Modern History Set 10 | MROY Class

Modern History Set 10 Questions & Answers

Sarfaraz Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, was killed in 1740 at the Battle of Gheria by which leader? – Alivardi Khan
Which ruler established the independent state of Kerala in the 18th century? – Martanda Varma
The Jat kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith under the leadership of which ruler? – Suraj Mal
Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to which Sikh misl? – Sukarchakiya
Ali Muhammad Khan set up which petty kingdom in the Himalayan foothills? – Rohilakhand
Which Afghan leader set up an independent kingdom around Farrukhabad? – Mohammad Khan Bangash
‘Chatuspathis’ or ‘Tols’ were centers for higher education in which language? – Sanskrit
Which European missionary commented on the freedom of Hindu women? – Abbe Dubois
The famous Bara Imambara in Lucknow was built in 1784 by which Nawab of Awadh? – Asaf-ud-Daula
‘Risalo’, a famous collection of poems in Sindhi literature, was composed by whom? – Shah Abdul Latif
Mir Kasim agreed to cede half the share of the chunam trade of which region? – Sylhet
Who led the English forces to victory at the Battle of Buxar? – Major Hector Munro
Who was the minor son appointed as the Nawab of Bengal after Mir Jafar? – Najim-ud-daula
Under the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), what amount was the annual payment? – Rs 26 lakh
Which British official abolished the Dual System of government in Bengal in 1772? – Warren Hastings
Which treaty brought the First Anglo-Mysore War to a conclusion? – Treaty of Madras
During the Second Anglo-Mysore War, the English attempted the capture of which French possession? – Mahe
Haidar Ali was defeated at Porto Novo in November 1781 by which English general? – Sir Eyre Coote
Which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784? – Treaty of Mangalore
After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Mysore was handed over to which minor ruler? – Krishnaraja III
In 1831, which British Governor General took control of Mysore on grounds of misgovernance? – William Bentinck
Which British Viceroy restored the kingdom of Mysore in 1881? – Lord Ripon
What was the council of twelve Maratha chiefs called? – The Barabhai
The Treaty of Salbai guaranteed peace for how many years? – Twenty years
Who became the de facto ruler of the Holkar state after Jaswantrao Holkar? – Tulsi Bai
Peshwa Bajirao II became a British retainer at which location? – Bithur
Pratap Singh was made the ruler of which principality? – Satara
Lord Minto sent which envoy to Kabul? – Mountstuart Elphinstone
Who was the leader of the Talpuras during the conquest of Sindh? – Mir Fath Ali Khan
The Treaty of Yandabo recognized which state as independent? – Manipur

MROY Class

Modern History Set 10

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📌 Regional States • Bengal

Q.1) Sarfaraz Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, was killed in 1740 at the Battle of Gheria by which leader who subsequently assumed power?

Ans > Alivardi Khan

Background of Alivardi Khan: He was the deputy governor of Bihar under Nawab Shuja-ud-Din.
The Battle of Gheria: It took place in 1740, where Alivardi Khan defeated and killed Sarfaraz Khan, the then Nawab of Bengal, to usurp the throne.
Legitimacy: To legitimize his usurpation, Alivardi Khan paid a massive sum of two crore rupees to the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and secured a farman confirming him as the Nawab.
Reign highlights: His reign (1740-1756) was marked by continuous struggles against the Maratha invasions led by Raghuji Bhonsle, which severely drained the treasury of Bengal.
Administration: He was a capable administrator who maintained strict control over the European trading companies, explicitly forbidding them from fortifying their factories in Calcutta and Chandernagore, comparing them to a hive of bees that would yield honey if left alone but sting to death if disturbed.

📌 Regional States • Kerala

Q.2) Which ruler established the independent state of Kerala in the 18th century with Travancore as his capital?

Ans > Martanda Varma

Rise to Power: Martanda Varma ascended the throne in 1729 and is considered the maker of modern Travancore. He systematically crushed the rebellious Nair nobles (Ettuveetil Pillamar) and centralized the state’s administration.
Military Expansion: He organized a strong standing army drilled in the Western model and equipped with modern weapons, which he used to conquer and annex neighboring principalities like Quilon, Kayamkulam, and Changanassery.
Battle of Colachel (1741): A watershed moment in Indian history, he decisively defeated the Dutch East India Company at the Battle of Colachel, effectively ending Dutch political ambitions in the Malabar region.
Economic Policies: He constructed extensive irrigation works, roads, and canals for communication, heavily promoted foreign trade, and monopolized the pepper and spice trade to fill the state treasury.
Dedication of the State: In a brilliant political move, he dedicated his kingdom to the presiding deity, Sri Padmanabhaswamy, ruling as ‘Padmanabha Dasa’ (servant of the Lord), thereby cementing his divine right to rule and making rebellion a sin.

📌 Regional States • Jats

Q.3) The Jat kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith under the leadership of which ruler, who extended the state’s territory from the Ganga to the Chambal?

Ans > Suraj Mal

Title: Suraj Mal is often known as the ‘Plato of the Jat tribe’ and the ‘Jat Ulysses’ due to his extraordinary political sagacity, clear vision, and remarkable intellect.
Expansion of Territory: Under his brilliant leadership, the Jat state of Bharatpur reached its absolute zenith. His authority extended over a vast area encompassing Agra, Mathura, Meerut, Aligarh, Hathras, Rewari, and parts of modern-day Haryana.
Administrative Prowess: He was not just a great warrior but also an exceptional administrator. He successfully integrated rebellious zamindars and established a stable revenue system, leaving behind a completely full treasury upon his death in 1763.
Strategic Diplomacy: During the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), he initially allied with the Marathas but withdrew his forces after disagreements with the Maratha commander Sadashivrao Bhau over tactics, ultimately saving his army from destruction.
Architectural Contributions: He was a great builder who constructed the impregnable Lohagarh Fort (Iron Fort) in Bharatpur, which famously withstood numerous British sieges later, and the beautiful palaces at Deeg.

📌 Sikh Empire • Misls

Q.4) Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who brought the area from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his control, belonged to which Sikh misl?

