuming the Highest Office: A towering intellectual, a staunch Gandhian, and a fiercely independent political thinker, Rajaji succeeded Lord Mountbatten in June 1948, assuming the absolute highest constitutional office in the newly independent Dominion during a period of massive national rebuilding.
A Distinguished Career: Before assuming this massive role, Rajagopalachari had already built an incredibly distinguished political career. He served as the Premier of the Madras Presidency in 1937, boldly proposed the controversial C.R. Formula to resolve the deadlock with the Muslim League, and served in the Interim Government.
Grace and Propriety: As Governor-General, Rajaji acted with immense grace, constitutional propriety, and massive dignity, overseeing the final, highly complex stages of the massive integration of the princely states and heavily assisting in the stabilization of a nation deeply traumatized by post-partition violence.
The End of the Era: His historic tenure officially and permanently ended on January 26, 1950. On this monumental day, the new Constitution of India formally came into effect, the nation proudly became a sovereign Republic, and the colonial-era office of the Governor-General was completely abolished and replaced by the democratically elected President of India (Dr. Rajendra Prasad).

📌 Integration of States

Q.29) The monumental task of politically integrating over 500 princely states into the newly formed Indian Union was spearheaded by which leader?

Ans > Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

The Threat of Balkanization: At the precise moment of Indian independence in 1947, the subcontinent was heavily fragmented, consisting of British Indian provinces and a staggering 565 semi-autonomous princely states, heavily threatening to deeply balkanize the newly independent nation into hundreds of fragmented, chaotic territories.
The Architect of Integration: The monumental, seemingly impossible task of politically and territorially integrating these diverse states into the Indian Union was brilliantly spearheaded by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, serving dynamically as India’s first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs.
Fierce Diplomacy: Universally revered as the ‘Iron Man of India,’ Patel, heavily assisted by his brilliant bureaucrat V.P. Menon, executed a massive, masterful campaign of fierce diplomacy, heavily combining intense persuasion, immense patriotism, and political pragmatism.
The Carrot and Stick Policy: He cleverly employed a highly successful ‘carrot and stick’ policy. The ‘carrot’ involved offering the royal rulers generous, tax-free privy purses and the retention of their massive personal properties and hollow titles in exchange for peacefully signing the formal Instrument of Accession.
A Bloodless Revolution: The ‘stick’ was the fierce, undeniable threat of massive popular uprisings by their own oppressed subjects (praja mandals) or swift military intervention by the formidable Indian Army if they foolishly refused. Through this brilliant strategy, Patel successfully integrated virtually all states peacefully before August 15, 1947, executing one of the most massive bloodless revolutions in human history.

📌 Integration of States

Q.30) While most princely states acceded smoothly, the integration of which state required a military police action known as ‘Operation Polo’ in September 1948?

Ans > Hyderabad

The Holdout State: In 1947, the massive, immensely wealthy, and strategically vital princely state of Hyderabad, ruled autocratically by Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan, fiercely refused to accede to the newly independent Indian Union, boldly declaring its intention to remain a completely independent, sovereign nation.
A Geopolitical Threat: Geographically, Hyderabad was deeply landlocked entirely within the very heart of the Indian peninsula. A fiercely hostile, independent nation in this location posed an absolutely massive, unacceptable threat to the geopolitical integrity and internal security of the Indian state.
The Terror of the Razakars: The situation rapidly deteriorated into massive chaos as the Nizam actively funded and heavily encouraged a brutal, fanatical private militia known as the Razakars, led by Kasim Razvi, who mercilessly terrorized the majority Hindu population and fiercely crushed any democratic uprisings demanding integration with India.
The Decision to Intervene: Having exhausted all massive diplomatic efforts and deeply concerned by the escalating, horrific violence and massive cross-border raids, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel decisively ordered the Indian Army to launch a swift, overwhelming military intervention in September 1948.
Operation Polo: Officially termed a “police action” and heavily codenamed ‘Operation Polo’ (due to the massive number of polo grounds in the state), the swift military campaign lasted a mere five days. The Nizam’s disorganized forces and the Razakar militia were decisively crushed, forcing the Nizam’s absolute, unconditional surrender and ensuring the complete, final integration of Hyderabad into India.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 100