Ans > Sukarchakiya

Early Life: Ranjit Singh was born in 1780 into the Sukarchakiya Misl, which was founded by his grandfather Charat Singh and later expanded by his father Maha Singh. The misl controlled the territory around Gujranwala.
Consolidation of Power: Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation in Punjab and the frequent Afghan invasions by Zaman Shah, a young Ranjit Singh captured Lahore in 1799 and Amritsar in 1802, becoming the undisputed leader of the region.
Treaty of Amritsar (1809): He signed a crucial treaty with the British (represented by Charles Metcalfe), establishing the Sutlej River as the boundary between his empire and the British territories, preventing him from expanding southwards but giving him a free hand in the north and west.
Military Modernization: He built the formidable Fauj-i-Khas, a highly modernized and disciplined army trained by European mercenaries (like Ventura and Allard) using French infantry and artillery models.
Secular Rule: His administration was notably secular, employing capable individuals from all religions. His trusted Prime Minister was Dhian Singh (a Dogra Rajput), and his Foreign Minister was Fakir Azizuddin (a Muslim).

📌 Post-Mughal States • Rohilakhand

Q.5) Taking advantage of the collapse of authority following Nadir Shah’s invasion, Ali Muhammad Khan set up which petty kingdom in the Himalayan foothills?

Ans > Rohilakhand

Origins of the State: Rohilakhand was established in the fertile region at the foothills of the Himalayas, located between the Ganga River and the Kumaon hills, by Afghan Rohilla tribesmen who migrated during the 18th century.
Rise of Ali Muhammad Khan: Following the devastating invasion of Nadir Shah in 1739, which completely shattered the central authority of the Mughal Empire, Ali Muhammad Khan capitalized on the ensuing chaos to carve out this independent principality.
Conflict with Awadh: The newly formed state of Rohilakhand was in a state of constant, bitter conflict with its powerful southern neighbor, the State of Awadh, as well as with the Jats and the Marathas, who frequently raided their territories for plunder.
Capital Cities: The political center of this kingdom initially shifted between Aonla and later to Bareilly and Rampur.
Downfall: The independence of the Rohillas was eventually crushed in the Rohilla War of 1774, when the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula, utilizing British troops provided by Warren Hastings, defeated them and annexed Rohilakhand to Awadh.

📌 Regional States • Farrukhabad

Q.6) Which Afghan leader set up an independent kingdom around Farrukhabad to the east of Delhi during the reigns of Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah?

Ans > Mohammad Khan Bangash

Establishment of Power: Mohammad Khan Bangash, a prominent and highly ambitious Afghan adventurer, systematically carved out an independent kingdom situated to the east of Delhi, centered around the city of Farrukhabad, during the reigns of Mughal Emperors Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah.
Strategic Location: The kingdom of Farrukhabad occupied a highly strategic and fertile tract of land in the Central Doab region (between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers), making it a lucrative prize and a center of regional commerce.
Constant Warfare: Bangash’s reign was characterized by almost perpetual warfare. He was frequently engaged in fierce military campaigns against the Marathas, the rival Afghan Rohillas to the north, and the powerful Nawab of Awadh (Saadat Khan and Safdar Jang) to the east.
Maratha Intervention: In 1728, the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I famously came to the rescue of the Bundela Rajput King Chhatrasal, utterly defeating Mohammad Khan Bangash and severely checking his expansionist ambitions in the Bundelkhand region.
Legacy: Despite the constant political turmoil and shifting alliances, the Bangash Nawabs contributed significantly to the urbanization of the region, founding several towns and promoting local trade networks.

📌 Culture • Education

Q.7) In 18th-century India, ‘Chatuspathis’ or ‘Tols’ in Bihar and Bengal were centers for higher education in which language?

Ans > Sanskrit

Traditional System: In 18th-century India, the educational landscape for higher Hindu learning was dominated by traditional institutions known as ‘Chatuspathis’ or ‘Tols’, which were particularly famous and widespread in the provinces of Bengal and Bihar.
Curriculum Focus: These centers were strictly dedicated to the advanced study of Sanskrit language, literature, and philosophy. The core curriculum rigorously covered subjects like ancient Hindu law (Smritis), logic (Nyaya), grammar (Vyakarana), and complex theological texts (Vedanta).
Famous Centers: The city of Nadia in Bengal was arguably the most celebrated and prestigious center for such learning, drawing students and scholars from all across the Indian subcontinent, functioning almost like a traditional university town.
Pedagogy and Funding: Education in these Tols was generally imparted entirely free of cost. The resident teachers (Pandits) maintained their students, and the institutions were financially sustained through philanthropic endowments, land grants (Brahmadeya), and generous donations from local zamindars and wealthy merchants.
Exclusion of Modern Science: While exceptional in preserving ancient classical traditions and philosophical rigor, these institutions completely excluded modern Western sciences, geography, or contemporary history, leading to an intellectual stagnation compared to the rapidly modernizing European world.

📌 Society • Culture

Q.8) Which European missionary commented in the early 19th century that a Hindu woman could go anywhere alone without fearing impertinent looks?

Ans > Abbe Dubois

Observer’s Background: Jean-Antoine Abbe Dubois was a prominent French Catholic missionary who lived in South India for over three decades (from 1792 to 1823), completely adopting the local dress, customs, and vegetarian diet to integrate into the society.
Detailed Documentation: He authored the famous and highly detailed book “Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies,” which remains one of the most comprehensive European accounts of 18th and early 19th-century Indian social life.
Commentary on Women: Contrary to the widespread Western stereotype of completely cloistered and oppressed Indian women, Dubois specifically noted that in many regions, especially among the working classes and in southern India, a Hindu woman could travel alone without the fear of impertinent looks or harassment.
Nuanced View: While he acknowledged this relative freedom of movement in public spaces, he also meticulously documented the stringent patriarchal norms, the severe restrictions on upper-caste widows, the practice of Sati in certain areas, and the general subservience expected of women within the household structure.
Historical Value: His observations are heavily relied upon by modern historians to construct a balanced, non-monolithic view of Indian society before the heavy imposition of Victorian morality by the British colonial administration.

📌 Architecture • Awadh

Q.9) The famous Bara Imambara in Lucknow was built in 1784 by which Nawab of Awadh?

Ans > Asaf-ud-Daula

Architectural Marvel: The Bara Imambara, literally translating to the “Large Shrine,” is an absolute masterpiece of Awadhi architecture, commissioned by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784 in the capital city of Lucknow.
Famine Relief Project: The construction of this massive complex was initiated primarily as a major famine relief measure. During a devastating famine that struck Awadh, the Nawab employed over 20,000 people to construct it, famously operating on the principle of giving employment rather than outright charity.
Unique Design Feature: The central hall of the Imambara is arguably the largest vaulted chamber in the world. Remarkably, the massive roof is built entirely without the support of a single beam, pillar, or any iron materials, relying solely on interlocking brickwork and an intricate system of acoustic arches.
The Bhool Bhulaiya: The upper floor of the monument houses the famous ‘Bhool Bhulaiya’, a highly complex, interconnected labyrinth of over a thousand narrow passageways and hundreds of identical doors, originally designed to support the massive weight of the roof while baffling intruders.
Cultural Significance: It stands as a profound symbol of the rich, refined Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (syncretic culture) of Lucknow and remains a central site for Shia Muslims during the mourning period of Muharram.

📌 Literature • Sindhi

Q.10) ‘Risalo’, a famous collection of poems in Sindhi literature, was composed by which literary figure?

Ans > Shah Abdul Latif

Literary Giant: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689–1752) is universally celebrated as the greatest poet, scholar, and saint of the Sindhi language, often compared to Rumi in his profound mystical and spiritual depth.
The ‘Shah Jo Risalo’: His magnum opus, the ‘Shah Jo Risalo’ (The Message of Shah), is an extensive, monumental collection of his poetic verses. It is not merely a book of poems but is considered the greatest treasure of Sindhi literature and culture.
Sufi Philosophy: His poetry is deeply rooted in the liberal, humanistic traditions of Sufism. He masterfully used local romantic folktales—such as Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, and Umar Marvi—as powerful allegorical vehicles to express the soul’s intense yearning for mystical union with the Divine.
Musical Structure: The Risalo is uniquely structured into various ‘Surs’ (musical chapters or modes), heavily indicating that Latif intended his poetry to be sung. He even invented a specific stringed instrument called the ‘Tambooro’ to accompany the recitation of his verses.
Social Impact: Latif’s work transcended religious boundaries, promoting a message of universal love, tolerance, and the equality of all human beings, making his shrine at Bhit Shah a major center of pilgrimage for both Muslims and Hindus in the region.

📌 British Expansion • Bengal

Q.11) Under the treaty of 1760 between Mir Kasim and the English Company, Mir Kasim agreed to cede half the share of the chunam trade of which region to the Company?

Ans > Sylhet

Context of the Treaty: In 1760, the British East India Company orchestrated a bloodless coup, deposing Mir Jafar and placing his ambitious son-in-law, Mir Kasim, on the throne of Bengal, after signing a highly lucrative secret treaty.
Territorial Cessions: Under this treaty, Mir Kasim had to cede the revenue-rich districts of Burdwan, Midnapur, and Chittagong to the Company, ostensibly to meet their massive military expenses.
The Sylhet Concession: A crucial, often overlooked clause in this treaty was the commercial concession regarding Sylhet. Mir Kasim explicitly agreed to cede a half share in the incredibly profitable chunam (limestone) trade of the Sylhet region to the English Company.
Importance of Chunam: Limestone was a highly prized strategic commodity during this era, essential for producing mortar used in the rapid construction of European forts, factories, and urban settlements in Calcutta and across the growing British empire in India.
Consequences: This concession further crippled the native economy and drained the Nawab’s treasury. It allowed British officials, heavily engaging in private trade, to aggressively monopolize local markets, which eventually became a major flashpoint leading to Mir Kasim’s rebellion and the subsequent Battle of Buxar.

📌 British Expansion • Battles

Q.12) Who led the English forces to victory against the combined armies of Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, and Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar?

Ans > Major Hector Munro

Historical Context: The Battle of Buxar, fought on October 22, 1764, was a highly decisive military engagement that firmly established British paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent.
The Combined Indian Forces: The English East India Company faced a massive, formidable confederacy comprising the armies of the deposed Nawab of Bengal (Mir Kasim), the Nawab of Awadh (Shuja-ud-Daulah), and the reigning Mughal Emperor (Shah Alam II).
Leadership of Munro: Major Hector Munro brilliantly commanded the relatively small but highly disciplined and modernized British force. Through superior artillery deployment, strict infantry volley fire, and tactical discipline, he utterly routed the much larger, but disjointed and poorly coordinated Indian confederate army.
Significance of the Victory: Unlike the Battle of Plassey (which was essentially won through bribery and treachery), the Battle of Buxar was a pure military victory. It definitively proved the absolute superiority of modern European military tactics over traditional Indian warfare.
Political Aftermath: The victory at Buxar made the British the unquestioned masters of the entire Gangetic valley. It led directly to the signing of the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, which legally transformed the Company from mere traders into the sovereign rulers of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

📌 British Expansion • Bengal

Q.13) Following the death of Mir Jafar, who was the minor son appointed as the Nawab of Bengal, leaving real power in the hands of the naib-subahdar?

Ans > Najim-ud-daula

Succession Crisis: Following the death of the completely subservient Nawab Mir Jafar in 1765, the British East India Company needed a compliant figurehead on the throne of Bengal to maintain their facade of indirect rule.
Installation of a Minor: They deliberately chose Najim-ud-daula, the minor son of Mir Jafar, installing him as the new Nawab. This move was a calculated strategy to ensure the Nawab had absolutely zero independent political or military will.
Transfer of Power: Upon his accession, Najim-ud-daula was forced to sign a new treaty. He had to disband his entire native army (except for a few guards) and completely surrender the ‘Nizamat’ (military and criminal jurisdiction) functions to the British.
The Naib-Subahdar: The treaty explicitly mandated that the actual administration of Bengal would be run by a Deputy Subahdar (Naib-Subahdar), who could only be appointed or dismissed with the strict approval of the British Company.
Establishment of the Dual System: This arrangement, masterminded by Robert Clive, laid the foundation for the infamous Dual System of Government in Bengal. The British held all the real power and revenue (Diwani), while the minor Nawab was left with the empty responsibility of governance without any resources.

📌 Treaties • Allahabad

Q.14) Under the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company in lieu of an annual payment of what amount?