INC 1931 (Karachi): Passed resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy.
INC 1929 (Lahore): Jawaharlal Nehru declared Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
Swaraj Party: Formed after the failure of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
First Indian Woman President: Sarojini Naidu presided over the INC.
Haripura Session 1938: Subhas Chandra Bose unanimously elected President.
Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna: Popularized as a nationalist war cry by Ramprasad Bismil.
Grand Old Man of India: Dadabhai Naoroji, famous for the Drain of Wealth theory.
The Bengalee: Newspaper founded by prominent moderate leader Surendranath Banerjea.
Abhinav Bharat (1904): Revolutionary secret society founded by V.D. Savarkar.
Kakori Train Robbery (1925): Executed by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
Assassination of Saunders: Killed by Bhagat Singh to avenge Lala Lajpat Rai’s death.
Chittagong Armoury Raid: Masterminded by ‘Masterda’ Surya Sen.
Champaran Satyagraha: Gandhi’s protest against the exploitative Tinkathia system.
Kheda Satyagraha: Organized prominently by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Jallianwala Bagh (1919): Took place on the day of the Baisakhi festival.
Chauri Chaura: Violent incident that caused Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Dandi March (1930): Protest directly targeting the oppressive British Salt Tax.
Quit India Movement: Launched in August 1942.
August Offer (1940): Issued by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow.
Quit India Resolution: Passed by the Congress Working Committee in Bombay.
Indian National Army: Originally formed by Captain Mohan Singh in Malaya.
1946 Mutiny: Massive revolt by the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) in Bombay.
Cabinet Mission (1946): Did NOT include Clement Attlee.
Direct Action Day: Observed on August 16, 1946 by the Muslim League.
Mountbatten Plan: Laid the formal procedure for the Partition of India.
Boundary Commissions: Chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
First Governor-General (Dominion): Lord Mountbatten remained after Independence.
First/Only Indian GG: C. Rajagopalachari.
Integration of States: Spearheaded by the ‘Iron Man’, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Operation Polo (1948): Military police action to integrate Hyderabad.

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Modern History Set 100

Q.1) The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted the resolution on ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy’ in its 1931 session. Where was this session held?

Q.2) Who was the President of the Indian National Congress during the historic 1929 Lahore session where the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution was passed?

Q.3) The Swaraj Party was formed in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru following the failure of which movement?

Q.4) Who among the following was the first Indian woman to preside over a session of the Indian National Congress?

Q.5) At the 1938 Haripura session of the Indian National Congress, who was unanimously elected as the President?

Q.6) The famous nationalist poem ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ was popularized by which revolutionary leader?

Q.7) Which prominent leader was affectionately known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?

Q.8) The English-language newspaper The Bengalee was founded and edited by which prominent moderate leader?

Q.9) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’ was founded in 1904 by whom?

Q.10) The daring Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was orchestrated by the members of which revolutionary group?

Q.11) Which British police officer was assassinated by Bhagat Singh and his associates in Lahore in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai?

Q.12) The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was masterminded by the revolutionary leader Surya Sen. He was popularly known as:

Q.13) Mahatma Gandhi’s first major experiment with Satyagraha on Indian soil was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). It was directed against which oppressive system?

Q.14) During the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, which young leader emerged as a trusted lieutenant of Mahatma Gandhi?

Q.15) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar took place on April 13, 1919, on the day of which major festival?

Q.16) The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 following a violent incident at which location?

Q.17) To launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi undertook the Dandi March to protest against which British law?

Q.18) The historic ‘Quit India’ movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in which month and year?

Q.19) The ‘August Offer’ of 1940, proposing Dominion Status for India after the war, was made by which British Viceroy?

Q.20) Following the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Q.21) The Indian National Army (INA) was originally organized in Malaya in 1942 by which former officer of the British Indian Army?

Q.22) In 1946, a massive mutiny against the British occurred in Bombay involving the ratings of which branch of the armed forces?