Ans > Rs 26 lakh

The Agreement: The Treaty of Allahabad was negotiated in 1765 by Lord Robert Clive following the decisive British victory at the Battle of Buxar. It was signed with the defeated Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II.
Granting of the Diwani: In a historic and monumental shift of power, the Emperor issued a farman (imperial decree) officially granting the Diwani rights—the legal authority to collect land revenues and decide civil cases—of the immensely wealthy provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa directly to the East India Company.
The Financial Terms: In exchange for this massive transfer of economic power, the Company agreed to pay the Mughal Emperor a fixed annual tribute of exactly Rs 26 lakh.
Districts for the Emperor: Furthermore, the districts of Kora and Allahabad, which were stripped away from the defeated Nawab of Awadh (Shuja-ud-Daulah), were handed over to Emperor Shah Alam II to support his imperial household in exile.
Legalizing British Rule: This treaty was a diplomatic masterstroke. It legally legitimized the Company’s control over Bengal in the eyes of the Indian populace. The Company was no longer a mere band of foreign merchants, but the official, legally recognized revenue administrators of the Mughal Empire.

📌 British Administration • Bengal

Q.15) Which British official abolished the Dual System of government in Bengal in 1772?

Ans > Warren Hastings

The Dual System’s Failure: The Dual System, instituted by Robert Clive in 1765, created a disastrous administrative vacuum. The British Company held the financial power but took no responsibility for the welfare of the people, while the Nawab had the responsibility but no money.
Devastating Consequences: This system led to horrific, unchecked exploitation of the peasantry by native revenue collectors and British officials alike, culminating in the catastrophic Great Bengal Famine of 1770, which wiped out approximately one-third of the region’s population.
Hastings Takes Charge: In 1772, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor of Bengal with strict, explicit orders from the Court of Directors in London to completely dismantle this failing system and “stand forth as Diwan.”
Direct Administration: Hastings swiftly abolished the Dual System. He stripped the native Naib-Diwans (like Reza Khan in Bengal and Shitab Roy in Bihar) of their powers and prosecuted them for corruption, bringing the entire revenue and judicial administration directly under the direct control of British officials.
Administrative Reforms: To centralize power, Hastings officially moved the treasury from Murshidabad (the old Nawabi capital) to Calcutta, transforming Calcutta into the undisputed political and economic capital of British India.

📌 Anglo-Mysore Wars • First War

Q.16) Which treaty, signed in April 1769, brought the First Anglo-Mysore War to a conclusion?

Ans > Treaty of Madras

Origins of the Conflict: The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) erupted due to the aggressive British attempts to form a hostile military alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to crush the rising, formidable power of Haidar Ali of Mysore.
Haidar’s Brilliant Diplomacy: Haidar Ali demonstrated exceptional diplomatic skill. He successfully broke the British alliance, heavily bribing the Marathas to remain neutral and convincing the Nizam to temporarily join his side against the English.
The Military Campaign: Haidar Ali launched a devastatingly fast, highly mobile offensive, totally outmaneuvering the slow-moving British forces. He pushed the English army entirely out of his territory and rapidly advanced to the very gates of Madras, throwing the British authorities into a state of sheer panic.
The Dictated Treaty: Terrified of the complete destruction of their primary settlement, the British were forced to sue for peace. Haidar Ali effectively dictated the terms of the Treaty of Madras in April 1769.
Key Provisions: The treaty stipulated a mutual restitution of all conquered territories. Crucially, it included a strict defensive alliance clause, wherein the British promised to militarily assist Haidar Ali if he was ever attacked by a third party (specifically anticipating a Maratha invasion).

📌 Anglo-Mysore Wars • Second War

Q.17) During the Second Anglo-Mysore War, Haidar Ali’s friendship with the French caused concern to the English, leading them to attempt the capture of which French possession on the Malabar Coast?

Ans > Mahe

Geopolitical Context: During the late 1770s, the American War of Independence was raging globally, placing the British and the French on opposing sides. This global conflict rapidly spilled over into the Indian subcontinent.
Strategic Importance of Mahe: Mahe was a small but highly strategic French port settlement located on the Malabar Coast. It was absolutely crucial for Haidar Ali, as it was his primary conduit for receiving modern European arms, ammunition, and French military advisors.
British Aggression: In 1779, seeking to cut off Haidar Ali’s supply lines and eliminate French influence in India, the English forces deliberately marched through Mysore territory and boldly captured the French possession of Mahe.
Haidar’s Retaliation: Haidar Ali was completely infuriated by this blatant violation of his territorial sovereignty. He correctly viewed the British capture of Mahe as a direct assault on his own authority and a severe threat to his military logistics.
Outbreak of War: This provocation was the immediate trigger for the devastating Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784). Haidar Ali formed a grand anti-British alliance with the Marathas and the Nizam, sweeping down into the Carnatic region with a massive army and inflicting severe, humiliating defeats on the English forces.

📌 Anglo-Mysore Wars • Battles

Q.18) Despite his initial successes, Haidar Ali was defeated at Porto Novo in November 1781 by which English general?

Ans > Sir Eyre Coote

Initial Disasters for the British: The Second Anglo-Mysore War began disastrously for the British. In 1780, Haidar Ali’s highly mobile forces completely annihilated an English detachment commanded by Colonel Baillie at the Battle of Pollilur, causing widespread panic in Madras.
Dispatch of Eyre Coote: Recognizing the extreme gravity of the situation, the Governor-General, Warren Hastings, immediately suspended the corrupt Governor of Madras and dispatched the highly experienced veteran, Sir Eyre Coote, from Calcutta with reinforcements to take supreme command of the southern army.
The Battle of Porto Novo: In November 1781, Sir Eyre Coote finally managed to bring Haidar Ali’s elusive forces to a major pitched battle at Porto Novo (modern-day Parangipettai) on the Coromandel coast.
The Turning Point: Despite being heavily outnumbered, Coote’s brilliant tactical maneuvers, combined with superior British artillery fire and strict infantry discipline, inflicted a severe and highly crucial defeat upon Haidar Ali’s forces.
Strategic Impact: This decisive victory at Porto Novo shattered Haidar Ali’s aura of invincibility. It prevented him from capturing the vital port of Cuddalore, stabilized the crumbling British position in the Carnatic, and ultimately saved the Madras Presidency from total collapse.

📌 Treaties • Mysore

Q.19) Following Haidar Ali’s death and an inconclusive continuation of the war by Tipu Sultan, which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784?