Q.23) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 proposed a complex structural plan for India. Which of the following British leaders was NOT a member of this mission?

Q.24) Frustrated by the political deadlock, the Muslim League called for “Direct Action Day” to demand an independent Pakistan. On what date was it observed?

Q.25) The plan that laid down the formal procedure for the partition of India into two independent dominions is widely known as what?

Q.26) Who was appointed as the chairman of the two boundary commissions tasked with demarcating the borders of India and Pakistan in 1947?

Q.27) Following independence on August 15, 1947, who was requested by the Indian leadership to continue as the first Governor-General of the Dominion of India?

Q.28) Who holds the distinction of being the first and only Indian to serve as the Governor-General of independent India?

Q.29) The monumental task of politically integrating over 500 princely states into the newly formed Indian Union was spearheaded by which leader?

Q.30) While most princely states acceded smoothly, the integration of which state required a military police action known as ‘Operation Polo’ in September 1948?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 100

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Q.1) The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted the resolution on ‘Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy’ in its 1931 session. Where was this session held?

Q.2) Who was the President of the Indian National Congress during the historic 1929 Lahore session where the ‘Purna Swaraj’ resolution was passed?

Q.3) The Swaraj Party was formed in 1923 by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru following the failure of which movement?

Q.4) Who among the following was the first Indian woman to preside over a session of the Indian National Congress?

Q.5) At the 1938 Haripura session of the Indian National Congress, who was unanimously elected as the President?

Q.6) The famous nationalist poem ‘Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna’ was popularized by which revolutionary leader?

Q.7) Which prominent leader was affectionately known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’?

Q.8) The English-language newspaper The Bengalee was founded and edited by which prominent moderate leader?

Q.9) The revolutionary organization ‘Abhinav Bharat Society’ was founded in 1904 by whom?

Q.10) The daring Kakori Train Robbery of 1925 was orchestrated by the members of which revolutionary group?

Q.11) Which British police officer was assassinated by Bhagat Singh and his associates in Lahore in 1928 to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai?

Q.12) The Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930 was masterminded by the revolutionary leader Surya Sen. He was popularly known as:

Q.13) Mahatma Gandhi’s first major experiment with Satyagraha on Indian soil was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917). It was directed against which oppressive system?

Q.14) During the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, which young leader emerged as a trusted lieutenant of Mahatma Gandhi?

Q.15) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar took place on April 13, 1919, on the day of which major festival?

Q.16) The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 following a violent incident at which location?

Q.17) To launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi undertook the Dandi March to protest against which British law?

Q.18) The historic ‘Quit India’ movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in which month and year?

Q.19) The ‘August Offer’ of 1940, proposing Dominion Status for India after the war, was made by which British Viceroy?

Q.20) Following the failure of the Cripps Mission, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quit India resolution at Gowalia Tank Maidan in which city?

Q.21) The Indian National Army (INA) was originally organized in Malaya in 1942 by which former officer of the British Indian Army?

Q.22) In 1946, a massive mutiny against the British occurred in Bombay involving the ratings of which branch of the armed forces?

Q.23) The Cabinet Mission of 1946 proposed a complex structural plan for India. Which of the following British leaders was NOT a member of this mission?

Q.24) Frustrated by the political deadlock, the Muslim League called for “Direct Action Day” to demand an independent Pakistan. On what date was it observed?

Q.25) The plan that laid down the formal procedure for the partition of India into two independent dominions is widely known as what?

Q.26) Who was appointed as the chairman of the two boundary commissions tasked with demarcating the borders of India and Pakistan in 1947?

Q.27) Following independence on August 15, 1947, who was requested by the Indian leadership to continue as the first Governor-General of the Dominion of India?

Q.28) Who holds the distinction of being the first and only Indian to serve as the Governor-General of independent India?

Q.29) The monumental task of politically integrating over 500 princely states into the newly formed Indian Union was spearheaded by which leader?

Q.30) While most princely states acceded smoothly, the integration of which state required a military police action known as ‘Operation Polo’ in September 1948?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 100

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