Ans > Treaty of Mangalore

War of Attrition: The Second Anglo-Mysore War had devolved into a grueling, highly exhausting stalemate. Haidar Ali passed away from cancer in 1782, but his son, Tipu Sultan, vigorously continued the campaign, capturing the British commander General Mathews.
Global Influences: The signing of the Treaty of Versailles (1783) ended the global war between Britain and France. Consequently, the French forces in India withdrew their critical naval and ground support from Tipu Sultan, significantly weakening his strategic position.
Mutual Exhaustion: Both the British East India Company and the state of Mysore were financially drained and militarily exhausted from four years of relentless, devastating warfare across the peninsula.
Negotiations at Mangalore: Realizing that neither side could achieve a decisive, total victory, they initiated peace negotiations, culminating in the Treaty of Mangalore signed in March 1784.
Terms of the Treaty: The treaty was essentially a compromise based on the status quo ante bellum. It mandated the mutual restitution of all territories conquered during the war and the release of all prisoners of war. It was viewed as a diplomatic victory for Tipu, as the British had to formally recognize him as an equal sovereign power.

📌 Anglo-Mysore Wars • Fourth War

Q.20) After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under which minor ruler?

Ans > Krishnaraja III

Fall of Seringapatam: The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799 culminated in the dramatic siege and fall of the capital, Seringapatam, and the heroic death of Tipu Sultan while defending his fortress against the British forces led by Arthur Wellesley.
Dismemberment of Mysore: The victorious British systematically dismantled Tipu’s massive empire. They annexed the highly lucrative coastal districts of Kanara, Coimbatore, and Wayanad for themselves, completely landlocking the remaining state. They also handed over significant chunks of northern territory to their ally, the Nizam of Hyderabad.
The Restoration Strategy: Rather than annexing the entire state directly, the Governor-General, Lord Wellesley, strategically decided to restore the central, core territories of Mysore to the ancient, original Hindu ruling dynasty, the Wodeyars, whom Haidar Ali had previously deposed.
Installing the Minor King: The British placed a five-year-old child, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, on the throne of this newly truncated, landlocked state.
Subsidiary Alliance: This restoration was entirely conditional. The young ruler was instantly forced to sign a strict Subsidiary Alliance treaty, completely surrendering his foreign policy to the British and agreeing to pay a massive annual subsidy for the maintenance of British troops stationed within his kingdom, rendering Mysore a heavily dependent vassal state.

📌 British Administration • Mysore

Q.21) In 1831, which British Governor General took control of Mysore from the Wodeyar dynasty on grounds of misgovernance?

Ans > William Bentinck

Background of Misrule: By the late 1820s, the administration of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III in Mysore had severely deteriorated. Heavy taxation and oppressive revenue collection methods led to widespread agrarian distress and massive peasant discontent across the state.
The Nagar Rebellion: This deep-seated rural frustration eventually exploded into an armed, full-scale peasant uprising in 1830, heavily concentrated in the Nagar region of Mysore, severely threatening the stability of the entire kingdom.
British Intervention: Citing a specific clause in the original 1799 Subsidiary Alliance treaty that allowed the British to intervene directly in cases of severe financial mismanagement or failure to pay the military subsidy, the East India Company decided to act.
Bentinck’s Action: In 1831, the highly reformist British Governor-General, Lord William Bentinck, officially took over the complete civil and military administration of Mysore, effectively stripping the Maharaja of all governing powers, though allowing him to retain his royal title and a lavish pension.
British Commissioners: For the next fifty years, the state of Mysore was governed directly by a succession of highly capable British Chief Commissioners (most notably Sir Mark Cubbon), who thoroughly modernized the administration, built infrastructure, and stabilized the revenue system.

📌 British Administration • Restoration

Q.22) Which British Viceroy restored the kingdom of Mysore to its original ruler in 1881?

Ans > Lord Ripon

The Petition for Restoration: After decades of direct British administrative rule, the deposed Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar III continuously petitioned the British Crown, successfully fighting a long, highly persistent legal and political battle in London to have his kingdom restored to his adopted heir.
Policy Shift: Following the massive trauma of the 1857 Revolt, the British Crown heavily shifted its colonial policy. They abandoned the aggressive annexation strategies of Dalhousie and decided to actively support and preserve loyal native princely states as conservative buffers for the Empire.
The Act of Rendition: In 1881, acting on the progressive policies of the Liberal government in Britain, Viceroy Lord Ripon officially carried out the “Rendition of Mysore,” a highly celebrated historical event.
Installation of Chamarajendra: The state was formally handed back to the adopted son, Maharaja Chamarajendra Wodeyar X. This marked one of the extremely rare instances where the British willingly voluntarily returned a massive, fully functioning administered state to native rule.
Condition of Modernity: The restoration came with strict, binding conditions. The new Maharaja was mandated to maintain the modern, efficient administrative framework, the reformed judicial system, and the revenue infrastructure that the British commissioners had meticulously built up over the previous fifty years.

📌 Maratha Empire • Administration

Q.23) Following the assassination of Narayanrao, twelve Maratha chiefs made an effort to name the infant ‘Sawai’ Madhavrao as the new peshwa. What was this council of chiefs called?

Ans > The Barabhai

The Murder of Narayanrao: In 1773, the young and energetic Maratha Peshwa, Narayanrao, was brutally assassinated in his own palace in Pune. This horrific murder was orchestrated by his ambitious and highly unscrupulous uncle, Raghunathrao (Raghoba), who immediately seized the throne for himself.
The Loyalist Backlash: Raghunathrao’s usurpation caused massive outrage and deep disgust among the prominent Maratha nobility and administrators. In response, a powerful coalition of loyalist ministers and military generals was formed to overthrow the usurper.
Formation of the Barabhai: This coalition, comprising exactly twelve prominent Maratha chiefs, became famously known as the ‘Barabhai’ (The Twelve Brothers) council. The council was brilliantly spearheaded by the incredibly astute diplomat and statesman, Nana Phadnavis, and heavily supported by the formidable military commander, Mahadji Scindia.
Proclaiming the Infant Peshwa: When Narayanrao’s widow, Gangabai, gave birth to a posthumous son, the Barabhai council immediately proclaimed the infant, ‘Sawai’ Madhavrao, as the legitimate new Peshwa, entirely rejecting Raghunathrao’s illegal claims.
The First Anglo-Maratha War: Driven out of Pune by the Barabhai, a desperate Raghunathrao sought military assistance from the British in Bombay, signing the infamous Treaty of Surat (1775). This treacherous act directly dragged the British into Maratha internal politics, triggering the lengthy and highly destructive First Anglo-Maratha War.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars • Treaty

Q.24) The Treaty of Salbai, which concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War in 1782, guaranteed peace between the English and the Marathas for how many years?

Ans > Twenty years

A War of Exhaustion: The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) was a protracted, highly disorganized conflict. The British forces suffered severe early humiliating defeats (like the Convention of Wadgaon), but under the direct intervention of Warren Hastings from Calcutta, they managed to capture key Maratha strongholds in Gujarat and Gwalior.
Mediation by Scindia: Realizing the immense financial drain of the war and heavily preoccupied with the simultaneous threat from Haidar Ali in Mysore, the British sought peace. The formidable Maratha chief, Mahadji Scindia, acted as the primary mediator between the Barabhai council and the English Company.
Signing the Treaty: The exhaustive negotiations culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Salbai in May 1782, establishing a highly crucial compromise between the two greatest powers in the subcontinent.
Key Terms: The British officially recognized the infant Sawai Madhavrao as the legitimate Peshwa and finally abandoned the cause of the usurper Raghunathrao, granting him a pension. The British retained control of the strategic island of Salsette (near Bombay).
The 20-Year Peace: The most vital clause was the absolute guarantee of peace between the British and the Maratha Empire for exactly twenty years. This allowed the British to completely isolate their enemies and focus their entire military might on completely destroying the Kingdom of Mysore.

📌 Maratha Empire • Holkars

Q.25) After the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, who became the de facto ruler of the state as his favorite mistress, heavily influenced by men like Balram Seth and Amir Khan?

Ans > Tulsi Bai

The Decline of the Holkars: After the tragic madness and subsequent death of the great Maratha warrior Jaswantrao Holkar in 1811, the powerful Holkar state based in Indore plunged into severe administrative chaos and internal factionalism.
Rise of Tulsi Bai: In the absence of a strong male heir, Tulsi Bai, who was the favorite and highly influential mistress of Jaswantrao, managed to seize control of the administration and became the de facto ruler (Regent) of the massive state on behalf of a minor prince.
Internal Turmoil: Her reign was incredibly turbulent. She was highly intelligent but heavily dependent on corrupt favorites like her minister Balram Seth and the notorious Pindari leader, Amir Khan. This caused massive resentment among the traditional Maratha military commanders within her own army.
The Eve of War: As the British forces under Lord Hastings aggressively moved to encircle and destroy the Pindaris in 1817, Tulsi Bai engaged in secret, highly controversial negotiations with the English to secure her own position in exchange for placing the Holkar state under British protection.
Assassination: When the fiercely anti-British factions within the Holkar army discovered her secret negotiations, they mutinied. On the very eve of the decisive Battle of Mahidpur (1817), her own military commanders brutally assassinated Tulsi Bai, beheading her and throwing her body into the Shipra river.

📌 Anglo-Maratha Wars • Third War

Q.26) Following his final surrender in June 1818, which concluded the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Peshwa Bajirao II became a British retainer at which location?

Ans > Bithur

The Final Conflict: The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) was the final, decisive clash between the British Empire and the Maratha Confederacy. It was primarily triggered by Peshwa Bajirao II’s desperate, deeply flawed attempt to completely shake off the suffocating British yoke and the restrictive Subsidiary Alliance he had signed at Bassein.
Crushing Defeats: The Peshwa’s forces were swiftly and brutally defeated by the highly modernized British armies in a rapid series of critical battles at Khadki, Koregaon, and finally Ashti.
Complete Surrender: Hunted across the Deccan peninsula and realizing his cause was absolutely hopeless, Bajirao II finally surrendered to the British general, Sir John Malcolm, in June 1818.
Abolition of the Peshwaship: To ensure the Marathas could never rise again, the British took the drastic, highly symbolic step of completely abolishing the centuries-old title and office of the Peshwa. His massive dominions in the Deccan were entirely annexed to form the Bombay Presidency.
Exile to Bithur: Bajirao II was granted a very lavish annual pension of eight lakh rupees and was permanently exiled to a small, heavily monitored estate at Bithur, located near Kanpur in northern India, far away from his traditional power base in Pune.

📌 Maratha Empire • Satara

Q.27) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, Pratap Singh was made the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was the name of this principality?

Ans > Satara

British Strategic Calculus: Following the total destruction of the Maratha Confederacy and the permanent exile of the Peshwa in 1818, the British faced a massive challenge in entirely pacifying the intensely proud and volatile Maratha population of the Deccan.
Creating a Buffer State: To appease the strong local Maratha sentiment and totally delegitimize the legacy of the deposed Peshwas (who were originally merely the Prime Ministers), the British decided to strategically resurrect the ancient royal house of Shivaji.
Carving out Satara: The British deliberately carved out a small, completely dependent principality centered around the historical city of Satara from the vast, newly conquered territories of the Peshwa.
Installing Pratap Singh: They placed Pratap Singh, who was a direct, legitimate descendant of Chhatrapati Shivaji, on the throne of this newly created state. This brilliant political theater was designed to show that the British were merely removing the “usurping” Peshwas and restoring the “true” kings.
Strict Vassalage: Despite the grand titles, Pratap Singh was kept under extremely strict British control. A British political resident essentially dictated all his policies. When Pratap Singh later attempted to assert genuine independence, the British swiftly deposed him in 1839 and later entirely annexed the state of Satara under Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse in 1848.

📌 Foreign Policy • Envoys

Q.28) In 1808–09, Lord Minto sent which envoy to Kabul to forge an alliance and counteract a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Ans > Mountstuart Elphinstone

The Napoleonic Threat: In the early 19th century (specifically 1807-1808), the British Empire in India was gripped by a massive, overarching fear of a combined Franco-Russian military invasion. The Treaty of Tilsit signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Tsar Alexander I of Russia made this threat seem incredibly imminent.
Lord Minto’s Defensive Strategy: To counter this perceived existential threat, the Governor-General, Lord Minto, aggressively adopted a forward defensive policy. He decided to send highly skilled diplomatic envoys to all the independent buffer states lying between India and the advancing European powers.
Mission to Afghanistan: In 1808, Lord Minto dispatched the brilliant young diplomat, Mountstuart Elphinstone, to the court of the powerful Afghan ruler, Shah Shuja, located in Kabul.
Objective of the Mission: Elphinstone’s primary, critical objective was to forge a strong, defensive military alliance with the Afghans, securing a firm promise that they would fiercely oppose any French or Russian armies attempting to march through Afghan passes to invade British India.
Outcome: Elphinstone successfully concluded a treaty of friendship with Shah Shuja in 1809. However, the alliance proved practically useless as Shah Shuja was almost immediately overthrown by internal rebellions. Nevertheless, Elphinstone’s mission resulted in the creation of a highly detailed, seminal book, “An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul,” which heavily influenced British intelligence for decades.

📌 Regional States • Sindh

Q.29) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh, sending the Kallora prince into exile. Who was the leader of the Talpuras during this conquest?

Ans > Mir Fath Ali Khan

The Kallora Dynasty: For much of the 18th century, the highly strategic and wealthy region of Sindh was ruled by the Kallora dynasty. However, by the late 1770s, their rule had become incredibly tyrannical, weak, and deeply unpopular among the local Baloch tribes.
Rise of the Talpuras: The Talpuras, a fierce and heavily armed Baloch tribe who originally served as mercenaries and military commanders for the Kalloras, rose in a massive, coordinated rebellion against their oppressive masters.
Victory of Mir Fath Ali Khan: In 1783, under the brilliant and aggressive military leadership of Mir Fath Ali Khan, the Talpuras decisively defeated the Kallora forces. They completely usurped power, permanently sending the last Kallora prince into miserable exile.
Confirmation of Rule: To legitimize his new dynasty, Mir Fath Ali Khan quickly obtained a sanad (official decree) from the Afghan ruler, Zaman Shah, officially confirming him as the legitimate ruler of Sindh.
The Char Yar System: Upon consolidating his absolute power, Mir Fath Ali Khan instituted a highly unique, deeply decentralized system of governance. He shared his absolute sovereign power with his three brothers. These four rulers became collectively and famously known as the ‘Char Yar’ (The Four Friends), laying the foundation for the rule of the Amirs of Sindh.

📌 Anglo-Burmese Wars • Treaty

Q.30) The Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, forced the Burmese government to recognize which state as independent?

Ans > Manipur

The First Anglo-Burmese War: The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) was an incredibly costly, brutally difficult conflict triggered by the aggressive, unchecked expansion of the powerful Burmese Empire into the northeastern frontier regions of India, heavily threatening British Assam and Bengal.
Burmese Occupation: Prior to the war, the Burmese forces had utterly devastated the region. They had invaded and brutally occupied Assam, the Brahmaputra valley, and the independent kingdom of Manipur, committing massive atrocities and heavily depopulating the area.
The British Victory: After two years of horrific jungle warfare and massive casualties primarily due to tropical diseases, the British forces finally managed to decisively defeat the Burmese army and advanced perilously close to the Burmese capital of Ava.
Terms of Yandabo: The totally defeated Burmese were forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Yandabo in February 1826. They had to pay a massive war indemnity of one crore rupees and permanently cede the crucial coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British.
Liberation of Manipur: A highly critical political clause in the treaty explicitly forced the Burmese King to completely renounce all his territorial claims over Assam, Cachar, and Jaintia. Furthermore, the Burmese were legally forced to formally recognize Manipur as a completely independent state, officially ending their brutal occupation of the kingdom.

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 10

Bengal: Alivardi Khan killed Sarfaraz Khan at Gheria (1740).
Kerala: Martanda Varma established the independent state of Travancore.
Jats: Suraj Mal took the Jat kingdom of Bharatpur to its absolute zenith.
Sikh Empire: Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to the Sukarchakiya misl.
Rohilakhand: Ali Muhammad Khan set up the kingdom in the Himalayan foothills.
Farrukhabad: Afghan leader Mohammad Khan Bangash established his kingdom here.
Education: Chatuspathis/Tols in Bengal and Bihar were centers for Sanskrit.
Society: Abbe Dubois noted the relative freedom of Hindu women.
Architecture: Asaf-ud-Daula built the Bara Imambara in Lucknow (1784).
Literature: Shah Abdul Latif composed the Sindhi masterpiece ‘Risalo’.
Bengal Treaties: Mir Kasim ceded Sylhet’s chunam trade in 1760.
Battle of Buxar: Major Hector Munro led the English forces to a massive victory.
Post-Mir Jafar: Minor son Najim-ud-daula became the Nawab of Bengal.
Treaty of Allahabad: Company got Diwani rights for an annual payment of Rs 26 lakh.
Dual System: Abolished completely by Warren Hastings in 1772.
First Mysore War: Concluded by the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
Second Mysore War: Triggered partly by the English capture of French Mahe.
Porto Novo: Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated Haidar Ali in 1781.
Second Mysore War End: Concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.
Fourth Mysore War: Mysore restored to Krishnaraja III (Wodeyar dynasty).
Mysore Misgovernance: William Bentinck took control of Mysore in 1831.
Mysore Restoration: Lord Ripon restored the kingdom in 1881.
Marathas: The Barabhai council (12 chiefs) governed for the infant Peshwa.
Treaty of Salbai: Guaranteed English-Maratha peace for twenty solid years.
Holkar State: Tulsi Bai became the de facto ruler after Jaswantrao Holkar.
Third Maratha War: Bajirao II exiled as a British retainer to Bithur.
Satara: Pratap Singh was made the ruler of this newly formed principality.
Foreign Envoys: Mountstuart Elphinstone sent to Kabul by Lord Minto.
Sindh: Mir Fath Ali Khan led the Talpuras to victory in 1783.
Burmese Wars: Treaty of Yandabo (1826) recognized Manipur’s independence.

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Modern History Set 10

Q.1) Sarfaraz Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, was killed in 1740 at the Battle of Gheria by which leader who subsequently assumed power?

Q.2) Which ruler established the independent state of Kerala in the 18th century with Travancore as his capital?

Q.3) The Jat kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith under the leadership of which ruler, who extended the state’s territory from the Ganga to the Chambal?

Q.4) Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who brought the area from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his control, belonged to which Sikh misl?

Q.5) Taking advantage of the collapse of authority following Nadir Shah’s invasion, Ali Muhammad Khan set up which petty kingdom in the Himalayan foothills?

Q.6) Which Afghan leader set up an independent kingdom around Farrukhabad to the east of Delhi during the reigns of Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah?

Q.7) In 18th-century India, ‘Chatuspathis’ or ‘Tols’ in Bihar and Bengal were centers for higher education in which language?

Q.8) Which European missionary commented in the early 19th century that a Hindu woman could go anywhere alone without fearing impertinent looks?

Q.9) The famous Bara Imambara in Lucknow was built in 1784 by which Nawab of Awadh?

Q.10) ‘Risalo’, a famous collection of poems in Sindhi literature, was composed by which literary figure?

Q.11) Under the treaty of 1760 between Mir Kasim and the English Company, Mir Kasim agreed to cede half the share of the chunam trade of which region to the Company?

Q.12) Who led the English forces to victory against the combined armies of Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, and Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar?

Q.13) Following the death of Mir Jafar, who was the minor son appointed as the Nawab of Bengal, leaving real power in the hands of the naib-subahdar?

Q.14) Under the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company in lieu of an annual payment of what amount?

Q.15) Which British official abolished the Dual System of government in Bengal in 1772?

Q.16) Which treaty, signed in April 1769, brought the First Anglo-Mysore War to a conclusion?

Q.17) During the Second Anglo-Mysore War, Haidar Ali’s friendship with the French caused concern to the English, leading them to attempt the capture of which French possession on the Malabar Coast?

Q.18) Despite his initial successes, Haidar Ali was defeated at Porto Novo in November 1781 by which English general?

Q.19) Following Haidar Ali’s death and an inconclusive continuation of the war by Tipu Sultan, which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784?

Q.20) After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under which minor ruler?

Q.21) In 1831, which British Governor General took control of Mysore from the Wodeyar dynasty on grounds of misgovernance?

Q.22) Which British Viceroy restored the kingdom of Mysore to its original ruler in 1881?

Q.23) Following the assassination of Narayanrao, twelve Maratha chiefs made an effort to name the infant ‘Sawai’ Madhavrao as the new peshwa. What was this council of chiefs called?

Q.24) The Treaty of Salbai, which concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War in 1782, guaranteed peace between the English and the Marathas for how many years?

Q.25) After the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, who became the de facto ruler of the state as his favorite mistress, heavily influenced by men like Balram Seth and Amir Khan?

Q.26) Following his final surrender in June 1818, which concluded the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Peshwa Bajirao II became a British retainer at which location?

Q.27) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, Pratap Singh was made the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was the name of this principality?

Q.28) In 1808–09, Lord Minto sent which envoy to Kabul to forge an alliance and counteract a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Q.29) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh, sending the Kallora prince into exile. Who was the leader of the Talpuras during this conquest?

Q.30) The Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, forced the Burmese government to recognize which state as independent?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 10

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Q.1) Sarfaraz Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, was killed in 1740 at the Battle of Gheria by which leader who subsequently assumed power?

Q.2) Which ruler established the independent state of Kerala in the 18th century with Travancore as his capital?

Q.3) The Jat kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith under the leadership of which ruler, who extended the state’s territory from the Ganga to the Chambal?

Q.4) Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who brought the area from the Sutlej to the Jhelum under his control, belonged to which Sikh misl?

Q.5) Taking advantage of the collapse of authority following Nadir Shah’s invasion, Ali Muhammad Khan set up which petty kingdom in the Himalayan foothills?

Q.6) Which Afghan leader set up an independent kingdom around Farrukhabad to the east of Delhi during the reigns of Farrukhsiyar and Muhammad Shah?

Q.7) In 18th-century India, ‘Chatuspathis’ or ‘Tols’ in Bihar and Bengal were centers for higher education in which language?

Q.8) Which European missionary commented in the early 19th century that a Hindu woman could go anywhere alone without fearing impertinent looks?

Q.9) The famous Bara Imambara in Lucknow was built in 1784 by which Nawab of Awadh?

Q.10) ‘Risalo’, a famous collection of poems in Sindhi literature, was composed by which literary figure?

Q.11) Under the treaty of 1760 between Mir Kasim and the English Company, Mir Kasim agreed to cede half the share of the chunam trade of which region to the Company?

Q.12) Who led the English forces to victory against the combined armies of Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah, and Shah Alam II at the Battle of Buxar?

Q.13) Following the death of Mir Jafar, who was the minor son appointed as the Nawab of Bengal, leaving real power in the hands of the naib-subahdar?

Q.14) Under the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company in lieu of an annual payment of what amount?

Q.15) Which British official abolished the Dual System of government in Bengal in 1772?

Q.16) Which treaty, signed in April 1769, brought the First Anglo-Mysore War to a conclusion?

Q.17) During the Second Anglo-Mysore War, Haidar Ali’s friendship with the French caused concern to the English, leading them to attempt the capture of which French possession on the Malabar Coast?

Q.18) Despite his initial successes, Haidar Ali was defeated at Porto Novo in November 1781 by which English general?

Q.19) Following Haidar Ali’s death and an inconclusive continuation of the war by Tipu Sultan, which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War in 1784?

Q.20) After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the new state of Mysore was handed over to the old Hindu dynasty (Wodeyars) under which minor ruler?

Q.21) In 1831, which British Governor General took control of Mysore from the Wodeyar dynasty on grounds of misgovernance?

Q.22) Which British Viceroy restored the kingdom of Mysore to its original ruler in 1881?

Q.23) Following the assassination of Narayanrao, twelve Maratha chiefs made an effort to name the infant ‘Sawai’ Madhavrao as the new peshwa. What was this council of chiefs called?

Q.24) The Treaty of Salbai, which concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War in 1782, guaranteed peace between the English and the Marathas for how many years?

Q.25) After the death of Jaswantrao Holkar, who became the de facto ruler of the state as his favorite mistress, heavily influenced by men like Balram Seth and Amir Khan?

Q.26) Following his final surrender in June 1818, which concluded the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Peshwa Bajirao II became a British retainer at which location?

Q.27) After the dissolution of the Maratha confederacy in 1818, Pratap Singh was made the ruler of a small principality formed out of the Peshwa’s dominions. What was the name of this principality?

Q.28) In 1808–09, Lord Minto sent which envoy to Kabul to forge an alliance and counteract a potential Franco-Russian invasion of India?

Q.29) In 1783, the Talpuras established complete hold over Sindh, sending the Kallora prince into exile. Who was the leader of the Talpuras during this conquest?

Q.30) The Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, forced the Burmese government to recognize which state as independent?

📌 Quick Summary — Modern History Set 10

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